Běichuān táizǐ chá

Běichuān Táizǐ Chá (Běichuān táizǐ chá, 北川苔子茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Běichuān Qiāng Autonomous County (北川羌族自治县) m’chigawo cha Mianyang kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sichuan Basin. Dzinali linachokera ku chitsamba cha tiyi cha kumaloko, malinga ndi zolemba za m’chigawo, chodziwika kuno kuyambira nthawi ya Tang ndi Song. Zogulitsa zimatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha geographical indication kuyambira 2009; mulingo wa Mianyang wa 2022 umatanthauzira kuti ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa mitundu iwiri, yophwanyika (flat) ndi yopindika (curled).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá): momwe zinthu zilili mu mulingo wa DB5107/T 99-2022.
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wamapiri a kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sichuan; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication (2009).
• Mawonekedwe: Tiyi wophwanyika (扁形茶, biǎnxíng chá) ndi tiyi wopindika (卷曲形茶, juǎnqūxíng chá).
• Chiyambi: China, Sichuan Province (四川, Sìchuān), Mianyang City (绵阳, Miányáng), Běichuān Qiāng Autonomous County (北川, Běichuān).
• Malo otetezedwa: Amakhazikitsidwa ndi chilengezo cha General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) cha 2009 No. 107. Mulingo wa 2022 umafotokoza malo omwewo kudzera m’magawo asanu ndi anayi apano a boma: matauni a Qushan, Leigu, Tongquan, Chenjiaba, Guixi, Yuli ndi matauni a Xuanping, Duguan, Baini. Chilengezo cha 2009 chinkatchula magawo khumi ndi limodzi; kusiyana kwa chiwerengero sindinayang’ane.
• Ma coordinates a geographical: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Nthano za makedzana. Bungwe la prokuratura ya m’boma, m’chofalitsa cha 2025, limalemba kuti nthawi ya Tang tiyi wa kuno anali “misonkho”, ndipo amagwirizanitsa ndi madera ozungulira Běichuān wamakono “Chángmíng wobiriwira” (绿昌明) kuchokera mu ndakatulo ya Bai Juyi “春尽日”: “渴尝一碗绿昌明” — “pa ludzu ndinamwa kapu ya Chángmíng wobiriwira”. Sakutchula magwero oyambirira.
  • 1975. Malinga ndi “Sichuan Online”, m’mapiri adayamba kukonza masitepe a tiyi.
  • 2008–2009. Chivomezi cha pa 12 May 2008 chinatsala pang’ono kuyimitsa kupanga tiyi; mu 2009, pakumanganso, adayamba kupanga ma cooperative. Pomwepo AQSIQ ndi chilengezo No. 107 idateteza Běichuān Táizǐ Chá ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication.
  • 2020. Kuyambira Okutobala, lamulo la boma loteteza zitsamba zakale za 北川苔子茶 likugwira ntchito.
  • 2022. Mianyang Administration for Market Regulation idasindikiza pa 24 March mulingo wa DB5107/T 99-2022 “地理标志产品 北川苔子茶”; unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 June.
  • 2023. Unduna wa zaulimi ndi madera akumidzi unaphatikiza dongosolo la kubzala kosakanikirana kwa Běichuān Táizǐ Chá (复合栽培系统) mu gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri la cholowa chofunikira chaulimi cha China; mu Januware 2025, malinga ndi “Sichuan Online”, adalowa mndandanda woyamba wa China pa pulogalamu ya FAO yokhudza cholowa chaulimi.
  • 2026. CNIPA idapatsa mabizinesi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera.
• Dzina: “Běichuān” (北川) ndi dzina la boma; “táizǐ chá” (苔子茶) ndi dzina la chitsamba cha kumaloko. Malinga ndi China National Radio (2026), dzinali limachokera ku mawonekedwe a mphukira: m’mapiko ataliatali ndi nthambi zowutsa zimafanana ndi masamba a masamba 菜苔 (càitái).
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Dongosolo la cholowa ndi kubzala kosakanikirana: malinga ndi “Sichuan Online”, pakati pa mizere yayikulu ya zitsamba zakale amabzala mbatata, chimanga, soya ndi masamba. Mwambi wakuti “大禹门前树，千年苔子茶” — “mtengo pakhomo pa Great Yu, tiyi wa chikwi cha zaka” umatchulidwa ndi China National Radio.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Gulu la kumaloko 苔子茶. Bungwe la prokuratura ya m’boma limalifotokoza ngati nthambi yomwe idakula kwa nthawi yayitali kuchokera ku mitengo ya tiyi yakutchire: yolimba kuzizira, ndi mphukira yamphamvu ndi tsamba lakuda. Zitsamba zakale, malinga ndi chofalitsa chomwecho, ndi zambiri m’boma, zakale kwambiri ndi zoposa zaka 700; China National Radio (2026) imatchula zoposa zaka 1100.
• Mitundu yovomerezeka ndi mulingo: Gulu la kumaloko, gulu la 鸠坑 (Jiūkēng) ndi mitundu yaying’ono ndi yapakatikati ya masamba monga 名山213 (Míngshān 213) ndi 福选9号 (Fúxuǎn 9). Dzina 苔子茶 malinga ndi mulingo silifuna zopangira zongochokera ku chitsamba cha kumaloko.
• Nthawi yokolola: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa February mpaka kumapeto kwa June; mphukira yonse isanakwane Qingming, mphukira ndi masamba isanakwane Guyu.
• Muyezo wokolola: Kwa tiyi wophwanyika, mphukira yonse; kwa wopindika, kuyambira mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi mpaka mphukira ndi masamba awiri otseguka. Amathyola “ndi kukweza dzanja” (提手采), osapyapyala kapena kuchotsa mosavuta.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi mulingo, 650–1500 m. Bungwe la prokuratura ya m’boma limalemba za nkhalango pa 1000–1800 m; kusiyana kumeneku sindinathetsere.
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi mulingo, nyengo yachinyezi ya subtropical monsoon ya mu basin: kutentha kwapachaka kwapakati 15.6 °C, nthawi yopanda chisanu masiku 286, mvula 1287.5 mm, kuwala kwa dzuwa maola 902.2 pachaka.
• Dothi: Nthawi zambiri ndi miyala, kenako mchenga ndi dothi lopanda, lopanda fupa; pH 4.5–6.5. Mulingo umafuna nthaka yachikasu yosachepera 50 cm ndi organic matter yosachepera 1.5%.
• Kubzala: Kuzungulira minda, mulingo umalamula kubzala nkhalango zoteteza, m’minda, mitengo yopereka mthunzi.
• Kukula: Malinga ndi “Sichuan Online”, pofika Novembala 2022, minda yoposa 90,000 mu.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga

Muyezo umakhazikitsa njira ziwiri za tekinoloje, malinga ndi mawonekedwe a tiyi.

• Tiyi wophwanyika: kufowoketsa (摊放, tānfàng) → kuyimitsa (杀青, shāqīng) → kuwongola tsamba (理条, lǐtiáo) → kutenthetsa kuti afungo (提香, tíxiāng) → kusankha (筛选, shāixuǎn) → kulongedza.
• Tiyi wopindika: kufowoketsa → kuyimitsa → kupindika (捻揉, niǎnróu) → kuumitsa (烘干, hōnggān) → kuumitsanso mu mbiya ndi kutenthetsa fungo (炒干提香, chǎogān tíxiāng) → kusankha → kulongedza.

Kuumitsa kwa tiyi wopindika malinga ndi muyezo:

1. Kuumitsa koyamba: 110–130 °C, pafupifupi mphindi 4–7.
2. Kuumitsa pang’onopang’ono: Kutentha kwa mbiya kumachepetsedwa pafupifupi 80 °C ndipo kuumitsa mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 10%.
3. Kuumitsa komaliza ndi kutentha: 120–130 °C, mpaka tsamba likapsyonyedwa ndi zala likhoza kusweka kukhala ufa.

Kwa tiyi wophwanyika, muyezo supereka magawo.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Zofuna za muyezo wa DB5107/T 99-2022 za mitundu iwiri.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Wophwanyika ndi wowongoka, wosalala, wobiriwira wachikasu ndi wonyezimira (扁直，黄绿、有光泽). Wopindika ndi wolimba wopindika, wokhala ndi nsonga zooneka, wobiriwira ndi wonyezimira wonyowa (紧结卷曲、显锋苗，绿润).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Muyezowo sufotokoza; palibe deta m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
• Fungo la madzi: Wophwanyika ndi lalitali komanso lokhazikika (香高持久). Wopindika ndi loyera komanso lokhazikika (清香持久).
• Kukoma: Wophwanyika ndi kwatsopano komanso kofewa (鲜醇). Wopindika ndi kofewa, kodzaza, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (醇厚回甘).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Wophwanyika ndi wachikasu chofewa komanso wowala (嫩黄明亮). Wopindika ndi wobiriwira wofewa komanso wowala (嫩绿明亮).
• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lophikidwa): Wophwanyika, mphukira zathunthu, zachikasu zobiriwira komanso zowala (全芽、黄绿明亮). Wopindika, mphukira ndi masamba amatseguka ngati duwa, zobiriwira komanso zonyezimira (芽叶成朵、绿亮).

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Zofuna za physicochemical za muyezo pa tiyi womalizidwa (mass fraction):

Chizindikiro	Kufuna
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6.5%
Zinthu zotulutsidwa	osachepera 40.0%
Polyphenols	osachepera 13.0%
Catechins	osachepera 8.0%
Ma amino acid aulere	osachepera 3.0%
Caffeine	osachepera 4.0%
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 7.5%
Tinthu tating’ono	osapitirira 1.0%

Izi ndi malire a muyezo, osati miyeso ya tiyi weniweni; manambala adatsimikiziridwa ndi zithunzi za masamba.

8. Kupanga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi ya tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C; kwa tiyi wophwanyika wa mphukira zonse, pafupi 80 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Ndondomeko: Tenthetsa zida, tsanulira madzi pambali, chotengera choyamba pakatha masekondi 40–60, imwa, kusiya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu, ndikuwonjezera; kutsanulira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Muyezu umafuna nyumba yozizira, youma komanso yoyera yopanda fungo lachilendo; nthawi ya kusunga ndi yosapitirira miyezi 18. Kunyumba, mchitidwe wa kalasi: kulongedza mosindikiza, firiji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala ndi chinyezi; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe adapezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zonama:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa ku Běichuān County.
  • Kumbukirani kuti dzinalo silikutsimikizira zopangira kuchokera ku zitsamba zakale.
  • Malinga ndi bungwe la prokuratura ya m’boma (2025), pali tiyi wogulidwa kwina ndikulongedzedwa ngati “北川苔子茶”.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Dzina limodzi lili ndi mawonekedwe awiri osiyana: tiyi wophwanyika wa mphukira zonse wokhala ndi madzi achikasu ndi wopindika wokhala ndi wobiriwira.
• Caffeine muyezu imachepetsa kuchokera pansi, osachepera 4.0%.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wa Sichuan

• Éméi Zhúyèqīng (峨眉竹叶青): Tiyi wophwanyika wa Phiri la Emei; kwa Běichuān Táizǐ Chá, mawonekedwe ophwanyika ndi amodzi mwa awiri.
• Méngdǐng Gānlù (蒙顶甘露): Tiyi wopindika wa Phiri la Mengding, woyandikana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a wopindika.
• Guóshèng Chá (国胜茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wamapiri a kumwera kwa chigawo chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication.
• Dàzhú Báichá (大竹白茶): Tiyi wa kum’mawa kwa Sichuan wochokera ku mtundu wobwera wonyezimira 白叶一号, ndi mkhalidwe wotsutsana: kumeneko ndi bizinesi yachinyamata yobwera, kuno ndi gulu lakale la kumaloko.

Pomaliza:

Běichuān Táizǐ Chá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Qiāng kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sichuan, wotchulidwa ndi chitsamba cha kumaloko chokhala ndi zitsanzo zazaka mazana ambiri. Muyeso wa 2022 umafotokoza mitundu iwiri: yophwanyika ya mphukira zonse yokhala ndi madzi ofewa achikasu ndi yopindika yokhala ndi fungo loyera lokhazikika ndi kubwerera kotsekemera. Chitetezo kuyambira 2009, lamulo lokhudza zitsamba zakale komanso udindo wa cholowa chaulimi zimasunga chitsamba chenichenicho komanso ntchito yozungulira.

Magwero

Miyezo

• DB5107/T 99-2022

Chizindikiro cha malo

• 原质检总局地理标志产品保护 №2009年第107号

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero