I-Nanjing Tulou Cha (Nánjìng tǔlóu chá, 南靖土楼茶) iwulong yesifunda saseNanjing (南靖县) esifundeni sasedolobheni iZhangzhou eningizimu yesifundazwe saseFujian, eqanjwe nge-tulou, izindlu eziyindilinga neziyisikwele ezakhiwe ngobumba ezakhiwe njengezinqaba, ezimi lapha phakathi kwezingadi zetiye. Leli gama lavela ngo-2018 njengophawu lomphakathi lwetiye yesifunda, umkhiqizo walo oyinhloko kwaba iwulong yohlobo lwe-dangui (丹桂). Ngo-2022 igama labhaliswa njengophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo emkhiqizweni othi “iwulong”. Lena yincane kwezintathu zezimpawu zetiye zesifunda futhi iyona kuphela eqanjwe hhayi ngohlobo lwetiye: ezinye ezimbili, “iNanjing Dangui” kanye “neNanjing Tieguanyin”, zibhalwe emkhiqizweni othi “itiye” jikelele, kanti lena ibhalwe kuwulong kuphela.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: I-Wulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), ngokombhalo: ohlwini lwezimpawu zesifundazwe umkhiqizo ubhalwe ngokuthi “乌龙茶”.
- Inothi ngezinga: Uphawu lomphakathi lubanzi kunophawu: ngokushicilelwa kuka-2020, i-dangui ngaphansi kophawu ikhiqizwa kokubili njengewulong yesitayela esinothile (浓香型) nesisha (清香型), kanye netiye elibomvu. Uphawu, ngokohlu, luvikela iwulong kuphela.
- Isigaba: Iwulong yaseningizimu yeFujian enophawu lwezindawo (2022); uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kusukela ngo-2018.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sedolobha iZhangzhou (漳州, Zhāngzhōu), isifunda saseNanjing (南靖县, Nánjìng xiàn).
- Indawo: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lubiza isifunda saseNanjing njengobunikazi bomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo nemithetho yophawu angizange ngiyithole.
- Uhlelo lokuvikela: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo lweHhovisi Likazwelonke Lezobunikazi Bokusungula laseChina (CNIPA) № 36675478, umkhiqizo, iwulong. Ngokohlu lwesifundazwe lwangomhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2026, uphawu lwabhaliswa ngomhla ziyi-13 kuMasingana 2022, umnikazi, iNhlangano Yokushintshanisana Kwetiye Yezinhlangothi Zombili Zasolwandle yesifunda saseNanjing (南靖县海峡两岸茶业交流协会), ukubhaliswa kusasebenza.
- Izixhumanisi zezindawo: Emibhalweni etholakele azikasho.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Endulo. Imibhalo ka-2017 kanye neka-2022 ibhala ukuthi kakade ekupheleni kweSui nasekuqaleni kweTang izakhamuzi zaseNanjing zaziqoqa futhi ziphuze itiye lasendle, kanti ngeMing nangeQing itiye “lazo zombili izindawo” (两地) lalihanjiswa njengentela enkantolo; ukuthi yiziphi izindawo, akucaci embhalweni.
- 2001. Ngokushicilelwa kuka-2020 nango-2022, uhlobo lwe-dangui lwalethwa esifundeni; iFujian Ribao (2026) ithi “cishe ngo-2002”.
- 2009. Ngomhla zingama-21 kuLwezi kwabhaliswa izimpawu “iNanjing Dangui” kanye “neNanjing Tieguanyin” zomnikazi ofanayo.
- 2018. Isifunda sagunyaza “iNanjing Tulou Cha” njengophawu lomphakathi lomkhakha wetiye. Ngokushicilelwa kuka-2020, uphawu lwaboniswa okokuqala embukisweni wetiye wesihlanu wasolwandle eZhangzhou, kwase kukhishwa imigqa eyisishiyagalolunye ye “tulou cha”, eyinhloko yawo kwaba i-dangui.
- 2019. NgokweFujian Ribao (2022), “iNanjing Dangui” yagunyazwa njengohlobo oluyinhloko lophawu. IFujian Ribao ka-2026 ibeka u-2018 kokubili uphawu kanye nokugxila ku-dangui; umehluko ngiwushiya njengoba unjalo.
- 2022. Ngomhla ziyi-13 kuMasingana kwabhaliswa uphawu “iNanjing Tulou Cha” lwewulong.
- 2026. IFujian Ribao ibhala ukuthi iNanjing ingena kwabayishumi bezifunda ezikhiqiza itiye esifundazweni futhi yaba eyesibili ngomthamo wokukhiqiza iwulong yaseningizimu yeFujian.
- Igama: “iNanjing” (南靖) yigama lesifunda. “iTulou” (土楼) yizakhiwo zomhlaba: izindlu eziyinqaba zobumba zamaHakka, imibhalo ezibiza ngokuthi yigugu lamasiko lomhlaba. “iCha” (茶) yitiye. Ifomula yephephandaba ethi “南得好茶，靖在土楼” idlala ngezinhlamvu ezimbili zegama lesifunda.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izingadi zetiye, ngokweFujian Ribao (2022), zizungeze indawo yezokuvakasha ye-tulou yezinga eliphezulu 5A futhi zihlangana nezindlu eziyinqaba; ngokwalo phephandaba lika-2026, izivakashi ziphuza itiye ngaphakathi kwe-tulou uqobo. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla isifunda sibamba imincintiswano “yenkosi yetiye” noma izingcweti ze-dangui.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / ama-cultivar: Ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezivunyelwa uphawu, imithombo etholakele ayisho. Esifundeni, ngokweFujian Ribao (2022), kukhula:
- i丹桂 (dānguì), uhlobo oluyinhloko lophawu, uhlobo lukazwelonke olusezingeni eliphezulu. Isikhungo setiye seFujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences sayikhetha cishe iminyaka engama-20 esizukulwaneni sokuhlanganiswa kwemvelo kohlobo lwe-肉桂.
- i奇兰, i单丛, i金牡丹, i金观音, ezinye izinhlobo ezisezingeni eliphezulu zesifunda; i单枞 ne金牡丹 eminyakeni eyishumi zisakazwe ngaphezu kwe-5000 mu.
- i铁观音, uhlobo lwesithathu lophawu lwesifunda.
- Indawo ye-dangui: Imithombo iyaphikisana: “cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-mu” embhalweni ka-2020, “ngaphezu kuka-6000 mu” kwiFujian Ribao ka-2022 nango-2026.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokuvuna: NgokweFujian Ribao (2026), iqabunga le-dangui liwugqinsi; engadini ephilayo entabeni iYangdingdong (洋顶岽) livunwa emini futhi njalo ngesigamu sehora lithunyelwa efektri. Izinga lokuvuna lophawu emithonjeni etholakele alikho.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Amagquma nezintaba zaseningizimu yeFujian; isifunda sibizwa ngokuthi “ulwandle lwezihlahla” (树海) kanye “nolwandle lukaqalo” (竹洋).
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esiseningizimu eshisayo esinamandla emvula: izinkathi zonyaka ezicacile, ilanga eliningi kanye nemvula, ngaphandle kobusika obunzima noma ukushisa okukhandlayo.
- Ukuphakama: Ngokwemibhalo ka-2017 kanye neka-2022, itiye likhula ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamamitha angu-400 kuya kwangu-1000, emahlathini asezintabeni, enenkungu kanye nomehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku. Intaba iYangdingdong enengadi ephilayo, ngokweFujian Ribao (2026), iphakama ngamamitha angu-1050, inhlabathi lapho ijulile futhi ivundile.
- Ubukhulu: NgokweFujian Ribao (2022), izingadi zetiye zesifunda zithatha ama-mu angu-120,000, umkhiqizo ungamathani angu-20,000 etiye elomile elingahluziwe ngonyaka, inani liyi-1.6 billion yuan; i-dangui inikela ngamathani angu-1500 kanye nama-yuan ayizigidi eziyikhulu. Idolobhana letiye elibonisa kangcono iphephandaba libiza ngoShuyang (书洋镇), elinama-mu angu-38,000 etiye.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Imithetho yophawu kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe angizange ngizithole. Ngezansi ubuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo oyinhloko wophawu, iwulong ye-dangui, njengoba buchazwa amaphephandaba; lokhu akusiyona incazelo yezidingo zophawu.
- Umgomo ojwayelekile. NgokweFujian Ribao (2022), iwulong yaseningizimu yeFujian ye-dangui ihlanganisa izikole ezimbili: ukucubungula kokuqala kwenziwa ngokwasesenyakatho yeFujian, “ngokunambitha funa iphunga” (重味求香), ukugcwalisa kwenziwa ngokwaseningizimu yeFujian, “ngephunga funa ukunambitha” (重香求味). Umphumela uba iwulong emise okomucu yesitayela esinothile (条形浓香型).
- Izigaba (ngokweFujian Ribao, 2026):
- Ukuvuna iqabunga (采青, cǎiqīng).
- Ukupholisa iqabunga emthunzini (凉青, liángqīng).
- Ukubuna elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng).
- Ukunyakazisa (摇青, yáoqīng).
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) kanye nokugazinga (炒青, chǎoqīng).
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukufudumeza, noma ukomisa emlilweni (烘焙, hōngbèi).
- Isici sohlobo. Iphephandaba libhala ukuthi ku-dangui kubalulekile ukususa ubumuncu kanye nobukrakra, futhi isigaba ngasinye senziwa ngokwesimo sezulu nesimo seqabunga.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo yokubukeka kwetiye ngaphansi kophawu “iNanjing Tulou Cha” emithonjeni etholakele ayikho. Ngezansi incazelo yomkhiqizo oyinhloko wophawu, iwulong emise okomucu yesitayela esinothile ye-dangui, ngokweFujian Ribao (2022).
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okumise okomucu, okuminyene futhi okulinganayo, kumnyama ngokunsundu ngokucwebezela okunamafutha (条索紧结匀齐，色泽乌褐油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Iphunga lokumpompoloza: Izimbali nezithelo, linothile futhi lide (香气具花、果香，馥郁幽长).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kuminyene, “nomsindo” omnandi (滋味醇厚有甘韵).
- Umbala wokumpompoloza: Owolintshi noguquguqukayo, ocacile futhi okhanyayo (汤色橙黄、清澈明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Lithambile, licwebezelayo, lilingana, iqabunga eliluhlaza elinomphetho obomvu (叶底软亮匀净、呈绿叶红镶边).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba se-wulong yaseningizimu yeFujian.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95 kuya ku-100 °C.
- Ubuningi betiye: 7 kuya ku-8 g ngegaiwan engu-110 ml.
- Izitsha: Igaiwan noma iketela le-Yixing.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese ukhipha amanzi okuqala ngokushesha.
- Ukumpompoloza kokuqala, imizuzwana eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20.
- Ngokuthelela ngakunye isikhathi sandiswa kancane kancane.
- Iwulong yesitayela esinothile imelana nokuthelela okuyisithupha kuya kweyisishiyagalombili.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga angaphandle. Iwulong yesitayela esinothile igcinwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi; isitayela esisha kungcono sigcinwe endaweni ebandayo futhi siphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nama-mbumbulu
Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ama-mbumbulu:
- Funani uphawu lwesitifiketi “iNanjing Tulou Cha” № 36675478; umnikazi, inhlangano yesifunda yokushintshanisana kwetiye yezinhlangothi zombili zasolwandle.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseNanjing.
- Khumbula ukuthi uphawu, ngokohlu, luvikela iwulong kuphela.
- Ungaphambanisi nezimpawu “iNanjing Dangui” (№ 5819161) kanye “neNanjing Tieguanyin” (№ 5819162) zomnikazi ofanayo.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Uphawu “iNanjing Tulou Cha” luncane kunezimpawu “iNanjing Dangui” kanye “neNanjing Tieguanyin” ngeminyaka engaphezu kwayishumi nambili, nakuba luqanjwe ngesifunda sonke.
- Umnikazi wophawu, ngokweFujian Ribao (2022), wadalwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwenhlangano yetiye yesifunda kanye nehhovisi lesifunda labahwebi betiye.
- Isifunda sashicilela incwadi ngetiye laso, “iNanjing Xian Cha Zhi” (南靖县茶志).
- Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wophawu wenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisa izikole zasenyakatho nezaseningizimu yeFujian zewulong.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye ama-wulong aseZhangzhou naseFujian
- iNanjing Dangui (南靖丹桂): Itiye lohlobo lwesifunda esifanayo nomkhiqizo oyinhloko wophawu, ngaphansi kophawu oluhlukile lwango-2009 lomkhiqizo othi “itiye”.
- iTe Guanyin (铁观音): Uhlobo lwesithathu lophawu lwetiye lesifunda, “iNanjing Tieguanyin”.
- iRougui (肉桂): Uhlobo lwaseWuyishan, esizukulwaneni salo kukhethwe i-dangui.
- iZhangzhou Sezhong (漳州色种): Iwulong exutshiwe yesifunda sedolobha esifanayo iZhangzhou.
- iFujian Wulongcha (福建乌龙茶): Isibonakaliso sezindawo esihlanganisayo sama-wulong esifundazwe.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Nanjing Tulou Cha akuyona igama lohlobo, kodwa lendawo: isifunda lapho izingadi zetiye ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-400 kuya kwangu-1000 zihlangana nezindlu eziyinqaba zobumba. Uphawu lwango-2018 kanye nophawu lwango-2022 bahlanganisa ngaphansi kwaleli gama iwulong yesifunda, futhi inhliziyo yophawu yaba i-dangui, iwulong emise okomucu yesitayela esinothile enephunga lezimbali nezithelo, ukumpompoloza okuwolintshi noguquguqukayo, kanye neqabunga eliluhlaza elinomphetho obomvu.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo