I-Changsha Lücha (Chángshā lǜchá, 长沙绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sikaMasipala wase-Changsha (长沙市) esifundazweni sase-Hunan. Akulona itiye lomphakathi owodwa, kodwa wuphawu olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza lesifunda: indawo evikelwe isesifundeni sase-Changsha, esifundeni sase-Wangcheng kanye nasemadolobheni ase-Liuyang nase-Ningxiang. Ngokombhalo wokuvikela, imicu emincane egobile enombala osamalahle eluhlaza enoboya, uketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani kanye nokunambitheka okusha nobumnandi obubuyayo. Kusukela ngo-2022 igama livikelwe wuphawu lokuqinisekisa, kusukela ngo-2025 i-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) ilibona njengomkhiqizo onesiqondiso sendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwa. Isigaba sibizwa ngegama futhi siqinisekiswa ubuchwepheshe obuvela embhalweni wokuvikela: ukunwetshwa, ukulungiswa ngokushisa, ukusontwa, ukomiswa — ngaphandle kwe-oxidation nangaphandle kokuthambisa.
- Isigaba: Uphawu lwesifunda lwetiye eliluhlaza ngaphansi kwezindlela ezintathu zokuvikela — isigaba 2.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hunan (湖南, Húnán), umasipala wase-Changsha (长沙, Chángshā).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesijobelelo sesaziso se-CNIPA № 640 — amadolobhana angu-33, izigodi ezingu-5 kanye nekomidi lomgwaqo elingu-1: amadolobhana angu-12 esifunda sase-Changsha (长沙县), okuhlanganisa i-Jinjing, i-Gaoqiao, i-Lukou kanye ne-Chunhua; amadolobhana angu-3 kanye nekomidi lomgwaqo elingu-1 lesifunda sase-Wangcheng (望城区), okuhlanganisa i-Chating; amadolobhana angu-10 nezigodi ezingu-2 zedolobha lase-Liuyang (浏阳市), okuhlanganisa i-Daweishan ne-Guandu; amadolobhana angu-8 nezigodi ezingu-3 zedolobha lase-Ningxiang (宁乡市), okuhlanganisa isigodi sase-Weishan.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela — 111°57′25″–114°09′46″ E, 27°55′52″–28°35′35″ N. Umfakisicelo — I-Changsha Tea Industry Association (长沙市茶业协会).
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Abanduleli. Umbiko wokubhaliswa kophawu ubiza amatiye aluhlaza ase-Changsha adume ngezikhathi ezahlukene: i-Gaoqiao Yinfeng (高桥银峰), i-Jinjing Maojian (金井毛尖) kanye ne-Xiangbo Lü (湘波绿). Amadolobhana ase-Gaoqiao nase-Jinjing angaphakathi kwendawo yamanje.
- Inkomba yezolimo. Inombolo ebhalisweni loMnyango Wezolimo — i-AGI02412; usuku lokubhalwa angiluzange ngiluqinisekise emthonjeni wokuqala.
- 2022. I-CNIPA kumagazini wezimpawu zokuhweba ongu-1781 yamemezela ukuthi «长沙绿茶» wuphawu lokuqinisekisa lwendawo, olusebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-28 Meyi 2022. Umbiko ubiza itiye njengomkhiqizo wohlelo «一县一特» («isifunda esisodwa — uchwepheshe oyedwa») wesifunda sase-Changsha.
- 2025. Ngesaziso se-CNIPA № 640 (esayinwe ngomhla ka-16 Julayi, sashicilelwa ngomhla ka-13 Agasti) igama laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onesiqondiso sendawo, isikhundla sesijobelelo 953.
- Igama: «Changsha» (长沙) igama likamasipala kanye nesinye sezifunda zawo; «lücha» (绿茶) kusho «itiye eliluhlaza». Igama alichazi isimo seqabunga noma uhlobo, kodwa indawo nesigaba.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombiko wophawu, umnyombo wokukhiqiza «igalari yetiye emakhilomitheni ayikhulu» (百里茶廊) emadolobhaneni ayisikhombisa esifunda sase-Changsha. Iphephandaba ledolobha ngo-2022 labhala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye eliluhlaza lase-Changsha (Jinjing) (长沙(金井)绿茶制作技艺) bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Umbhalo wokuvikela uvumela izinhlobo ezifanele zaleli tiye ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane futhi ubiza ezine phakathi kwazo: i-Bixiangzao (碧香早, Bìxiāngzǎo), i-Zhuyeqi (槠叶齐, Zhūyèqí), i-Xiangbo Lü (湘波绿, Xiāngbōlǜ) kanye ne-Baihaozao (白毫早, Báiháozǎo); uhlu luvulekile — ngemuva kwamagama kuthiwa «nabanye». I-Xiangbo Lü kanyekanye igama lohlobo kulolu hlu futhi igama letiye lomlando elibizwe embikweni wophawu.
- Ukuvuna: Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-March kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-September — ngokombhalo wokuvikela.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Kusukela eqhumeni elilodwa kuye eqhumeni elinamaqabunga amabili (单芽至一芽二叶).
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Iqabunga licutshungulwa ngaphandle kokubambezeleka, iqembu ngeqembu.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Umasipala wase-Changsha; indawo enwetshiwe ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga ngaphezu kwamadigriji amabili e-longitude — ukusuka e-Ningxiang kuya e-Liuyang.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: 50–500 m, ukuthambekela okungaphansi kuka-20° — ngokombhalo wokuvikela.
- Inhlabathi: Ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ebomvu (红壤) kanye nenhlabathi yerayisi (水稻土), ungqimba olungaphansi kuka-50 cm; izinto eziphilayo 11.2–56.5 g/kg, i-nitrogen ephelele 0.65–1.73 g/kg, i-phosphorus etholakalayo 12.5–246 mg/kg, i-potassium etholakalayo 37–332 mg/kg, i-pH 5.0–6.5.
- Ukutshala: Ibanga phakathi kwemigqa 1.5 m, phakathi kwezihlahla emgqeni 33–35 cm; ukulinywa okujulile ngo-60 cm ngaphambi kokumisa ingadi.
- Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isikali: Ngokombiko wophawu, umnyombo wesifunda sase-Changsha — cishe izinkulungwane eziyikhulu nesithupha zama-mu (cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa), cishe ama-44 % wendawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza. Lesi yisibalo sombiko, hhayi umbhalo wokuvikela.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela uvumela ukugazingwa ngesandla ebhodweni kanye nokucutshungulwa ngomshini. Amapharamitha angezansi avela embhalweni.
- Ukunwetshwa (摊青, tānqīng): Ungqimba 4–6 cm, amahora angu-6–8, kuze kube seqabungeni elithambile nasephungeni elihlanzekile; umswakama cishe u-70 %, ukulahleka kwesisindo 15–20 %.
- Ukulungiswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ngesandla — ibhodwe 200–220 °C, iqabunga linyakaziswa ngezandla zombili, kuze kube luhlaza okumnyama futhi lithambe, nephunga elihlanzekile. Ngomshini — isigubhu 280–320 °C cishe imizuzu emi-2; isiqu kufanele sigobe futhi singaphuli, iziqu ezibomvu, imiphetho eshile kanye namabhamuza «iso lenhlanzi» akumele abe khona, umswakama — cishe u-62 %.
- Ukusontwa kabili (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ukusontwa kokuqala ngesandla kuhamba ngokomthetho «kancane — ngamandla — kancane» imizuzu emi-5–8, ngomshini — kuze kube cishe u-80 % wamaqabunga usongwe waba imicu; okwesibili, ngokucindezela okunamandla, — imizuzu emi-6–8. Izigaxa ziyahlukaniswa. Phakathi kokusontwa, iqabunga liyomiswa: ngesandla — ngokunyakazisa ebhodweni ku-150–180 °C imizuzu emi-4–6, cishe kuze kube yizingxenye ezine kweziyishumi zokoma; ngomshini — ku-110–120 °C imizuzu emi-5–8 kuze kube umswakama cishe u-45 %, bese kupholile imizuzu engu-30–40.
- Ukomiswa kwesithathu: Ngesandla — kuze kube yilapho imicu ingabe isanamathela ezandleni; ngomshini — ku-90–100 °C kuze kube umswakama 12–15 %.
- Ukubunjwa nokuvezwa koboya (整形, 提毫): Ngesandla — ukubunjwa ku-60–70 °C kuze kube ukoma cishe izingxenye eziyisishiyagalombili kweziyishumi, bese ku-70–80 °C, kuze kuvele uboya obumhlophe. Ngomshini — ukugazingwa kokubunjwa esigubhini ku-100–110 °C, imizuzu eyi-10–12, kuze kube umswakama cishe u-8 %.
- Ukomiswa okuphelele (足干, zúgān): Kuze kube umswakama ongaphezulu kuka-7 %; ohlelweni lomshini — ukuthuthukisa iphunga ku-90–95 °C cishe imizuzu engama-40.
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo — ngokohlobo lokuqala kwezine zombhalo wokuvikela; umehluko wezindlela ezincane usekupheleni kwesigaba.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicu eminyene, emincane, egobile; umbala uluhlaza okotshani ngokucwebezela; iqabunga lilingana, noboya obubonakalayo (条索紧细弯曲，色泽翠绿润，匀整显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile embhalweni.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Lithambile futhi lihlala njalo (嫩香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuvuselelayo, nobumnandi obubuyayo (鲜爽回甘).
- Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza okotshani, okhanyayo (嫩绿明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidliwe): Luhlaza okotshani, kusha futhi kuphila, kuyalingana (嫩绿鲜活匀齐).
Ohlotsheni lwesibili umbala «uluhlaza, ucwebezela kakhudlwana», iphunga aliseyona «elithambile», kodwa «elihlanzekile futhi elihlala njalo» (清香持久), ukunambitheka «kusha futhi kuthambile» (鲜醇). Kowesithathu nowesine uketshezi luba luhlaza okuphuzi, ukunambitheka — «kuthambile» (醇和), iqabunga elidliwe — luhlaza okuphuzi; ubumnandi obubuyayo buhlala kuzo zone izinhlobo.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka izindinganiso zomzimba namakhemikhali ngokwezinhlobo:
| Isibonakaliso | Esokuqala | Esesibili | Esesithathu | Esine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umswakama, akukho ngaphezulu | 7.0 % | 7.0 % | 7.0 % | 7.0 % |
| Ukukhishwa kwamanzi, akukho ngaphansi | 36.5 % | 36 % | 36.0 % | 35 % |
| Umlotha ophelele, akukho ngaphezulu | 6.0 % | 6.5 % | 6.8 % | 7.0 % |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile (ngokwe-glutamic acid), akukho ngaphansi | 3.0 % | 2.5 % | 2.2 % | 2.0 % |
Lezi yimingcele yokuvunyelwa, hhayi ukwakheka okulinganisiwe. Ayikho imininingwane ngama-catechin ne-caffeine emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga angaphandle. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngamanani emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwesikhombi sendawo.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Changsha, esifundeni sase-Wangcheng, e-Liuyang noma e-Ningxiang.
- Izinga lokuqala — imicu emincane egobile enombala osamalahle eluhlaza enoboya, uketshezi luhlaza okotshani futhi lukhanya.
- Uketshezi oluphuzi ngokuluhlaza ngaphansi kwegama lezinga eliphezulu — isizathu sokungabaza: ngokombhalo, lo mbala ungowezenza zesithathu nezesine.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Endaweni evikelwe kunedolobhana i-Chating (茶亭) — ngokwezwi nezwi «indawo yokuhlala yetiye».
- Ohlelweni lwesandla isigaba sokugcina sibizwa kanjalo — «ukwembula uboya» (提毫): ukushisa kukhethwa ukuze uboya obumhlophe buvele emicini.
- Igama elilodwa — i-Xiangbo Lü (湘波绿) — likho kokubili ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezivunyelwe nasohlwini lwamatiye omlando ase-Changsha.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Hunan
- I-Gaoqiao Yinfeng (高桥银峰): Itiye ledolobhana i-Gaoqiao — elinye lamadolobhana endawo; umbiko wophawu ulibiza ngetiye lomlando lase-Changsha.
- I-Jinjing Maojian (金井毛尖): Itiye ledolobhana i-Jinjing, nalo ngaphakathi kwendawo.
- I-Weishan Maojian (沩山毛尖): Itiye lesigodi sase-Weishan e-Ningxiang, ngaphakathi kwendawo; linesiqondiso sendawo saso, futhi ku-corpus lichazwa emndenini wamatiye aphuzi.
- I-Taolin Lücha (桃林绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza likamasipala wase-Yueyang, ngaphandle kwendawo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Changsha Lücha wuphawu lwesifunda lwetiye eliluhlaza, eliqoqe ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa amayunithi angu-39 ezifunda ezine. Umbhalo wayo wokuvikela unemininingwane: izinhlobo, inhlabathi, izindlela ezimbili zokugazinga namazinga okushisa kanye nezinhlobo ezine ezinezinga lazo. Izinga elingcono kakhulu — imicu emincane eluhlaza okotshani enoboya, uketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani kanye nokunambitheka okusha nobumnandi obubuyayo.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo