Wèng'ān huángjīnyá

I-Weng’an Huangjinya (Wèng’ān huángjīnyá, 瓮安黄金芽) itiye eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni lwamaqabunga aphuzi i-黄金芽 esifundeni sase-Weng’an (瓮安县) e-Qiannan-Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture maphakathi nesifundazwe sase-Guizhou. Uhlobo lapha alulona olwendawo: lwalethwa lusuka e-Zhejiang ngo-2012, futhi ingxenye enkulu isedolobhaneni lase-Jianzhong (建中镇), abezindaba abalibiza ngokuthi isizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke ezweni salolu hlobo. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kusukela ngo-2018; umnikazi wuphiko lwesifunda, oluqanjwe ngalolu hlobo uqobo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) elivela ohlotsheni lwamaqabunga aphuzi. I-«Guizhou ribao» (2023, ekushicilelweni kabusha kwe-Xinhua) ilibiza ngokuthi «贵州绿茶新品种» — «uhlobo olusha lwetiye eliluhlaza lase-Guizhou», kanti isikhungo sentela sesifunda (2024) ohlwini lwemikhiqizo yenkampani enkulu yase-Jianzhong ibeka i-黄金芽 esigabeni setiye eliluhlaza — eduze ne-«白茶» enamaqabunga amhlophe kanye ne-Duyun Mao Jian. Idokhumenti yophawu enencazelo yobuchwepheshe angiyibonanga. I-«Huangjin» (黄金, «igolide») egameni ingumbala weqabunga, hhayi isigaba: ukuvuthwa okwenza itiye libe phuzi ngesigaba akukho ezinchazelweni ezitholiwe.
Isixwayiso: Ipulani yesifunda yango-2021 ibala phakathi kwemikhiqizo kokubili i-«黄金芽» kanye ne-«黄金饼» ecindezelwe («isinkwa segolide»), kanti ohlwini lwenkampani efanayo (2024) kukhona futhi i-«收藏黄金芽» — «i-黄金芽 yokuqoqwa». Ukuthi isinkwa senziwa ngani nangayiphi inqubo, nokuthi inguqulo yokuqoqwa yehluke kanjani, imithombo ayisho.
Isigaba: Itiye elivela ohlotsheni lwamaqabunga aphuzi oluzwelayo ekukhanyeni (光照敏感型); uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (证明商标, zhèngmíng shāngbiāo), 2018.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), i-Qiannan-Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔南, Qiánnán), isifunda sase-Weng’an (瓮安, Wèng’ān); isizinda esikhulu sedolobhana lase-Jianzhong (建中, Jiànzhōng).
Indawo yophawu: Isifunda sase-Weng’an siboniswa njengendawo yomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wendawo ngokomthetho angiwuphoqelelanga.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Weng’an cishe singu-27.1° enyakatho kanye no-107.5° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 2012. Ngokusho kommeleli wenkampani ephethe ingxenye enkulu (umagazini i-«Nongchanpin shichang», 农产品市场, 2023), ngaphambili i-黄金芽 yayingakhuli e-Weng’an: uhlobo lwalethwa ngo-2012 lusuka e-Zhejiang. I-«Guizhou ribao» (2023) ithi uhlobo lwenkampani «lukhethwe futhi lwasakazwa» (选育、推广); ngokusho kwenkampani uqobo lokhu ukulethwa, hhayi ukukhethwa kwezitshalo. Ngohlobo lwase-Zhejiang — bheka esihlokweni nge-Anji Huang Jin Ya.
- 2018. Ngokohlaziyo lwazo zonke izimpawu zendawo zase-Guizhou, oluhlanganiswe nesaziso sohlelo lwezimpawu zendawo lwesifundazwe lwango-22 Agasti 2022, uphawu lwe-«瓮安黄金芽» luthweswa usuku lwango-28 Okthoba 2018; umnikazi uyinhlangano yomkhakha wetiye i-Huangjinya yesifunda sase-Weng’an (瓮安县黄金芽茶业协会). Inombolo yophawu uhlaziyo aluyinikezi. Uhlaziyo kanye ne-«Guizhou ribao» bakhuluma ngophawu lwesitifiketi; idokhumenti yokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo angiyitholanga.
- 2021. Ipulani yesifunda yokuthuthukisa umkhakha wetiye ibeka umgomo wokuthi «kusetshenziswe izimpawu i-瓮安白茶 kanye ne-瓮安黄金芽» futhi ibala izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zemikhiqizo yesifunda, phakathi kwazo i-«黄金芽» kanye ne-«黄金饼».
- 2023. Ngokwe-«Guizhou ribao», e-Jianzhong kukhona amahektha angu-35.6 ezinkundla zetiye (1 mu — cishe amamitha-skwele angu-667) kanye nesizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke ezweni se-黄金芽; idolobhana lenza itiye lemibala emihlanu — elibomvu, elimnyama, eliluhlaza, elimhlophe neliphuzi.
- 2024. Isikhungo sentela sesifunda sithi enkampanini enkulu yase-Jianzhong kukhona amahektha angaphezu kuka-1800 e-黄金芽, angu-6000 amaqabunga amhlophe kanye nangu-4800 wetiye eliluhlaza.
- 2025. Umbiko wohlelo lwesifunda kanye nohulumeni wedolobhana uthi i-黄金芽 kanye netiye elimhlophe eligugile nelibomvu lase-Weng’an badlule ekuhloleni njengomkhiqizo wezolimo odumile, okhethekile, onekhwalithi nomusha kazwelonke (全国名特优新农产品).
Igama: I-«Weng’an» (瓮安) igama lesifunda; i-«huangjinya» (黄金芽) — «ihlumela legolide», igama lohlobo. Umbiko wengosi ye-«Zhongguo wang» (中国网, 2019) ulichaza kanje: isitshalo siphuzi unyaka wonke, itiye elomile likhanya liphuzi, umgqomo ucacile uphuzi, ukunambitheka kusha, futhi uhlobo lubalulekile njengegolide.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Imibhalo yango-2019 icaphuna isidlaliso sohlobo embonini — «茶中大熊猫», «i-panda enkulu phakathi kwamatiye»: ngenxa yokuba yindlala, ubunzima bokulitshala kanye nokunakekelwa okubizayo. Kodwa uphawu olukhulu lwesifunda akulona leli tiye: ipulani lango-2021 lakha umkhakha nge-«瓮安欧标茶», itiye ngokwezindinganiso zaseYurophu ngaphansi kwegama le-Duyun Mao Jian.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo: 黄金芽 (Huángjīnyá), amaqabunga aphuzi. Ngokombhalo wango-2019, lolu uhlobo oluzwelayo ekukhanyeni oluvela ezinhlotsheni eziguqukile eziphuzi (光照敏感型、黄色系变异). Ngokwe-«Zhongguo wang» (2019), isitshalo siphuzi unyaka wonke, kanti elangeni, ngokwezincazelo zango-2019 no-2023, sikhanya njengegolide. Uhlobo lulethwe, aluzange lwakhiwe e-Weng’an (isigaba 2).
Ukuvunwa: Izikhathi aziwona emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Maphakathi nesifundazwe sase-Guizhou. Ngokwe-«Zhongguo wang» (2019), isimo sezulu sesifunda singesase-tropical esinomswakama we-monsoon, esinezinkathi ezine ezicacile: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ngu-13.6 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa sezinsuku ezingama-260–280, amahora angu-1226 elanga kanye ne-1148.2 mm yemvula ngonyaka. I-«Guizhou ribao» (2023) yengeza nge-Jianzhong ukuthi kunamahlathi amaningi, amanzi amaningi, izintaba namagquma, ungqimba lwenhlabathi olujulile noluvundile.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Embikweni wango-2019 umphathi wesizinda ubiza ukuphakama okuphakathi kwendawo — 1350 m; umbiko wesifunda wango-2025 ukhuluma ngendawo yokubuka phakathi kwezinkundla zetiye zase-Jianzhong ekuphakameni kwe-1200 m. Izilinganiso zokuphakama ngqo zezinkundla ze-黄金芽 aziwona emithonjeni etholiwe.
Inhlabathi: Uhlobo lwenhlabathi alunalo emithonjeni etholiwe; abezindaba bakhuluma kuphela ngenhlabathi evundile.
Ukunakekelwa: Ngokusho kommeleli wenkampani (2023), ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid uhlobo luhlushwa kakhulu yizinambuzane, futhi ukunakekelwa kwensimu kudinga amandla amaningi.
Isici sohlobo: Umbala weqabunga ubekwa uhlobo, hhayi izimo zendawo: i-黄金芽 efanayo ikhula nase-Zhejiang, nakwezinye izifundazwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Idokhumenti enobuchwepheshe be-Weng’an Huangjinya emithonjeni etholiwe ayikho. Isikhungo sentela sesifunda (2024) sibeka i-黄金芽 yenkampani enkulu yase-Jianzhong etiyeni eliluhlaza, kodwa asichazi izinyathelo zokukhiqiza.

Ngezansi kunohlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye ngqo:

Ukwendlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊青 — tānqīng): Iqabunga lendlalwa ngongqimba oluncane ukuze likhiphe ingxenye yomswakama.
Ukuqinisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation futhi kulondoloze umbala weqabunga.
Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn).
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho

Ukubukeka kohlobo abezindaba bakufingqa ngokuthi «ophuzi abathathu» — 干茶亮黄、汤色明黄、叶底纯黄: itiye elomile elikhanyayo eliphuzi, umgqomo ocacile ophuzi, ngaphansi okuphuzi ngokumsulwa. Lokhu kubhalwa ngumagazini i-«Nongchanpin shichang» (2023) ngetiye lenkampani enkulu yase-Jianzhong; izimpawu ezimbili zokuqala zikhona nasembikweni we-«Zhongguo wang» (2019).

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kukhanya kuphuzi (干茶亮黄).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga lomgqomo: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile; imibhalo yango-2019 no-2023 ikhuluma jikelele ngephunga elihlanzekile nelisha (清香), ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi eleqabunga elomile noma lomgqomo.
Ukunambitheka: Kusha (味道鲜美 — «Zhongguo wang», 2019); kusha futhi kumnandi (鲜爽怡人 — umagazini, 2023).
Umbala womgqomo: Ophuzi ocacile (汤色明黄).
Ingaphansi letiye (iqabunga elimisiwe): Ophuzi ngokumsulwa (叶底纯黄).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso ze-physicochemical zaleli gama azikho emithonjeni etholiwe. Ummeleli wenkampani ephethe ingxenye enkulu utshele umagazini i-«Nongchanpin shichang» (2023): etiyeni elijwayelekile ama-amino acid angu-3–4 %, ku-黄金芽 acishe abe ngu-10 %, kutiyi lenkampani afinyelela ku-11.7 %. Lawa ngamazwi omkhiqizi ngaphandle kwendlela nesampuli, hhayi isilinganiso.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza elintekenteke.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–80 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi yegilasi — kuyo kubonakala amahlumela aphuzi.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza ingilazi.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Umgqomo wokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yomgqomo.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe. Abezindaba babiza uhlobo ngokuthi lubizayo — «贵如黄金», «libiza njengegolide», — kanti ummeleli wenkampani (2023) uthi itiye liyathengwa, naphezu kwentengo ephezulu; izinombolo akekho ozinikezayo.

Ungagwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funafuna uphawu lwesitifiketi lwe-«瓮安黄金芽»; umnikazi yinhlangano yomkhakha wetiye i-Huangjinya yesifunda sase-Weng’an.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Weng’an: uhlobo lwe-黄金芽 lukhula ezifundazweni eziningi, futhi igama lohlobo ngokwalo alisho indawo.
- Ungadidanisi nophawu lwesibili lwesifunda — i-«瓮安白茶»: leli elinye igama.
- Iqabunga elomile — likhanya liphuzi, umgqomo — ucacile uphuzi, ingaphansi — liphuzi.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ngo-2018 isifunda sathola izimpawu ezimbili ezinamagama «emibala»: «elimhlophe» (瓮安白茶) — ngomhla ka-7 Juni kanye ne-«legolide» (瓮安黄金芽) — ngomhla ka-28 Okthoba.
Umnikazi wophawu yinhlangano yesifunda, eqanjwe ngegama lohlobo lwesihlahla: «inhlangano yomkhakha wetiye i-Huangjinya».
Idolobhana lase-Jianzhong, lapho kukhula khona ingxenye enkulu ye-黄金芽, i-«Guizhou ribao» (2023) ilibiza futhi nangokuthi «idolobhana lokuqala letiye elimhlophe elisezingeni eliphezulu lase-Guizhou» (贵州省精品白茶第一镇).
Enkampanini enkulu yase-Jianzhong, ngokwemininingwane yesikhungo sentela (2024), itiye lamaqabunga amhlophe likhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kune-黄金芽, kanti eliluhlaza likhulu ngokuphindwe kabili nengxenye; kokubili i-黄金芽 kanye ne-«白茶» ohlwini lwayo kubalwa njengetiye eliluhlaza.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye

I-Anji Huang Jin Ya (安吉黄金芽): Uhlobo olufanayo esifundeni sase-Anji enyakatho ye-Zhejiang.
I-Jinyun Huangcha (缙云黄茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lamaqabunga aphuzi lase-Zhejiang, kodwa livela kolunye uhlobo — i-中黄2号.
I-Weng’an Baicha (瓮安白茶): Uphawu lwesibili lwesifunda esifanayo; isigaba salo amadokhumenti awalibeki.
I-Duyun Mao Jian (都匀毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza elikhulu lesifunda sase-Qiannan, ngaphansi kwegama lalo i-Weng’an ikhangisa umkhiqizo wayo oyinhloko.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Weng’an Huangjinya itiye eliluhlaza elivela ohlotsheni lwamaqabunga aphuzi i-黄金芽, elakhula ezintabeni zase-Jianzhong ngemva kuka-2012. Abezindaba balichaza ngokuthi «ophuzi abathathu»: itiye elomile elikhanyayo eliphuzi, umgqomo ocacile ophuzi kanye nengaphansi eliphuzi, nephunga elisha nokunambitheka okusha. Igama livikelwe uphawu lwango-2018, kanti uhlobo luhlobanisa leli tiye ne-Anji — okuhlukanisayo indawo.