Xiàogǎn lóngjiàn chá

I-Xiaogan Longjian Cha (Xiàogǎn lóngjiàn chá, 孝感龙剑茶) itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba eligazingwe ebhodweni lomphakathi wedolobha i-Xiaogan (孝感市) esifundazweni sase-Hubei, lisuka ezintabeni eziphansi nasemagqumeni okhahlamba lwase-Dabie enyakatho yoMfula i-Yangtze. Igama lisho “inkemba kadrako,” futhi umthetho uchaza iqabunga kanjena: liyisicaba futhi liqondile, njengenkemba. Inganekwane ibuyisela itiye lase-Xiaogan emuva ezikhathini zika-Ming no-Qing, kanti ochwepheshe bachaza ukuthi uphawu lwakhula ezivivinyweni zobuchwepheshe be-Xi Hu Long Jing kusukela maphakathi nawo-1980. Isiqinisekiso sezolimo sendawo — kusukela ngo-2012, umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo — kusukela ngo-2025.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) eligazingwe ebhodweni (炒青, chǎoqīng). Umthetho ulibiza ngo-“itiye eliluhlaza lobuciko” (工艺绿茶) — itiye eliluhlaza elibunjiwe elinezidingo eziqinile zokucubungula, kokubili okomshini nokwezandla.
Isigaba: Isiqinisekiso sezolimo sendawo (2012, isitifiketi AGI01032); umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo (2025).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umphakathi wedolobha i-Xiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokomthetho kanye nesaziso № 640 — izifunda eziyisithupha, amadolobha kanye nezifunda zomphakathi: i-Dawu (大悟), i-Xiaochang (孝昌), i-Xiaonan (孝南), i-Yingcheng (应城), i-Anlu (安陆) ne-Shuangfeng (双峰), kanti kuzo kukhona amalokishi nezifunda eziyishumi nesithupha ezibaluliwe — phakathi kwazo i-Sanlicheng, i-Xuanhua, i-Zhouxiang, i-Yangdian ne-Zougang — “nabanye.” Enyakatho-mpumalanga indawo inomngcele ne-Wuhan, enyakatho ino-Xinyang.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 113°19′–114°06′ empumalanga, 30°42′–31°29′ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inganekwane. Ngokomthetho, umbusi u-Qianlong ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe lwaseningizimu kuthiwa wazama itiye lase-Xiaogan futhi wabhala umugqa othi “今日采茶我爱观，吴民生计勤自然”. Emugqeni uqobo kukhulunywa “ngabantu base-Wu” (吴民), hhayi nge-Xiaogan; ukuthi inganekwane yawuhlobanisa kanjani nomugqa netiye lendawo, imithombo ayikuchazi.
- Umlando obhaliwe. Ngokomthetho, umlando wesifunda (孝感县志) wonyaka wesishiyagalombili ka-Guangxu (1882) uthi itiye lapha lalitshalwa kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Ming.
- Izinkondlo zika-Cheng Liangshou. Umthetho ucaphuna inkondlo yomuntu wendawo u-Cheng Liangshou (程良寿) ethi “Ngizama itiye e-Guchengan” (古城俺试茶), eyabhalwa ngemva kokuhamba nokuphuza itiye e-Guchengan entabeni i-Shuangfengshan: “穿云寻古寺，带露摘新茶” — “nginqamula amafu ngifuna ithempeli lasendulo, ngikha itiye elisha emazolo.” “Kusukela lapho,” ngokwamazwi omthetho, kwavela “okungenakuqhathaniswa ngaphansi kwezulu” (天下一绝) i-Xiaogan Longjian Cha.
- Indaba yochwepheshe. Umbhalo ovela kochwepheshe bendawo, owaphindwa yisayithi lokubhekisela ngemikhiqizo yendawo (2023), uveza isithombe esihlukile. Maphakathi nawo-1980 epulazini letiye e-Fenghuangshan (凤凰山茶场) bazama ubuchwepheshe be-Xi Hu Long Jing; i-“Xiaogan Longjing” (孝感龙井茶) eyenziwe ngesandla yayinambitheka kahle, kodwa emiqhudelwaneni yesifundazwe ayizange ithole imiklomelo emikhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi ochwepheshe banquma ukuthi bangakopishi ubuchwepheshe babanye, kodwa basungule obabo ngokusekelwe kubo. Isisusa, ngokwombhalo ofanayo, saba ezomnotho: kuze kube ngawo-1990 umphakathi wawukhiqiza ikakhulu itiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe elivamile, futhi lalo lalihlulwa itiye lase-Yichang elingenisiwe — ukukhiwa ngesandla okukodwa e-Xiaogan kwakubiza kakhulu kunetiye lase-Yichang emakethe yendawo; amasimu ayekwa, kwezinye izindawo enyanyulwa ukuze kutshalwe izithelo nokusanhlamvu. Ngokuqhubekayo, ngokwamazwi ochwepheshe, isidingo sasuka etiyeni lomshini eliningi saya ku-Longjian Cha yesandla, bese kuba itiye elibizayo lokucubungula okuxubile, ngomshini nangesandla. Uma kulandelwa le ndaba, “inkemba kadrako” yakhiwa ngemva maphakathi nawo-1980, kuyilapho inganekwane ngo-Ming no-Qing ikhuluma ngetiye lase-Xiaogan jikelele.
- 2012. Ukubhaliswa kwesiqinisekiso sezolimo sendawo, isitifiketi AGI01032 — unyaka ngokwesizindalwazi seziqinisekiso zezolimo; umnikazi — isiteshi somphakathi sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo (孝感市农业技术推广总站). Isaziso sokubhaliswa — № 1870 sango-7 Disemba 2012.
- 2025. Ngesaziso № 640 (esayinwe zi-16 kuJulayi, sashicilelwa zi-13 ku-Agasti) i-State Intellectual Property Office yaqinisekisa imikhiqizo eyi-1409 enesiqinisekiso sendawo; i-Xiaogan Longjian Cha — umugqa 745, umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo sase-Xiaogan.
Igama: “i-Xiaogan” (孝感) — igama lomphakathi; “i-longjian” (龙剑) — “inkemba kadrako.” Ukuthi kungani kwakhethwa leli gama, umthetho awukuchazi, kodwa iqabunga elomile uliqhathanisa nenkemba (似刀剑).
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokomthetho, edolobheni kunamakhulu ezindawo zokuphuza itiye, futhi isiko letiye lahlangana nokuhlonipha abazali (孝, xiào).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo: Ayikho inhlobo yendawo. Umthetho udinga izinhlobo eziqinile, ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezithelayo, ezigunyazwe okungenani ezingeni lesifundazwe; njengamanje ikakhulukazi yilezi: i-福鼎大白茶 (Fúdǐng dàbáichá), i-鄂茶1号 (Èchá 1) ne-中茶108 (Zhōngchá 108).
Indinganiso yokukhiwa: Umthetho wehlukanisa ukukhiwa ngokwentwasahlobo nokwekwindla futhi udinga ukukhiwa ngesandla “ngokuphakamisa isandla” (提手采): ihlumela neqabunga kuphelele, ngaphandle kwamaxolo, izithelo namahlumela amadala. Ngokwendaba yochwepheshe, bathatha ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa elivulekayo, bekhipha amahlumela ansomi, amaqabunga “abhangqile” (对夹叶) neziqu.
Isikhathi sokukhiwa: Ngokwendaba yochwepheshe — cishe ngesikhathi somkhosi we-Qingming (清明).

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: i-Hubei, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Wuhan nasenyakatho yoMfula i-Yangtze: izintaba eziphansi namagquma okhahlamba lwase-Dabie (大别山).
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Isilinganiso singu-380 m (ngokomthetho).
Indawo: amafu, inethiwekhi yemifudlana; amasimu akude namadolobha nezimboni. Ukuminyana kwehlathi ezisekelweni — 71–80 %.
Inhlabathi: inhlabathi eyisihlabathi ephuzi-nsundu ejulile (黄棕砂壤土), i-pH 4,5–6; amasimu kudala evundiswa ngamakhoba wezithelo zikawoyela nomquba, inhlabathi inezinto eziphilayo eziningi.
Isimo sezulu: isimo sezulu sezwekazi esishisayo. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi — 15,8 °C, umswakama — 65–85 %, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingama-260, ukukhanya kwelanga — amahora ayi-1996,7, imvula — 1112 mm. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku ezindaweni zetiye — isilinganiso singu-10,6 °C.
Isilinganiso: Ngokomthetho, indawo iyonke ingu-8910 km², kuyo okulungele itiye kungu-3 wezigidi zama-mu; amasimu angama-370 wezinkulungwane zama-mu, umkhiqizo — amathani angama-7124; unyaka wedatha awubaluliwe.
Ukutshala: Ngokomthetho, isimu limiswa emithambekeni efinyelela ku-15°: kwenqamula umthambeka kumbiwa imisele engu-70×60 cm futhi kutshalwa ngemigqa emibili — umgqa obanzi phakathi kwemigqa u-1,0 m, omncane u-0,3 m, phakathi kwezihlahla u-0,2 m, izithombo ezintathu esihlahleni ngasinye, cishe izihlahla ezingama-5500 nge-mu ngayinye. Emaphethelweni ensimu nasezindaweni ezinomoya kutshalwa izihlahla zokuvikela noma zokusebenzisa.
Izindlela zokulima: Imivundiso emibili ngonyaka: ezinsukwini ezingama-25–30 ngaphambi kokukhiwa nasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba — amakhilogremu angama-200 omkhuba wezithelo zikawoyela namakhilogremu angama-1500 omquba nge-mu ngayinye. Ukuthenwa — kanye ngonyaka, ngemva kokukhiwa kwentwasahlobo. Ngokumelene nezinambuzane — izicupho zokukhanya nemithi yezinto eziphilayo; ezintweni zamakhemikhali umthetho ubiza i-imidacloprid ngokumelene ne-leafhopper. Ekupheleni kukaJuni inhlabathi iyambozwa ngotshani — cishe amakhilogremu ayi-1000 nge-mu ngayinye; ukuvunda kanye nezinsimbi ezinzima emhlabathini kuhlolwa kanye ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Indawo, umquba kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane — ngokwezindinganiso zomkhakha “womkhiqizo oluhlaza” NY/T 391-2000, NY/T 394-2000 kanye ne-NY/T 393-2000.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umthetho ubeka uchungechunge: ukukhiwa → ukuneka (摊青, tānqīng) → ukuqeda amagciwane ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo) → ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng) → ukomisa kokuqala → ukomisa ekugcineni ebhodweni (辉锅, huīguō) → ukukhetha → ukupakisha. Amapharamitha awekho kuwo; indlela yesandla — ngokwendaba yochwepheshe:

Ukuneka: Iqabunga libunzwa kancane amahora ama-3–5.
Ibhodwe lokuqala (青锅): Cishe ku-150 °C, ngamagremu angama-500 eqabunga; imizuzu eyi-1–2 liyanyakaziswa, bese ukushisa kwehliselwa ku-80–90 °C futhi iqabunga liqhutshwa lize lithambe futhi iphunga lotshani lishintshe libe iphunga elimsulwa. Libunjwa ku-80 °C; lapho iqabunga selibunjwe njengenkemba futhi selomile cishe izingxenye eziyisikhombisa kweziyishumi, liyakhishwa.
Ukuphumula: imizuzu engama-30–40 ngongqimba oluncane ngaphansi kwendwangu emhlophe, ukuze umswakama usabalale ngokulinganayo.
Ukomisa ekugcineni (辉锅): Cishe ku-80 °C, ngamagremu angama-300 eqabunga, kuze kube umswakama cishe ngu-6 %, lapho iqabunga selihlikihlwa ngeminwe libe yimpushana.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Izidingo zomthetho wesiqinisekiso.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Liyisicaba, liqondile, njengenkemba, linombala we-emerald, lihlanzekile futhi lilingana (扁平挺直似刀剑，色泽翠绿，干净匀齐).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala: Iphunga le-castnut elihlala njalo (栗香持久).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile nokuqabulayo (鲜醇爽口).
Umbala wotshwala: Uluhlaza ngobumnene, obala futhi okhanyayo (嫩绿清澈明亮).
Indawo yetiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Luhlaza ngobumnene, likhanyayo, ihlumela neqabunga livuleka “njengembali” (芽叶成朵).

Esigabeni sobuchwepheshe umthetho ofanayo ubhala ngendlela ehlukile: iqabunga liluhlaza, linoboya obubonakalayo, iphunga — limnene noma limsulwa (嫩香或清香), hhayi le-castnut. Ukuthi kungani izincazelo zingafani, umbhalo awukuchazi.

7. Ukuqanjwa Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zefiziksi namakhemikhali zomthetho:

Isibonakaliso	Indinganiso
Ama-amino acid	okungenani 2,5 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo	okungenani 36,0 %
Umlotha ophelele	okungenani 6,5 %
Imvuthela	okungenani 5,0 %
I-cellulose eluhlaza	okungenani 14,0 %
Umswakama	okungenani 6,0 %

Umthetho ubala i-selenium ne-zinc etiyeni ngaphandle kwezinombolo. Ukuphepha — ngokwezinga “lomkhiqizo oluhlaza” NY/T 288-2002. Lezi yizidingo, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo: Itiye lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60; phuza, ushiye ingxenye yotshwala, bese uthelela kabusha — ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephepheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kuphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Namampunge

Ayikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazi ukugwema amampunge:
- Bheka uphawu lwesiqinisekiso sendawo kanye negama lomkhiqizo; ngokomthetho, lisetshenziswa abakhiqizi bendawo ngokwesivumelwano sonyaka nomnikazi.
- Kusukela ngo-2025 kukhona nophawu lomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo: umkhiqizi wendawo ufaka isicelo ehhovisi lomphakathi lempahla yobuhlakani, sihlolwa abaphathi besifundazwe sase-Hubei, sigunyazwa futhi sishicilelwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowezifunda eziyisithupha, amadolobha nezifunda zendawo.
- Iqabunga — liyisicaba, liqondile, linombala we-emerald.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ngokwendaba yochwepheshe, umanduleli wophawu kwakuyi-“Xiaogan Longjing” yezandla (孝感龙井茶).
Elokishini lase-Yangdian ngaphakathi kwendawo ipulazi lase-Chanchuan (浐川茶场), ngokweshicilelo lokubhekisela lika-2024, lenza “浐川龙剑茶”; ukuthi lingaphansi kwesiqinisekiso, imithombo ayikusho.
Umthetho wenqabela umnikazi wesiqinisekiso ukuthi akhokhise imali ngokusetshenziswa kophawu.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Itiye eliyisicaba lase-Hangzhou; ngokwendaba yochwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe balo baba isiqalo.
I-Xiaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (孝昌凤凰山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Zhouxiang, elingaphakathi kwendawo yesiqinisekiso.
I-Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha (周巷凤凰茶): Igama elivikelwe lalelo lokishi elifanayo.
I-Dawu Lücha (大悟绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Dawu, nalo elingaphakathi kwendawo.
I-Xiaogan Hong (孝感红): Itiye elibomvu lomphakathi ofanayo.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Xiaogan Longjian Cha itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lase-Xiaogan, eliqanjwe ngeqabunga, eliqondile, njengenkemba. Ngemva kwalo kunezindaba ezimbili — eyasendulo, ngetiye lomphakathi kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Ming, nentsha, ngochwepheshe abakha ukucubungula kwabo ngokusekelwe ku-Longjing. Umthetho uyichaza kahle: izinhlobo ezintathu, inhlabathi eyisihlabathi ephuzi-nsundu ngase-Dabie, iqabunga le-emerald, iphunga le-castnut notshwala obuluhlaza ngobumnene.