Fuzhou Mòlìhuā Chá (Fúzhōu mòlìhuā chá, 福州茉莉花茶) ndi tiyi wa jasmine wa mzinda wa Fuzhou, m’chigawo cha Fujian. Fuzhou amaonedwa kuti ndi kwawo kwa tiyi wa jasmine: mbiri yake imachokera ku m’badwo wa Northern Song, ndipo luso la komweko la kuwonjezera fungo lalembedwa m’ndandanda wa boma wa cholowa chosagwira m’manja. Maziko ake ndi tiyi wobiriwira wotchedwa hōngqīng, woumitsidwa ndi kutentha (烘青绿茶, hōngqīng lǜchá), umene umawonjezeredwa fungo kangapo ndi maluwa a jasmine omwe amatseguka, kenako nkulekanitsidwa nawo. Apa ndiye pamene mwambi wa komweko umati “tiyi amawoneka, maluwa sawoneka” (见茶不见花). Dzinali limatetezedwa ku China m’njira zitatu: monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, monga chizindikiro cha certification, ndiponso monga chizindikiro chaulimi cha malo, ndipo ku European Union monga PGI.
1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wophatikizidwa ndi maluwa (花茶, huāchá) pa maziko a tiyi wobiriwira. Muyezo wa chigawo DB35/T 991—2010 umatchula mwachindunji zopangira: maluwa a jasmine ndi tiyi wobiriwira wotchedwa hōngqīng. Chifukwa chake nkhaniyi ili m’gulu la tiyi wobiriwira, monga tiyi wina wa jasmine wa m’gululi.
- Gulu: Tiyi wa jasmine wochokera ku likulu lake lakale lopangira; dzina lokhala ndi dera lovomerezeka, osati dzina wamba la tiyi wa jasmine.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), mzinda wa Fuzhou (福州, Fúzhōu).
- Dera lotetezedwa: Magawo khumi a Fuzhou m’malire awo amakono: zigawo za Jin’an (晋安), Cangshan (仓山), Mawei (马尾) ndi Changle (长乐), mzinda wa Fuqing (福清), maboma a Minhou (闽侯), Lianjiang (连江), Luoyuan (罗源), Minqing (闽清) ndi Yongtai (永泰). Mndandanda womwewu umaperekedwa ndi chilengezo cha 2009 ndi muyezo wa chigawo. M’cholembedwa cha CNIPA cha 2025 Changle akutchulidwabe ngati mzinda (长乐市), ngakhale kuti panthawiyo anali atakhala kale chigawo cha Fuzhou; mawu akuti “m’malire amakono” amaphimba izi, koma dzinalo m’cholembedwacho ndi lachikale.
- Malo ogwirira ntchito: Zolemba zotetezera sizipereka malo enieni a mtunda ndi utali.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Song — Qing. Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa ndandanda wa boma wa cholowa chosagwira m’manja, tiyi wa jasmine ku Fuzhou amapezeka kuyambira Northern Song, luso la kuwonjezera fungo limapangidwa nthawi ya Ming, ndipo nthawi ya Qing tiyiyu amakhala msonkho kwa nyumba yachifumu. Ndemanga ya malonda a mgwirizano wa China–EU, yofalitsidwa ndi ofesi ya China ku EU, imatchula Qing ngati nthawi ya kukula kwake, ndipo pambuyo pa 1949 ngati tiyi wa mphatso za ukazembe.
- 2008–2009. Dzinali linalandira chizindikiro cha certification “福州茉莉花茶” No. 4939090, ndipo ndi chilengezo No. 87 cha 2009, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) idaliteteza monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Kuphatikiza apo, dzinali linalembetsedwa ndi Ministry of Agriculture monga chizindikiro chaulimi cha malo; chaka cha kulembetsaku sindinachiwone m’gwero loyambirira.
- 2010. Muyezo wa chigawo DB35/T 991—2010 “Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Fuzhou Mòlìhuā Chá” unatulutsidwa; mu 2022 chigawocho chinatulutsa Baibulo la Chingelezi.
- 2011. Malinga ndi ndemanga ya ofesi ya China ku EU, International Tea Committee idatcha Fuzhou “kwawo kwa tiyi wa jasmine padziko lonse”.
- 2013–2014. Malinga ndi ndemanga yomweyi, jasmine wa Fuzhou ndi chikhalidwe cha tiyi adalowa m’ndandanda woyamba wa cholowa chofunika chaulimi cha China, kenako m’ndandanda wa machitidwe aulimi ofunika padziko lonse a FAO. Mu 2014, ndi gulu lachinayi, luso la kuwonjezera fungo lidalowa m’ndandanda wa boma wa cholowa chosagwira m’manja pansi pa nambala Ⅷ-147 “luso lopanga tiyi wa maluwa” (花茶制作技艺); wofunsira m’cholembedwacho ndi chigawo cha Cangshan.
- 2025. CNIPA ndi chilengezo No. 640 idatsimikiza kuvomereza chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; m’cholembedwacho pali nambala ya chizindikiro 4939090.
- European Union. Malinga ndi mgwirizano wa China–EU, dzinali limatetezedwa monga PGI (dossier PGI-CN-2675). Maziko ake ndi chizindikiro chomwecho; wofunsira ndi Fuzhou Horticultural Society (福州市园艺学会), yomwenso ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe atatu omwe adalemba muyezo wa chigawo.
- Dzina: “Fuzhou” (福州) ndi dzina la mzinda; “mòlìhuā chá” (茉莉花茶, mòlìhuā chá) ndi “tiyi ndi maluwa a jasmine”.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Sukulu ya Fuzhou ya kuwonjezera fungo la tiyi ndi maluwa amoyo imadziwika pa magawo atatu: monga luso, monga dongosolo laulimi, ndiponso monga dzina lokhala ndi dera lotetezedwa.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Chomera chowonjezera fungo: Jasmine sambac (Jasminum sambac). Muyezowu umalola mitundu iwiri: wamba (单瓣茉莉) ndi wokhuthala (双瓣茉莉). Ndemanga ya ofesi ya China ku EU imatchula jasmine wamba ngati chikhalidwe cha Fuzhou komanso wonunkhira kwambiri mwa mitundu yonse; momwemonso akuti jasmine adachokera kudera la Persian Gulf ndipo adalowa ku China kudzera ku India zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri zapitazo.
- Zofunika pa maluwa: Thupi la maluwa litalika kale; maluwa odzaza, akulu, oyera, osalala komanso oyera, ndi kapu ndi tsinde. Masamba obiriwira (青蕾) sayenera kukhalapo, monganso tsinde ndi zinthu zina.
- Kutola maluwa: Amatenga “maluwa a tsiku lomwelo” (当天花) ndiye masamba omwe adzatseguke tsiku lomwelo. Maluwa omwe atseguka kale ndi masamba obiriwira satengedwa. Kutola kumayamba pambuyo pa 10 koloko m’mawa.
- Maziko a tiyi: Tiyi wobiriwira wotchedwa hōngqīng wochokera ku mitundu yoyenera: 榕春早, 鼓山菜茶, 罗源七境菜茶, 福云6号, 福云7号 ndi ina.
- Muyezo wa kutola tiyi: Mphukira imodzi, mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi, awiri kapena atatu; mphukira zonse, zatsopano ndi zoyera, zopanda mamba, zipatso ndi masamba okalamba.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Malinga ndi ndemanga ya ofesi ya China ku EU, Fuzhou ili m’chigwa cha mtsinje kugombe lakumwera chakum’mawa. Jasmine amakula makamaka pa mchenga wosungunuka m’mbali zonse za mtsinje wa Minjiang, pa dothi lophatikizana la mchenga ndi dongo.
- Nyengo: Yofunda, yokhala ndi mvula yambiri komanso kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa masana ndi usiku (malinga ndi kufotokozera komweko). Palibe manambala omwe angapezeke m’mabuku omwe adapezeka.
- Minda ya jasmine: Malinga ndi zowonjezera za muyezo, malo okhala ndi dzuwa lathunthu kapena mapiri okhala ndi kuthirira ndi kutulutsa madzi; dothi lophatikizana la mchenga ndi dongo lokhala ndi pH 6.0–6.5.
- Minda ya tiyi: Dothi lofiira pamapiri; dothi lozama osachepera 0.8 m, zinthu zachilengedwe osachepera 1%, pH 4.0–6.5, kutsetsereka kosapitirira 25°, kumwera kumakhala koyenera kwambiri.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Muyezowu umafotokoza magawo atatu: kupanga koyambirira kwa maziko a tiyi, kuwongolera kwake, ndi kuwonjezera fungo (窨制, xūnzhì).
- Kupanga koyambirira kwa maziko: masamba atsopano → kuyimitsa kutentha (杀青, shāqīng) pa 200–280 °C m’mphika, mpaka chinyezi cha masamba chifike pafupifupi 60% → kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn): masamba okalamba motentha, ang’onoang’ono atazizira, kukanikiza “mopepuka, mwamphamvu, mopepuka” m’chiŵerengero cha nthawi 2 : 3 : 1 → kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào) ndi makina kapena m’madengu pamwamba pa moto → tiyi wosaphika (毛茶, máochá) wokhala ndi chinyezi chosachepera 6%.
- Kuwongolera maziko: kusefa, kudula, kupeta, kuchotsa zinthu zina, kusakaniza ndi kuumitsa kumapereka maziko a tiyi (茶坯, chápī).
- Kuwonjezera fungo:
- Kukonzekera maziko. Maziko amawumitsidwanso pa 100–110 °C mpaka chinyezi 4–5% ndipo amaziziritsidwa mpaka mulu utakhala wotentha kuposa chipinda ndi osapitirira 3 °C.
- Kusamalira maluwa (鲜花养护, xiānhuā yǎnghù). Maluwa amamwazidwa mosanjikiza kopyapyala; m’nyumba yozizira (pansi pa 30 °C) amasonkhanitsidwa m’mulu wa 15–20 cm kuti atenthedwe ndipo amamwazidwanso pa 38 °C. Pamene 60% ya maluwa atseguka, amasefedwa kuchotsa masamba ndi makapu, pamene 80% atseguka, kuwonjezera fungo kumayamba.
- Kusakaniza ndi maluwa (窨花拌和, xūnhuā bànhé). Mulu wa tiyi ndi maluwa wokhuthala 25–35 cm.
- Kutulutsa mpweya (通花, tōnghuā). Pambuyo pa maola 5–6, mulu ukatentha kufika 40–48 °C (pamene kuwonjezera fungo koyamba, kufika 45–48 °C), umamwazidwa kwa ola 0.5–1.
- Kusonkhanitsanso m’mulu (收堆复窨, shōuduī fùxūn). Mulu wozizira umasonkhanitsidwa kutalika kwa 20–30 cm kwa maola ena 5–6, mpaka maluwa afota ndi kukhala achikasu.
- Kulekanitsa maluwa (起花, qǐhuā). Pambuyo pa maola 10–12 kuyambira pachiyambi, maluwa amasefedwa. Chinyezi cha tiyi pambuyo pa kuwonjezera fungo koyamba ndi 17–18%, pambuyo pa kwachinayi ndi kupitirira ndi 10–11%.
- Kuumitsa (烘焙, hōngbèi). Mwachangu, pa 90–110 °C, kuti fungo lisatayike; pambuyo pake tiyi amaziziritsidwa mpaka kutentha kwa mulu kusapitirira 40 °C.
- Kuwonjezera fungo kochulukira (转窨, zhuǎnxūn). Kuzungulira kumachitidwanso; kwa tiyi wa Fuzhou, kuwonjezera fungo sikuyenera kukhala kosachepera kanayi.
- Kutsitsimutsa fungo kotsiriza (提花, tíhuā). Ndi maluwa akulu oyera abwino kwambiri, 5–10% ya kulemera kwa tiyi, kwa maola 6–8; pambuyo pake chinyezi cha tiyi sichidutsa 8%.
- Kusakaniza ndi kulongedza (匀堆装箱, yúnduī zhuāngxiāng) pambuyo poyesa kusakaniza ndi kuyang’ana.
Ndemanga ya ofesi ya China ku EU imatchula gawo lapamwamba kwambiri ngati kuwonjezera fungo kasanu ndi kawiri ndi ntchito makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi chimodzi. Kufotokozera kwa cholowa kumaona gawo lovuta kwambiri la lusoli ndi kuumitsa pambuyo powonjezera fungo.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Muyezowu umagawa tiyi m’magulu asanu: 特级, 香毫, 春毫, 银毫 ndi tiyi wapadera woposa 银毫. Sikelo imayenda kuchokera pansi kupita pamwamba: 特级, mwachidule “m’gulu lapamwamba”, pano ndi gawo lotsikitsitsa.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Kwa tiyi wapadera: mawonekedwe ozungulira, athyathyathya, a singano, ozungulira mozungulira, a ngale kapena omangidwa m’mitolo; kwa 银毫: masamba okhuthala ndi mphukira zamphamvu komanso tsitsi lowoneka bwino; kwa 特级: okhuthala, obiriwira achikasu.
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera komwe kunapezeka m’mabuku.
- Fungo la madzi: Kwa tiyi wapadera ndi 银毫: latsopano ndi lamoyo (鲜灵), lolemera ndi lokhalitsa; kwa 特级: longotsopano komanso lolemera (鲜浓).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolemera ndi kotheratu (鲜浓醇厚); ndemanga ya ofesi ya China ku EU imatchula “kukoma kwa shuga wa ayezi” (冰糖味) monga chikhalidwe chake.
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira achikasu, wowonekera bwino ndi wowala; kwa 特级: wachikasu wopepuka.
- Pansi pa tiyi (masamba ophikidwa): Kwa tiyi wapadera: mphukira zofewa zokhuthala ndi tsitsi; kwa 特级: wobiriwira wofewa ndi wofanana.
Chiwerengero cha kuwonjezera fungo malinga ndi magulu: kwa tiyi wapadera: kasanu ndi kamodzi ndi kupitirira; kwa 银毫: kasanu ndi kamodzi ndi kutsitsimutsa fungo; kwa 春毫 ndi 香毫: kasanu ndi kutsitsimutsa; kwa 特级: kanayi ndi kutsitsimutsa.
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Muyezowu umapereka malire a zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala za tiyi womalizidwa:
| Chizindikiro | Osapitirira |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | 8.0 % |
| Phulusa lonse | 5.0 % |
| Zidutswa | 5.0 % |
| Fumbi | 0.5 % |
Palibe deta yokhudza polyphenols, maamino acid, caffeine ndi zinthu zonunkhira za tiyi wa Fuzhou yomwe inapezeka m’mabuku omwe adapezeka.
8. Kaphikidwe
Njira ya kalasi ya tiyi wa jasmine pa maziko obiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 85–90 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chotengera: Gaiwan wokhala ndi chivindikiro kuti asunge fungo, kapena galasi lowonekera kwa mawonekedwe apadera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa chotengera.
- Ikani tiyi.
- Thirani madzi ndikutseka chivindikiro.
- Kuphika koyamba kwa mphindi 1–2.
- Asanamwe, kwezani chivindikiro ndikupumira fungo.
- Thirani madzi kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya kalasi. M’chidebe chotsekedwa bwino, pamalo ouma, ozizira ndi amdima, popanda fungo lina lililonse. Muyezowu umafuna kuti tiyi asungidwe m’nyumba yosungiramo yopumira mpweya ndi youma, kutali ndi zinthu zonunkhira ndi zodetsa, ndipo umapereka nthawi ya moyo wa miyezi 18 pa kutentha wamba.
10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe deta ya mitengo yomwe inapezeka m’mabuku.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha malo ndi chiyambi kuchokera ku zigawo khumi ndi maboma a Fuzhou.
- Malinga ndi muyezo, tiyi amawonjezeredwa fungo osachepera kanayi ndikumutsitsimutsanso kamodzi; zowonjezera ndizoletsedwa. Fungo lakuthwa ngati mafuta onunkhira, lomwe limazimiririka mwachangu m’madzi, ndi chifukwa chokayikira.
- Maluwa owuma m’paketi samatsimikizira khalidwe: muyezo umalola kachulukidwe kakang’ono ka jasmine wouma, ndipo luso lokha limalekanitsa maluwa ndi tiyi.
- Yang’anani gulu malinga ndi sikelo ya muyezo: 特级 kwa tiyi wa jasmine wa Fuzhou ndi gawo lotsikitsitsa, osati lapamwamba.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Tiyi wa jasmine wa Fuzhou ali ndi njira zitatu za chitetezo cha China nthawi imodzi: chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, chizindikiro ndi chizindikiro chaulimi cha malo, komanso chitetezo ku EU.
- Maluwa amatoledwa masana, pambuyo pa 10 koloko m’mawa, akadali masamba, ndipo amatseguka m’nyumba yopangira.
- Mu sikelo ya magulu, dzina loti “gulu lapamwamba” (特级) laperekedwa ku gawo lotsikitsitsa kwambiri.
- Wofunsira chitetezo ku EU ndi bungwe la horticultural, osati bungwe la tiyi; ndilo loyamba kutchulidwa pakati pa olemba muyezo wa chigawo.
12. Kufanizira ndi Tiyi Wina wa Jasmine
- Tiyi wa Jasmine (茉莉花茶): Dzina wamba la tiyi wa jasmine monga gulu; Fuzhou Mòlìhuā Chá ndi dzina lokhala ndi dera lovomerezeka ndi muyezo wake.
- Hengxian Mòlìhuā Chá (横县茉莉花茶): Tiyi wa jasmine wa m’boma la Hengxian ku Guangxi wokhala ndi dzina lake lotetezedwa ku China komanso malinga ndi mgwirizano wa China–EU; dera lina ndi cholembedwa china.
- Mòlì Yínháo (茉莉银毫): Tiyi wa jasmine, dzina lomwe likufanana ndi gulu la 银毫 la sikelo ya Fuzhou.
- Mòlì Lóngzhū (茉莉龙珠): Tiyi wa jasmine wokulungidwa m’mipira; mawonekedwe oterowo muyezo umawaika m’gulu la tiyi wapadera.
Pomaliza:
Fuzhou Mòlìhuā Chá ndi tiyi wa jasmine wochokera ku likulu lake lakale, lofotokozedwa ndi muyezo mpaka digiri ndi ola: maziko obiriwira a hōngqīng, maluwa amoyo otoledwa masana, kuzungulira kwa kuwonjezera fungo kwa maola 10–12 kuchokera kanayi mpaka kasanu ndi kamodzi kapena kuposerapo, kutsitsimutsa fungo ndi kulekanitsa maluwa. Zolemba zotetezera zimagwirizana pa dera la zigawo khumi ndi maboma, ndipo lusoli limadziwika ngati cholowa chosagwira m’manja cha boma. Uwu ndi tiyi, fungo lake lochokera ku duwa, osati ku chowonjezera fungo.
Magwero
Miyezo
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero