I-Suizhou Yacha (Suízhōu yáchá, 随州芽茶) — «itiye laseSuizhou lehlumela»: itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobheni laseSuizhou enyakatho yesifundazwe saseHubei, elenziwe ngamahlumela amancane awodwa, aneqabunga eliyisicaba neliqondile elinombala osiliva oluhlaza. Amasimu alele ezintabeni zaseDahongshan naseTongbaishan. Kusukela ngoJulayi 2014 lo mkhiqizo unokuvikelwa kwendawo yezwe, kanti kusukela ngo-2018 usebenza izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 1348-2018.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elehlumela. Izinga lilichaza njengetiye elivela emahlumeleni amancane awodwa esihlahla setiye (Camellia sinensis) endaweni evikelwe; ohlelweni lokucubungula kukhona ukumiswa kokushisa futhi akukho i-oxidation — lolu wuhlelo lwetiye eliluhlaza. Uhlu lwezinkomba nalo luluhlukanisa njengeluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lehlumela; umkhiqizo onokuvikelwa kwendawo yezwe (2014).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha laseSuizhou (随州, Suízhōu).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela (ekubhalweni kabusha kwesimemezelo emthonjeni) — amadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili esifunda emingceleni yawo yamanje yokuphatha: i-Hongshan (洪山镇), i-Hedian (何店镇), i-Caodian (草店镇), i-Changgang (长岗镇), i-Sanligang (三里岗镇), i-Huantan (环潭镇), i-Liulin (柳林镇) kanye ne-Wushengguan (武胜关镇).
- Izintaba nama-latitude: Ngokwencazelo yezinga — ikakhulukazi izintaba zaseDahongshan (大洪山, Dàhóng shān) naseTongbaishan (桐柏山, Tóngbǎi shān), phakathi kuka-31°19′ no-32°26′ enyakatho ye-latitude.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Idolobha laseSuizhou — cishe u-31,7° enyakatho ye-latitude kanye no-113,4° empumalanga ye-longitude.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane ngoShennong. Impahla yoMnyango Wezolimo ilandisa ngegama elithi «kuthiwa» (相传): eSuizhou kwazalelwa u-Yandi Shennong (炎帝神农), owathi, ezama amakhambi ayikhulu, wathola itiye. Incazelo yezinga emthonjeni iqala ngomugqa we-«Classic of Tea» kaLu Yu «茶之为饮，发乎神农氏» — «ukuphuzwa kwetiye kwaqala ngoShennong». Lena yinganekwane, hhayi umlando wangempela wetiye lehlumela: izinsuku, amagama namadokhumenti ngokusungulwa kwalo akutholakali emithonjeni etholakele, futhi akukho okukhulunywa ngomnikelo wasenkantolo.
- 2014. Isimemezelo se-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) No. 77 sathatha i-Suizhou Yacha sayivikela kanye neminye imikhiqizo — phakathi kwayo irayisi i-万昌大米 ne-ginkgo i-安陆银杏. Ngokubhalwa kabusha kwesimemezelo, ukuvikelwa kwagunyazwa mhla ziyisi-9 kuJulayi 2014; kwezinye izinkulumo kutholakala umhla ziyi-14 ne-18 kuJulayi.
- 2018. Kwaphuma izinga lendawo lesifundazwe saseHubei i-DB42/T 1348-2018 «ISuizhou Yacha» — kusukela endaweni evikelwe nobuchwepheshe bezolimo kuya kwikhwalithi, ukumaka kanye nokugcina. Lihlongozwe yinkampani yasendaweni yetiye kanye nokuphathwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwedolobha; phakathi kwabasunguli kunenhlangano yedolobha yetiye kanye ne-cooperative efanele.
- 2022. NgoSuku Lwetiye Lwamazwe Ngamazwe, uMnyango Wezolimo washicilela indaba ngeSuizhou Yacha. Ngokwayo, ngoMeyi 2022 «uhambo lokuqhatha itiye nokubuka izimbali eSuizhou» lwangena emizileni eyi-113 yezokuvakasha yasemakhaya enconywe nguMnyango Wezamasiko Nezokuvakasha, kanti itiye lehlumela laqanjwa njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko wendawo womzila.
- 2024. Isimemezelo se-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 597 sangomhla zingama-27 kuSepthemba 2024 savumela uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo yezwe enkampanini yasendaweni yetiye.
- Igama: «Suizhou» (随州) — igama ledolobha; «Ya» (芽, yá) — «ihlumela»; «Cha» (茶, chá) — «itiye».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kokubili izinga nempahla yoMnyango zihlobanisa itiye nesithombe sikaSuizhou njengendawo yakubo ka-Yandi Shennong (炎帝神农故里).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- I-cultivar: Incazelo yezinga ikhuluma ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ngokujwayelekile, kodwa isimemezelo sokuvikela sibiza izinhlobo ze-Fuding Dahao (福鼎大毫), i-Jiukeng (鸠坑), i-Echa No. 1 (鄂茶一号) nezinye.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe nezinga lokuqhatha: Amahlumela amancane awodwa (幼嫩单芽), ngaphandle kwamaqabunga avulekile; ubude behlumela kanye nezigaba zezinto ezingavuthiwe akutholakali emithonjeni.
- Isikhathi sokuqhatha: Ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela — kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, ngesandla; ukuqhatha kuqalwa lapho okungenani amaphesenti angama-90 amahlumela awodwa eselungile.
- Ukutshala: Ngokombhalo ofanayo — ngoFebruwari — Mashi, imigqa emibili ngezihlahla ezimbili, izihlahla ezingama-5300–6000 nge-mu; umquba wezinto eziphilayo — okungenani amakhilogremu angama-300 nge-mu.
4. I-Terroir Kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: INyakatho ye-Hubei, izintaba zase-Dahongshan nase-Tongbaishan. Impahla yoMnyango Wezolimo ibeka i-Suizhou lapho kuhlangana khona imifula i-Yangtze ne-Huaihe.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwempahla efanayo — i-subtropical monsoon: isimo sezulu esipholile, ukushintsha okucacile kwezinkathi ezine, ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi nemvula, isikhathi eside esingenasithwathwa kanye nezikhathi ezimfushane zokushisa okukhulu nokubanda. UMnyango uhlobanisa lezi zimo nokuqoqwa kwama-amino acid isikhathi eside emahlumeleni, futhi ngalokho nephunga elicebile nelihlala isikhathi eside kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela — 300–800 m.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo ofanayo — i-yellow-brown kanye ne-sandy loam, i-pH 4,5–6,5, izinto eziphilayo okungenani amaphesenti angu-1,0, ukujiya kongqimba lwenhlabathi okungenani amasentimitha angama-80.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izinga i-DB42/T 1348-2018 libeka lokhu kulandelana kokucubungula; izinombolo — ngokwesimemezelo sokuvikela:
- Ukunaba (摊青, tānqīng): Amahlumela anabeka ungqimba lwamasentimitha angama-2-3 kuwo kwehora lesi-5-7 ukuze abune.
- Ukumisa ukushisa (杀青, shāqīng): 200–260 °C, imizuzu emi-2-4; ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng).
- Ukuqondisa nokubumba (理条做形, lǐtiáo zuòxíng): 150–180 °C, imizuzu emi-3-5; amahlumela anikezwa isimo esiyisicaba nesiqondile.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): 100–120 °C, imizuzu eyi-8-12.
- Ukususa uboya nokupholisha (脱毫抛光, tuōháo pāoguāng): Itiye elomile licutshungulwa ngomshini.
Isinyathelo sokugcina asijwayelekile: kumatiye amaningi ehlumela uboya, kunalokho, bugcinwa njengophawu lwekhwalithi.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Izinga nesimemezelo sokuvikela zichaza itiye ngomusho owodwa: «外形肥硕饱满、扁平挺直，色泽银绿隐翠；香气高鲜，汤色黄绿明亮，滋味鲜醇». Impahla yoMnyango Wezolimo iphinda ukubukeka nombala woketshezi, kanti ukunambitheka ikubiza ngokuthi «鲜醇爽口».
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amahlumela amakhulu agcwele, ayisicaba futhi aqondile; umbala uluhlaza osiliva nobuluhlaza obufihlekile (银绿隐翠).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akunakuchazwa okuhlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Eliphakeme nelisha (香气高鲜).
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuthambile (鲜醇); uMnyango wengeza — «okuqabulayo» (鲜醇爽口).
- Umbala woketshezi: Oluhlaza okuphuzi, okhanyayo futhi ocacile (黄绿明亮).
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Akunamininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Engilazini yengilazi, ngokwempahla yoMnyango, amahlumela aqala ngokugxuma phezulu naphansi, bese kuthi lapho esethole amanzi, asukume abheke phansi — «njengamahlumela asentwasahlobo oqalo ngemuva kwemvula».
Izincwadi zezentengiso zibhala ngenye indlela — iqabunga «linjengezinkemba zesiliva», uketshezi luhlaza ngokuthambile; incazelo yezinga ithathwe njengesisekelo.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Isimemezelo sokuvikela sibeka izinkomba zefiziksi namakhemikhali:
| Inkomba | Imfuneko |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | Akukho ngaphezu kwama-6,5 % |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | Okungenani ama-3,5 % |
| Izinto ezincibilika emanzini | Okungenani ama-36,0 % |
Izincwadi zezentengiso zithi ama-amino acid nezinto ezinuka kamnandi etiye lehlumela miningi kunase-maojian asuka ezintweni ezingavuthiwe eziqinile, kodwa azinikezi izinombolo noma umthombo wokuqala.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza; etiye lehlumela izinga lokushisa ligcinwa emngceleni ophansi.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C, kumahlumela — eduze kuka-80 °C.
- Inani letiye: Amagremu ama-3 nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi — kuyo kuyabonakala ukuthi amahlumela asukuma abheke phansi, — noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40-60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yoketshezi, bese uthele amanzi.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Ephasishini elivaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Akunamininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Uzivikela kanjani emakhwalithi omgunyathi:
- Funani uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo yezwe: ngokwesimemezelo sika-2014, ilungelo lokulusebenzisa linikezwa ngesicelo ngokuphathwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwaseSuizhou, kanti manje izimvume zishicilelwa yi-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA).
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi usebenza kwelinye lamadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili endawo evikelwe.
- Bheka iqabunga: amahlumela awodwa kuphela, ayisicaba futhi aqondile, apholishiwe, aluhlaza osiliva; akufanele kube namaqabunga avulekile.
- Engilazini amahlumela ngemuva kokumanzisa asukuma abheke phansi.
Lezi zimpawu zencazelo, hhayi ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Incazelo yezinga iqala ngenganekwane ngoShennong, owathola itiye.
- Ekucubunguleni kukhona ukususa uboya nokupholisha: ihlumela kufanele libe bushelelezi, hhayi libe noboya.
- Izincwadi zezentengiso zinikeza itiye isiqu sokuthi «amatiye ayishumi ahamba phambili e-Hubei ezokuvakasha kwamasiko», igolide lomncintiswano we-«中绿杯» kanye negolide lombukiso wetiye wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa azishiwo iminyaka nabahleli; le mininingwane ayiqinisekisiwe.
12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Amatiye
- Tongbai Yu Ye (桐柏玉叶): Itiye elihlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda saseTongbai esifundazweni saseHenan — lisuka ezintabeni ezifanayo zaseTongbaishan, ngale komngcele wesifundazwe.
- Xinyang Maojian (信阳毛尖): Itiye elihlaza lasenyakatho lesifundazwe esingumakhelwane saseHenan; ngokungafani ne-Suizhou Yacha eyisicaba — izintambo ezincane ezisontiwe.
- Xiaogan Longjian Cha (孝感龙剑茶): Itiye elihlaza eliyisicaba elosiwe epanini elivela esifundeni esingumakhelwane saseHubei iXiaogan.
- Zhongxiang Yunwu Cha (钟祥云雾茶): Itiye elihlaza lasezintabeni ledolobha laseZhongxiang, lapho kukhona khona nezintaba zaseDahongshan.
- Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Itiye elihlaza elidume kakhulu e-Hubei, kodwa elenziwa ngomusi futhi lisuka kolunye uhlangothi lwesifundazwe.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Suizhou Yacha — itiye elihlaza lehlumela lasenyakatho yeHubei elivela ezintabeni zaseDahongshan naseTongbaishan: amahlumela awodwa, ayisicaba futhi aqondile, anoboya obususiwe nobukhazikhazi obuluhlaza osiliva, iphunga eliphakeme nelisha kanye noketshezi olukhanyayo oluhlaza okuphuzi. Amadokhumenti awo ambalwa, kodwa ayavumelana: ukuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2014, amadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili, ukuphakama okungama-300-800 m, izinga lika-2018 kanye nezigaba eziyisithupha zokucubungula nokupholisha ekugcineni.
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