I-Fuzhou Molihua Cha (Fúzhōu mòlìhuā chá, 福州茉莉花茶) itiye le-jasmine lomkhandlu wedolobha i-Fuzhou, esifundazweni i-Fujian. I-Fuzhou ithathwa njengendawo yomlando yetiye le-jasmine: incazelo yamagugu ilandelela emuva enkathini ye-Northern Song, futhi ubuchwepheshe bendawo bokuphunga amakha bufakwe ohlwini lukahulumeni lwamagugu angewona aphathekayo. Isisekelo wutiye oluhlaza i-hongqing, omiswe ngokushisa (烘青绿茶, hōngqīng lǜchá), ophindaphindeka kaningana ugcwaliswa ngephunga lezimbali ze-jasmine ezivulekayo, bese kuhlukaniswa nazo. Yingakho kunesisho sendawo esithi “itiye liyabonakala, izimbali azibonakali” (见茶不见花). Leli gama livikelwa eChina ngezindlela ezintathu, njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, njengophawu lokuqinisekisa nanjengophawu lwendawo lwezolimo, kanti e-European Union njenge-PGI.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elinongiwe ngezimbali (花茶, huāchá) ngesisekelo setiye eluhlaza. Izinga lesifundazwe i-DB35/T 991—2010 lisho ngqo impahla eluhlaza: izimbali ze-jasmine kanye netiye eluhlaza i-hongqing. Ngakho-ke le ndatshana ifakwa phakathi kwetiye eluhlaza, njengamanye amatiye e-jasmine ochungechungeni.
- Isigaba: Itiye le-jasmine elisuka esikhungweni sawo somlando sokukhiqiza; igama elinendawo esemthethweni, hhayi igama elijwayelekile letiye le-jasmine.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), umkhandlu wedolobha i-Fuzhou (福州, Fúzhōu).
- Indawo evikelekile: Amayunithi ayishumi e-Fuzhou ngemingcele yawo yamanje yokuphatha: izifunda i-Jin’an (晋安), i-Cangshan (仓山), i-Mawei (马尾) kanye ne-Changle (长乐), idolobha lesifunda i-Fuqing (福清), izifunda i-Minhou (闽侯), i-Lianjiang (连江), i-Luoyuan (罗源), i-Minqing (闽清) kanye ne-Yongtai (永泰). Uhlu olufanayo lunikezwa isimemezelo sango-2009 kanye nezinga lesifundazwe. Embhalweni we-CNIPA ka-2025, i-Changle isabizwa ngedolobha lesifunda (长乐市), nakuba ngaleso sikhathi yayisiphenduke isifunda se-Fuzhou; ifomula ethi “ngemingcele yamanje” iyakugwinya lokhu, kodwa igama ngokwalo embhalweni seliphelelwe yisikhathi.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Imibhalo yokuvikela ayinikezi uhlaka lwezixhumanisi.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- I-Song — i-Qing. Ngokwencazelo yohlu lukahulumende lwamagugu angewona aphathekayo, itiye le-jasmine e-Fuzhou livela ngesikhathi se-Northern Song, ubuchwepheshe bokuphunga amakha busungulwa ngesikhathi se-Ming, kwathi ngesikhathi se-Qing itiye laphenduka intela yasesigodlweni. Ukubuyekezwa kwemikhiqizo yeSivumelwano se-China–EU, okushicilelwe yimishini ye-China e-EU, kubiza i-Qing ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwalo, kwathi ngemva kuka-1949, itiye lisetshenziselwa izipho zediplomasi.
- 2008–2009. Leli gama lathola uphawu lokuqinisekisa “福州茉莉花茶” № 4939090, kwathi ngesimemezelo № 87 sango-2009, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) yalivikela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli gama labhaliswa nguMnyango Wezolimo njenge-GI yezolimo; unyaka walokhu kubhaliswa angiwubonanga emthonjeni wokuqala.
- 2010. Kwaphuma izinga lesifundazwe i-DB35/T 991—2010 “Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. I-Fuzhou Molihua Cha”; ngo-2022 isifundazwe sakhipha inguqulo yaso yesiNgisi.
- 2011. Ngokokubuyekezwa kwemishini ye-China e-EU, iKomidi Letiye Lamazwe Ngamazwe labiza i-Fuzhou ngokuthi “indawo yomhlaba yokuzalwa kwetiye le-jasmine”.
- 2013–2014. Ngokwalokho kubuyekezwa okufanayo, i-jasmine yase-Fuzhou kanye nesiko letiye kwangena ohlwini lokuqala lwamagugu abalulekile ezolimo e-China, kwabe sekungena ohlwini lwe-FAO lwezinhlelo zamagugu ezolimo ezibaluleke emhlabeni wonke. Ngo-2014, neqembu lesine, ubuchwepheshe bokuphunga amakha bangena ohlwini lukahulumende lwamagugu angewona aphathekayo, ngaphansi kwento Ⅷ-147 “ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye lezimbali” (花茶制作技艺); umfakisicelo embhalweni uqoshwe njengesifunda i-Cangshan.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesimemezelo № 640 yaqinisekisa ukuqashelwa komkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; embhalweni kunenombolo yophawu, 4939090.
- I-European Union. NgokweSivumelwano se-China–EU, leli gama livikelwa njenge-PGI (idosiye PGI-CN-2675). Isisekelo siwilo phawu; umfakisicelo yi-Fuzhou Horticultural Society (福州市园艺学会), futhi ingenye yezinhlangano ezintathu ezabhala izinga lesifundazwe.
- Igama: “I-Fuzhou” (福州) igama ledolobha; “i-molihua cha” (茉莉花茶, mòlìhuā chá) isho “itiye elinezimbali ze-jasmine”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isikole sase-Fuzhou sokuphunga itiye ngezimbali eziphilayo siqashelwa emazingeni amathathu: njengobuchwepheshe, njengohlelo lwezolimo nanjengegama elinendawo evikelekile.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Isitshalo sokuphunga: I-jasmine i-sambac (Jasminum sambac). Izinga livumela izinhlobo ezimbili, i-single-petal (单瓣茉莉) kanye ne-double-petal (双瓣茉莉). Ukubuyekezwa kwemishini ye-China e-EU kubiza i-single-petal jasmine njengento ekhethekile ye-Fuzhou nenhla kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo; lapho kuthiwa i-jasmine yafika isuka esifundeni sase-Persian Gulf futhi yangena e-China nge-India eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule.
- Izidingo zezimbali: Ishubhu le-corolla selivele linde; imbali igcwele, inkulu, imhlophe, iphelele futhi ihlanzekile, ine-calyx kanye ne-pedicel. Akumele kube khona imiqumbe eluhlaza (青蕾), futhi akumele kube khona iziqu nezinye izinto ezingafanele.
- Ukuvunwa kwezimbali: Kuthathwa “izimbali zalolu suku” (当天花), okuyimiqumbe ezovuleka ngosuku olufanayo. Izimbali esezivulekile nemiqumbe eluhlaza ayivunwa. Ukuvuna kuqala emva kwehora leshumi ekuseni.
- Isisekelo setiye: Itiye eluhlaza i-hongqing elivela ezinhlotsheni ezifanele: i-Rongchunzao, i-Gushan Caicha, i-Luoyuan Qijing Caicha, i-Fuyun 6, i-Fuyun 7 nezinye.
- Izinga lokuvuna itiye: Iqabunga elilodwa, iqabunga elinoqabunga elilodwa, amabili noma amathathu; amahlumela aphelele, amasha futhi ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kwamaxolo, izithelo namaqabunga amadala.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokokubuyekezwa kwemishini ye-China e-EU, i-Fuzhou isemgodini womlomo womfula ogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga. I-jasmine ikhula ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingamihlambi yesihlabathi ezingaphesheya komfula i-Minjiang, enhlabathini eyisihlabathi esinomtshoko.
- Isimo sezulu: Kufudumele, kunemvula eningi futhi kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku (ngokwaleyo ncazelo). Ayikho imininingwane yezinombolo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Iziza ze-jasmine: Ngokwesithasiselo sezinga, amathafa anelanga noma amagquma anokuchelela nokukhipha amanzi; inhlabathi eyi-loam neyisihlabathi esine-pH engu-6.0–6.5.
- Amasimu etiye: Inhlabathi ebomvu emithambekeni; inhlabathi enobukhulu obungaphansi kuka-0.8 m, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kuka-1%, i-pH engu-4.0–6.5, ukutsheka okungaphezu kuka-25°, kungcono ukubheka eningizimu.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izinga lichaza izigaba ezintathu: ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwesisekelo setiye, ukucwengwa kwaso kanye nokuphunga amakha (窨制, xūnzhì).
- Ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwesisekelo: amaqabunga amasha → ukumisa (杀青, shāqīng) ku-200–280 °C ebhodweni, kuze kube umswakama wamaqabunga ucishe ube ngu-60% → ukusontela (揉捻, róuniǎn): iqabunga elidala lishisayo, elincane selipholile, ukucindezela “okulula — okuqinile — okulula” ngesilinganiso sesikhathi esingu-2 : 3 : 1 → ukomisa (干燥, gānzào) ngomshini noma ngobhasikidi phezu komlilo → itiye eliluhlaza (毛茶, máochá) elinomswakama ongaphansi kuka-6%.
- Ukucwengwa kwesisekelo: izihlungi, ukusika, ukupephetha, ukukhetha ukungcola, ukuxuba kanye nokomisa kuveza isisekelo setiye (茶坯, chápī).
- Ukuphunga amakha:
- Ukulungiswa kwesisekelo. Isisekelo somiswa kabusha ku-100–110 °C kuze kufike ku-4–5% womswakama bese siyapholiswa, kuze kube yilapho inqwaba ifudumala kunekamelo ngokungaphezu kuka-3 °C.
- Ukunakekela izimbali (鲜花养护, xiānhuā yǎnghù). Izimbali zisakazwa ngongqimba oluncane; ehhovisi elipholile (ngaphansi kuka-30 °C) ziqoqwa zibe inqwaba engu-15–20 cm ukuze zifudumale futhi ziphinde zisakazwe ku-38 °C. Uma kungu-60% wezimbali ezivulekile, ziyahlungwa kususwa imiqumbe nama-calyx; uma kungu-80%, kuqala ukuphunga amakha.
- Ukuxutshwa nezimbali (窨花拌和, xūnhuā bànhé). Inqwaba yetiye enezimbali enobukhulu obungu-25–35 cm.
- Ukungenisa umoya (通花, tōnghuā). Emva kwamahora angu-5–6, lapho inqwaba isifudumele ku-40–48 °C (ekuphungeni kokuqala, ku-45–48 °C), iyasakazwa ku-0.5–1 ihora.
- Ukuphinda ukuqoqa inqwaba (收堆复窨, shōuduī fùxūn). Inqwaba esipholile iqoqwa ibe ukuphakama okungu-20–30 cm amanye amahora angu-5–6, kuze kube yilapho izimbali zibuna futhi ziphuzi.
- Ukuhlukanisa izimbali (起花, qǐhuā). Emva kwamahora angu-10–12 kusukela ekuqaleni, izimbali ziyahlungwa. Umswakama wetiye ngemva kokuphunga kokuqala ungu-17–18%, ngemva kwesesine nangaphezulu ungu-10–11%.
- Ukomisa (烘焙, hōngbèi). Ngokushesha, ku-90–110 °C, ukuze kungalahleki iphunga; ngemva kwalokho itiye liyapholiswa kuze kube izinga lokushisa lenqwaba lingaphezu kuka-40 °C.
- Ukuphinda ukuphunga amakha (转窨, zhuǎnxūn). Umjikelezo uyaphindwa; etiyeni laseFuzhou ukuphunga amakha kumele kube okungenani okune.
- Ukuvuselela iphunga lokugcina (提花, tíhuā). Ngezimbali ezinkulu ezimhlophe ezihamba phambili, 5–10% ngesisindo setiye, amahora angu-6–8; ngemva kwalokhu umswakama wetiye awukho ngaphezu kuka-8%.
- Ukuxuba nokupakisha (匀堆装箱, yúnduī zhuāngxiāng) ngemva kokuhlola ukuxuba kanye nokuhlola.
Ukubuyekezwa kwemishini ye-China e-EU kubiza isinyathelo esiphezulu njengokuphunga amakha okuyisishiyagalolunye kanye nemisebenzi engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanye. Incazelo yamagugu ibheka ukomisa ngemva kokuphunga amakha njengengxenye enzima kakhulu yobuciko.
6. Izici Zokuhlola Ngokwezinzwa
Izinga lihlukanisa itiye ngezigaba ezinhlanu: 特级, 香毫, 春毫, 银毫 kanye namatiye akhethekile angaphezu kwe-银毫. Isikali sihamba phansi siye phezulu: 特级, ngokwezwi nezwi “isigaba esiphezulu”, lapha siyisitebhisi esiphansi.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ematiyeni akhethekile, izinhlobo eziyindilinga, eziyisicaba, eziyinaliti, eziyisiphelela, eziyiparele noma ezihlanganiswe inyanda; ku 银毫, iqabunga eliminyene elinamaqabunga aqinile noboya obubonakalayo; ku 特级, eliminyene, eliluhlaza okuphuzi.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Ematiyeni akhethekile naku 银毫, lisha futhi liphilayo (鲜灵), licebile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside; ku 特级, limane lisha futhi liminyene (鲜浓).
- Ukunambitheka: Lisha, licebile futhi eligcwele (鲜浓醇厚); ukubuyekezwa kwemishini ye-China e-EU kubiza “ukunambitheka koshukela obandayo” (冰糖味) njengento ephawulekayo.
- Umbala wokumnika: Uluhlaza okuphuzi, obala futhi okhanyayo; ku 特级, uphuzi ngokukhanyayo.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eseliphekiwe): Ematiyeni akhethekile, amaqabunga anoboya athambile aqinile; ku 特级, aluhlaza othambile futhi alinganayo.
Inani lokuphunga amakha ngezigaba: ematiyeni akhethekile, okuyisithupha nangaphezulu; ku 银毫, okuyisithupha nokuvuselela iphunga; ku 春毫 naku 香毫, okuyisihlanu nokuvuselela; ku 特级, okune nokuvuselela.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izinga libeka imingcele yemizimba namakhemikhali etiye eliqediwe:
| Inkomba | Akukho ngaphezulu |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | 8.0% |
| Umlotha ophelele | 5.0% |
| Imvuthuluka | 5.0% |
| Uthuli | 0.5% |
Ayikho imininingwane nge-polyphenols, ama-amino acid, i-caffeine nezinto eziyiphunga etiyeni laseFuzhou emithonjeni etholiwe.
8. Ukwenza Itiye
Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye le-jasmine ngesisekelo esiluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: I-gaiwan enesembozo, igcina iphunga, noma ingilazi yengilazi ngezinhlobo ezikhethekile.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Thela amanzi bese uvala ngesembozo.
- Ukumnika kokuqala, imizuzu eyi-1–2.
- Ngaphambi kokuphuza, phakamisa isembozo bese uhogela iphunga.
- Ukuphinda kuthululwe kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Kuvaliwe kahle, endaweni eyomile, epholile, emnyama, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Izinga lidinga ukuthi itiye ligcinwe endaweni yokugcina enomoya ohlanzekile futhi eyomile, ngokuhlukile ezintweni ezinuka kabi nezingcolisayo futhi linikeza impilo yeshelufu yezinyanga eziyi-18 ezingeni lokushisa elijwayelekile.
10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo kanye nemvelaphi evela ezifundeni nasezifundeni eziyishumi ze-Fuzhou.
- Ngokwezinga, itiye liphungwa okungenani amahlandla amane bese liphinde livuselelwe; izithasiselo azivunyelwe. Iphunga elihlabayo “le-parfum”, elisheshe linyamalale ekumnikeni, liyisizathu sokuqaphela.
- Izimbali ezomisiwe ephepheni azibufakazi bekhwalithi: izinga livumela kuphela i-jasmine eyomile encane, futhi ubuchwepheshe buhlukanisa izimbali etiyeni.
- Hlola isigaba ngesikali sezinga: 特级 etiyeni le-jasmine laseFuzhou liyisitebhisi esiphansi, hhayi esiphezulu.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Itiye le-jasmine laseFuzhou linezindlela ezintathu zokuvikelwa eChina, umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, uphawu kanye ne-GI yezolimo, kanye nokuvikelwa e-EU.
- Izimbali zivunwa emini, emva kwehora leshumi ekuseni, zingakavuleki, futhi zivuleka emahhovisi.
- Esikalini sezigaba, igama “isigaba esiphezulu” (特级) linikezwe isitebhisi esincane kakhulu.
- Umfakisicelo wokuvikelwa e-EU yinhlangano ye-horticultural, hhayi inhlangano yetiye; futhi ibhalwe kuqala phakathi kwababhali bezinga lesifundazwe.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye e-jasmine
- I-Jasmine Tea (茉莉花茶): Igama elijwayelekile letiye le-jasmine njengesigaba; i-Fuzhou Molihua Cha yigama elinendawo esemthethweni nezinga laso.
- I-Hengxian Molihua Cha (横县茉莉花茶): Itiye le-jasmine lesifunda i-Hengxian e-Guangxi elinegama laso elivikelwe, eChina nangokweSivumelwano se-China–EU; indawo ehlukile nomqulu ohlukile.
- I-Moli Yinhao (茉莉银毫): Itiye le-jasmine, igama lalo elifana nesigaba esingu-银毫 sesikali saseFuzhou.
- I-Moli Longzhu (茉莉龙珠): Itiye le-jasmine eligoqwe libe amabhola; izinhlobo ezinjalo izinga lizibeka ematiyeni akhethekile.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Fuzhou Molihua Cha itiye le-jasmine lesikhungo salo somlando, elichazwe ngezinga kuze kube sezingeni nehora: isisekelo esiluhlaza i-hongqing, izimbali eziphilayo ezivunwe emini, imijikelezo yokuphunga amakha yamahora angu-10–12, kusukela kwamane kuya kwayisithupha nangaphezulu, ukuvuselela iphunga kanye nokuhlukanisa izimbali. Imibhalo yokuvikela iyavumelana endaweni yezifunda nezifunda eziyishumi, futhi ubuciko buqashelwa njengamagugu kazwelonke angewona aphathekayo. Leli itiye, iphunga lalo litholakala embalini, hhayi ku-flavoring.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo