Xingye Cha (Xīngyè chá, 兴业茶) yitiye lesifunda sase-Xingye (兴业县) emkhandlwini wedolobha i-Yulin eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Kusukela ngo-2022 igama livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngokwesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA). Umbhalo wokuvikela wango-2025 uchaza itiye elibomvu: ukubuna, ukusonta, ukuvutshelwa, ukomiswa; iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo kanye nokumnika okubomvu ngokugqamile. Ukubukeka okufanayo kunikezwa umbhalo wokubhaliswa kwezolimo kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo (2022). Kodwa esifundeni ngokwaso igama libanzi kunombhalo: idolobhana i-Shanxin libizwa ngokuthi “ikhaya le-Guangxi green tea”, ukuphatha kwesifunda ngo-2022 kwabhala ukuthi lapha “kukhiqizwa ikakhulukazi itiye eliluhlaza”, futhi ngaphansi kwegama le-Xingye kwenziwa netiye elimhlophe namanye amatiye.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá) — ngokombhalo wokuvikela. Amagama athi “红茶” awekho kuwo, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bunye — 萎凋 → 揉捻 → 发酵 → 干燥 → 包装, nokuvutshelwa, — futhi ukubukeka kungokwetiye elibomvu: “色泽乌润，汤色红亮”, “叶底红匀明亮”.
- Umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo: Ukuphatha kwezolimo kwesifunda (2022) — “主要生产绿茶”, ikakhulukazi itiye eliluhlaza; iwebhusayithi ye-People’s Daily (2022) — eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimhlophe; ngo-2023 kuhlu lukahulumeni “lwaziwayo, olukhethekile, oluphakeme nolusha” lwemikhiqizo yezolimo kwafakwa ngokwehlukana “兴业红茶” kanye “兴业绿茶”. Ngaphansi kwegama lendawo, ngakho, kuhamba izigaba ezahlukene, kanti umkhiqizo ovikelwe umbhalo — itiye elibomvu.
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lase-Guangxi; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (2022) kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (CNIPA, isimemezelo № 640, 2025).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, i-Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), idolobha i-Yulin (玉林, Yùlín), isifunda i-Xingye (兴业, Xīngyè).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Amadolobhana ayi-13 esifunda — i-Shanxin (山心镇), i-Gaofeng (高峰镇), i-Shinan (石南镇), i-Putang (蒲塘镇), i-Shatang (沙塘镇), i-Luoyang (洛阳镇), i-Maijiu (卖酒镇), i-Xiaopingshan (小平山镇), i-Beishi (北市镇), i-Chenghuang (城隍镇), i-Kuiyang (葵阳镇), i-Dapingshan (大平山镇) kanye ne-Long’an (龙安镇): imizana yokuphatha engama-210 kanye nemiphakathi yasemadolobheni emi-4. Umfakisicelo — uhulumeni wesifunda sase-Xingye. Ukubhaliswa kwezolimo kuka-2022 kubiza amadolobhana ayi-13 afanayo kanye nemizana nemiphakathi engama-214 ndawonye.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 109°42′31″–110°01′05″ E, 22°38′11″–22°54′23″ N — ngokombhalo wokuvikela.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Song. Ngokombhalo we-Xinhua kanye ne-Guangxi Daily (2025), ukukhulunywa kokuqala kokutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni — ku-”Song Huiyao” (《宋会要·食货志》), eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-860 edlule. Umbhalo womthombo ngokwawo awukho ezintweni ezitholiwe.
- I-1980s. Ngokombhalo ofanayo, itiye elibomvu eligayiwe lendawo (红碎茶, hóngsuìchá) lalithunyelwa ngaphandle; kamuva izingadi eziningi zakhula ehlathini.
- Ngaphambi kophawu. Itiye lesifunda lalithengiswa isikhathi eside njengempahla eluhlaza. Emzaneni wase-Pengtang edolobhaneni lase-Shanxin kuze kube ngu-2016 kwakuthengiswa ikakhulukazi amaqabunga amasha; ngo-2016 lapho kwasungulwa inhlangano yetiye eyaqala ukukhiqiza ngesandla.
- I-2020–2021. Itiye elibomvu “双魁峰红茶” lenkampani yaseNtabeni i-Kuifeng iminyaka emibili ilandelana lathola isiqu “se-itiye elihle le-selenium lase-China” (中国富硒好茶).
- I-2022. NgoFebhuwari — isimemezelo soMnyango Wezolimo We-PRC № 532, iqoqo lokuqala lezimpawu zezolimo zendawo zonyaka: imikhiqizo engama-56 ezweni lonke, engu-11 yazo ivela e-Guangxi, phakathi kwazo i-Xingye Cha.
- I-2023. NgoMeyi “兴业红茶” kanye “兴业绿茶” zafakwa kuhlu lukahulumeni “lwaziwayo, olukhethekile, oluphakeme nolusha” lwemikhiqizo yezolimo (全国名特优新农产品名录). Iwebhusayithi ye-People’s Daily (Disemba 2023) yengeza ukuthi itiye lesifunda unyaka wesihlanu ilandelana liqashelwa e-Guangxi njenge-selenium tea, futhi inikeza umphumela womkhakha — 180 million yuan yenani eliphelele lokukhiqiza ngonyaka; ukuthi leli nani lingelika-2022 noma elika-2023, umbhalo awukusho ngokucacile.
- I-2024. Ngokombhalo ka-2025, itiye elibomvu lenkampani yaseNtabeni i-Kuifeng ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi kukazwelonke kwe-China Tea Society lathola amaphuzu angu-93,5 — umphumela ophakeme kakhulu phakathi kwamatiye abomvu angu-47 esampula.
- I-2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA № 640 (sisayinwe ngoJulayi 16, sashicilelwa ngo-Agasti 13) saqashela igama njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — indawo 1156 kwayi-1409.
- Igama: 兴业 (Xīngyè) — igama lesifunda, ngokwezwi nezwi “ukuphakamisa ibhizinisi”; 茶 — itiye. Isifunda sidlala ngalokhu esiqubulini saso “以茶富农、以茶兴业” — “ngetiye ukunothisa abalimi, ngetiye ukuphakamisa ibhizinisi”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Idolobhana i-Shanxin — indawo enkulu yetiye yesifunda, ngesiteketiso esithi “ikhaya le-Guangxi green tea” (广西绿茶之乡). Umzana wase-Pengtang, ngokombiko ka-2022, unezihlahla zetiye ezindala ezingaba ngu-2000 mu, futhi itiye lawo elenziwe ngesandla libizwa ngokuthi yikhadi lokuvakasha le-Xingye Cha. Ihhovisi lentela lase-Yulin (2021) libiza amatiye endawo ngokuthi “山心毛尖” kanye “云雾茶”.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokombhalo — “本地传统品种当地群体种、云南大叶种”: inhlobo yomdabu yendawo kanye netiye lamaqabunga amakhulu lase-Yunnan. Umbhalo ka-2025 ubala ukutshalwa kwesifunda jikelele: 桂香22号 (Guìxiāng 22), 碧香早 (Bìxiāngzǎo), 尧山秀绿 (Yáoshān xiùlǜ), 玉笋 (Yùsǔn), 黄金茶 (Huángjīnchá) kanye 白叶一号 (Báiyè yī hào); eyokugcina itshalwa ngaphansi kwephrojekthi yetiye elimhlophe.
- Ukusabalalisa nokutshala: Ngokombhalo — ngembewu (ukuhlwanyelwa ngo-Okthoba–Novemba) noma ngama-cuttings (kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJanuwari); ukutshalwa — kusukela ngoMashi kuya engxenyeni yesibili ka-Ephreli. Umugqa owodwa — imigqa ephakathi ngu-1,5–2 m, isinyathelo ngu-20–25 cm, izihlahla ezingu-1600–2000 nge-mu; imigqa emibili — izihlahla ezingu-2000–3000 nge-mu.
- Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo — uFebhuwari–Meyi, ehlobo — uJuni–Agasti, ekwindla — uSeptemba–Okthoba; umbhalo udinga ukuvunwa ngesandla. Izinga lezinto ezingavuthiwe (amacembe amangaki nehlumela) umbhalo awalibeki. Umbiko kuwebhusayithi ye-People’s Daily (Disemba 2023) uthola emzaneni wase-Pengtang nokuvunwa kwasebusika — okokugcina onyakeni; isizini yasebusika ayikho embhalweni.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Amagquma nezintaba eziphansi; indawo enkulu yetiye — idolobhana i-Shanxin nentaba i-Kuifeng (葵峰山, Kuífēng shān). Umbhalo ka-2025 ubeka isifunda “ebhandeni legolide” letiye e-Northern Tropic futhi uphinda ifomula yendawo ethi “i-latitude ephansi, ukuphakama okuphezulu, ilanga elincane, inkungu eningi”.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: Ububanzi obuqondile bezingadi abukho emithonjeni etholakele. Indawo yokubuka eNtabeni i-Kuifeng, ngokombhalo ka-2025, imi ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwama-800 m; omunye wemibiko ka-2023 ubiza ukuphakama kwentaba ngo-826,9 m.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo — i-asidi encane, ejulile, exekethile, edonsa kahle amanzi, ecebe ngezinto eziphilayo; i-pH 5,5–6,5. Okuqukethwe kwe-selenium enhlabathini 0,76 mg/kg kubizwa umphathi wenkampani yetiye yaseNtabeni i-Kuifeng embhalweni ofanayo ka-2025 — lawa ngamazwi abezindaba, hhayi umthetho olandelwayo wokuhlola.
- Isilinganiso, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda nabezindaba: 2022 — izinkulungwane ezingu-18 mu zezingadi, kuzo 1000 mu ezinesitifiketi se-organic kanye 1800 mu ezinesitifiketi “esiluhlaza”, kanye namathani angaphezu kuka-640 etiye elomile; ekupheleni kuka-2023 — ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-20 mu, kuzo ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingu-4 mu ezinesitifiketi se-organic noma “esiluhlaza”; 2025 — izinkulungwane ezingu-30 mu kanye namathani angaphezu kuka-2400.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka uchungechunge ngaphandle kwemodi. Ngohlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu izigaba zisho okulandelayo — lokhu akuzona izilinganiso zaleli tiye ngokwalo:
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama futhi lithambe.
- Ukusonta (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ujusi uphumela ebusweni beqabunga.
- Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): I-oxidation yenza iqabunga nokumnika kube bomvu.
- Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào) kanye nokupakishwa (包装, bāozhuāng).
Abendaba bachaza nokukhiqizwa ngesandla kohlobo oluhlukile: enhlanganweni yomzana wase-Pengtang iqabunga linwetshwa ezitsheni zoqalo, lilungiswa ebhodweni lensimbi, ligoqwa ngezandla, lisontwa bese kwenziwa “ukugazinga kathathu, ukusonta kathathu” — cishe amahora amabili ngebhodwe ngalinye. Ezihlahleni ezifanayo inhlangano yenza izinhlobo eziyisithupha zetiye elenziwe ngesandla, phakathi kwazo elibomvu, eliluhlaza, eliphuzi nelimhlophe.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ngokombhalo wokuvikela:
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisontwe ngokuqinile, limnyama futhi licwebezela (外形条索紧结，色泽乌润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Limnandi futhi lijulile, nenothi loju lwezimbali (甜香浓郁带花蜜香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kusha (滋味醇厚甜爽).
- Umbala wokumnika: Ubomvu, ugqamile (汤色红亮).
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Zibomvu ngokulingana, zigqamile (叶底红匀明亮).
Umbhalo kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo (2022) uchaza itiye ngendlela efanayo. Incazelo kuwebhusayithi ye-People’s Daily — ukumnika okuluhlaza, okumelana nokuphindwa kaningi, ukubuyela okumnandi okude — iphathelene netiye eliluhlaza lesifunda. Ubuthakathaka buqanjwe umkhiqizi ngokwakhe (2025): ukunambitheka akungaphansi kwemikhiqizo edumile, kodwa iqabunga alilingani, kukhona imvithi eningi.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo ze-physicochemical zombhalo wokuvikela:
| Isilinganiso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhishwayo ezincibilika emanzini | azikho ngaphansi kuka-30,5 % |
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | awakho ngaphansi kuka-9,5 % |
| Ama-amino acid, isamba | awakho ngaphansi kuka-15,5 g nge-100 g |
| I-caffeine | ayikho ngaphansi kuka-3,0 % |
Umbundu wama-amino acid ubukeka ungajwayelekile. Kumatiye aseGuangxi angomakhelwane esimemezelweni esifanayo uphansi ngokuphindwe kaningana: kumtiye obomvu u-Muzi Apo Cha — ngaphezu kuka-2,5 %, kumtiye oluhlaza u-Gupa Cha — okungenani u-4 %. Iphutha lombhalo noma enye iyunithi embhalweni ngokwawo ayinakukhishwa; leli nani akufanele lisetshenziswe njengesilinganiso.
I-Selenium: ngokombhalo kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo (2022), umkhiqizo uqashelwa e-Guangxi njengetiye le-selenium; izinombolo zokuqukethwe kwe-selenium etiyeni azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukubilisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — cishe umzuzu owodwa.
- Thela kuphele, ungashiyi itiye emanzini.
- Ukuphindwa okune kuya kokuhlanu ngokwengeza isikhathi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliqinile, kude namaphunga.
10. Intengo Namafake
Ngokombhalo wephephabhuku ka-2023, itiye elenziwe ngesandla lenhlangano e-Pengtang lalithengiswa ngo-120–200 yuan nge-jin (500 g); ukuthi le ntengo ingeyesiphi isigaba, akushiwongo. Eminye imininingwane ngezintengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema amafake:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lalo umkhiqizi ophuma endaweni ulithola ngehhovisi lempahla yengqondo lesifunda sase-Xingye, ukuphatha kwe-Guangxi kanye ne-CNIPA.
- Hlola imvelaphi: elinye lamadolobhana ayi-13 esifunda sase-Xingye.
- Bheka isigaba ephaketheni: umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza itiye elibomvu, kanti itiye eliluhlaza nelimhlophe lesifunda ngaphansi kwaleli gama lendawo elifanayo alichazwanga yiwo.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ngokwemininingwane yewebhusayithi ye-People’s Daily (2023), “兴业茶” lathola umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu (特等奖) emqhudelwaneni waseGuangxi we-Liu Bao Cha (六堡茶) esigabeni sobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ukuthi yiliphi itiye ngempela elalimele umklomelo, umbhalo awukucacisi. Umphathi wetiye elenziwe ngesandla lomzana wase-Pengtang embhalweni kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo (2022) ulandisa ukuthi ngemuva kwetiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza nelimhlophe wafunda i-oolong, i-Liu Bao Cha kanye netiye eliphuzi.
- Kuhlu luka-2023 isifunda safaka hhayi igama elilodwa, kodwa amabili — “兴业红茶” kanye “兴业绿茶”.
- Ukwaziwa komkhiqizo, ngokombhalo ka-2025, kusesifundeni okwamanje. Umholi wenye yezinkampani zendawo walandisa ukuthi embukisweni wetiye e-Shenzhen abathengi ababazi i-Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶), babuza ukuthi i-Xingye Cha iyini.
- Ngaphansi kwephrojekthi yetiye elimhlophe esifundeni kutshalwa i-白叶一号; ngokwamazwi omholi wenkampani, ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo lapha kuthatha cishe inyanga eyodwa isikhathi eside kunakwezinye izifunda.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu aseGuangxi
- Mu Zi Apo Cha (木梓阿婆茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Gangnan esifundeni sase-Guigang esivela esimemezelweni esifanayo № 640; umbhalo walo, ngokungafani nombhalo we-Xingye Cha, ubhala ngokuqondile “红茶” futhi unikeza izindlela ngezigaba.
- Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Itiye elibomvu lezintaba zase-Dayao Mountain, nalo eliqashelwe isimemezelo № 640.
- Lingyun Hongcha (凌云红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esiphakeme sase-Lingyun enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Guangxi.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xingye Cha — igama elinobuso obubili. Umbhalo wokuvikela ka-2025 uchaza itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Xingye: inhlobo yomdabu kanye netiye lamaqabunga amakhulu lase-Yunnan, ukuvunwa ngesandla kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Okthoba, ukubuna, ukusonta nokuvutshelwa, iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo, ukumnika okubomvu ngokugqamile kanye nephunga loju lwezimbali. Esifundeni ngokwaso ngaphansi kwegama elifanayo kuhlala netiye eliluhlaza nelimhlophe, kanti idolobhana elikhulu letiye linesiteketiso sekhaya lokuluhlaza. Umthengi kufanele abheke hhayi kuphela igama, kodwa nesigaba ephaketheni.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo