Yóuxī hóng

I-Youxi Hong (Yóuxī hóng, 尤溪红) itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Youxi (尤溪县) ngaphansi kukamasipala waseSanming maphakathi nesifundazwe saseFujian. Igama eliphelele ngokwezinga lithi «尤溪红茶», kanti elithi «尤溪红» liyisifinyezo salo esiqondile. Isici esiyinhloko, esibhalwe ezingeni, siwukunyakaziswa kancane kweqabunga ngesikhathi sokubuna: indlela eyisikole se-oolong, engajwayelekile etiyeni elibomvu. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo, izidingo zetiye zibekwa yizinga leqembu lango-2022, kanti indawo yokukhiqiza iyafana nayo yonke indawo yamanje yesifunda.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá). Izinga leqembu i-T/CSTEA 00040-2022 «Uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo. I-Youxi hongcha» lilichaza ngokuqondile njengetiye elibomvu.
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu laseFujian elinophawu lwezindawo; izinga leqembu elihlukile le «high-aroma» Youxi red tea lamukelwa ngo-2024.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), umasipala waseSanming (三明, Sānmíng), isifunda saseYouxi (尤溪, Yóuxī).
Indawo evikelwe: Izinga likhawulela ukukhiqizwa endaweni yamanje yokuphatha yesifunda saseYouxi. Uhlu lwezimpawu lwesifundazwe lubonisa isifunda esifanayo njengobunikazi bomnikazi wophawu.
Indlela yokuvikela: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo lwe-State Intellectual Property Office of China (CNIPA) No. 15234145, umkhiqizo kungitiye. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwangomhla zingama-30 kuJuni 2026 ukubhaliswa kubonakala kusasebenza.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda saseYouxi cishe si-26.2° enyakatho kanye no-118.2° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ikhulu le-10. Amawebhusayithi ayinkomba, ecaphuna «eminye imithombo», abhala ukuthi e-Youxi baqala ukutshala itiye kusukela maphakathi nekhulu le-10. Angikaze ngiwubone umthombo wokuqala walolu suku.
- Inkathi ye-Song. I-Youxi iyindawo okwazalelwa kuyo isazi sefilosofi uZhu Xi (朱熹). Imibhalo edumile ngetiye laseYouxi icaphuna inkondlo yakhe ethi «Iziko Letiye» (茶灶), kodwa yona ibhalwe ngedwala ezintabeni zaseWuyishan, hhayi ngeYouxi.
- 2022. Ngomhla zingama-28 kuJuni kwashicilelwa izinga leqembu i-T/CSTEA 00040-2022. Lakhiwa yinhlangano yetiye yesifunda kanye nenhlangano yetiye yaseSanming. Kukhona nomthethonqubo wokukhiqiza i-T/CSTEA 00041-2022, kanti itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda linelalo izinga i-T/CSTEA 00043-2022.
- 2024. Ngomhla zingama-21 kuFebhuwari i-Fujian Association of Senior Scientists and Technicians yakhipha izinga leqembu i-T/FASST 00002-2024 «I-Youxi high-aroma red tea»: amabanga, iqabunga elisha, ubuchwepheshe, izidingo zekhwalithi, ukumaka, ukugcinwa.
Igama: «I-Youxi» (尤溪) yigama lesifunda nomfula; «hong» (红) lisho «okubomvu», isifinyezo se «hongcha» (红茶).
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Amawebhusayithi ayinkomba ecaphuna i-Fujian Tea Society abeka i-Youxi ezindaweni zetiye «ezinezigaba eziningi» zesifundazwe: lapha benza kokubili itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu, namanye amatiye. EsiFundeni, itiye elibomvu liwumugqa wesibili ovikelwe eduze kweliluhlaza.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / I-Cultivar: Izinga lidinga izinhlobo ezifanele itiye elibomvu, kodwa, ngokokulandisa okutholiwe, alizibizi ngezinhlobo ezithile. Amawebhusayithi ayinkomba abhala ukuthi ngo-2009 esifundeni kwase kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili ezisezingeni lesifundazwe nelikazwelonke; angikwazanga ukukuqinisekisa lokhu. Ngokwe-Sanming Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2025), esifundeni ikakhulukazi kutshalwa i-Fuyun No. 6 (福云6号), i-Meizhan (梅占), i-Tieguanyin (铁观音), i-Jinguanyin (金观音), i-local caicha (菜茶), i-Jin Mudan (金牡丹) kanye ne-Qilan (奇兰) — lezi yizinhlobo zawo wonke amatiye esifunda, hhayi uhlu lwezinga letiye elibomvu.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokwezinga — imiqumbe emincane kanye namahlumela. Ihhovisi lezolimo likamasipala libhala ukuthi imigqa emithathu yomkhiqizo we-«尤溪红» yenziwa ngemiqumbe eyodwa ngobuchwepheshe be-gongfu red tea.
Izinga nesikhathi sokuvuna: Ayikho idatha enembile ekulandiseni okutholakele kwezinga.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Maphakathi nesifundazwe saseFujian, phakathi kwezinhlelo zezintaba zaseDaiyun (戴云山) ne-Wuyishan.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba ecaphuna i-Fujian Tea Society — i-subtropical monsoon, enezici zombili zezwekazi nezasolwandle; ithambile unyaka wonke, inemvula.
Inhlabathi: I-red soil ene-acidic phezu kwamadwala angaphansi, iyathambile, inephrofayili ejulile (umthombo ofanayo).
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izinga i-T/CSTEA 00040-2022 libhala ukulandelana okulandelayo:

Ukubuna nokunyakazisa kancane (萎凋, wěidiāo; 轻摇青, qīng yáoqīng). Iqabunga liyabunwa futhi linyakaziswe kancane — indlela evela esikoleni se-oolong.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào).
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Ukuhlunga nokuqedela iphunga.

Ukunyakazisa kulimaza imiphetho yeqabunga futhi kuqala i-oxidation eyingxenye ngaphambi kokusonga; kanjalo isikole se-oolong sithuthukisa iphunga lezimbali. Lena yincazelo evamile yendlela, hhayi isilinganiso esiqondile se-Youxi Hong. Amapharamitha enqubo awatholakali ekulandiseni okutholakele kwezinga.

6. Izici Zesikhumba

Angikaze ngizibone izilinganiso zezinzwa zezinga. Ngezansi kunezincazelo ezimbili. Esokuqala sanikezwa yi-Sanming Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2025) — ngemigqa ye-«尤溪红» yemiqumbe eyodwa. Esesibili siphindwa ngamawebhusayithi ayinkomba. Umbala womuthi uyahluka kuzo; akukho okufaniswe nombhalo wophawu.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokwehhovisi likamasipala — liminyene futhi lincane, linamafutha, linamathiphu agqamile asagolide (紧细、油润、金毫显). Ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba — liminyene futhi lincane, linamathiphu agcinwe kahle (紧细，苗锋良好), kusagolide, kunoboya obuningi (色泽金黄多毫).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lomuthi: Ngokwehhovisi likamasipala — lisha, liqinile, linamanothi ezimbali nezithelo kanye nephunga lezinhlobo (鲜活、持久、显花果香、品种香). Ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba — licebile, linethoni kashukela (浓郁带糖香).
Ukunambitheka: Ngokwehhovisi likamasipala — kumnandi, kuthambile futhi kushelele (甘甜、醇滑). Ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba — kuthambile, kunambitheka okumnandi ngemva (醇和回甘).
Umbala womuthi: Ngokwehhovisi likamasipala — obomvu-osawolintshi, ogqamile (橙红明亮); ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba — ophuzi-osawolintshi, ogqamile (橙黄明亮).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphuhlisiwe): Ngokwehhovisi likamasipala — imiqumbe eyodwa kuphela, elinganayo, ethambile futhi ecwebezelayo (全芽匀整、软亮). Ngokwamawebhusayithi ayinkomba — kubomvu, kulinganayo, kuncane futhi kuthambile (红均细软).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Azikho izinkomba ze-physicochemical zezinga ekulandiseni okutholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–4 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain — kuyo kubonakala umbala womuthi.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20.
3. Okulandelayo ngakunye kube isikhashana eside.
4. Ukuphisa kane kuya kuyisithupha.

Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba yeluleka ngamanzi abilayo atshekile, 4 g nge-100 ml kanye nokuphisa kokuqala okufushane ngemizuzwana engu-5–7 njengokugeza.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephasheni elivalekile, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, endaweni eyomile emnyama, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Itiye elibomvu likubekezelela kangcono ukugcinwa kuneliluhlaza, kodwa iphunga lezimbali lincipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi

Ayikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Uzivikela kanjani emikhohlisini:
- Funa uphawu lwesifunda ephasheni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye lenziwe esifundeni saseYouxi.
- Ungalididanisi netiye eliluhlaza laseYouxi: lelo linophawu lwalo kanye nezinga laso.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ezingeni letiye elibomvu kubhalwe indlela ye-oolong — ukunyakaziswa kancane kweqabunga.
«I-Youxi Hong» isifinyezo esisemthethweni, esibizwe ngokuqondile ezingeni.
Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba icaphuna umusho othiwa ngu «Zhu lao» (朱老): itiye lamadwala laseWuyishan lifiswa ukuyizwa abangafi, kanti itiye elibomvu laseYouxi alitholakali emhlabeni. Ukuthi ubani abhekise kuye, iwebhusayithi ayicacisi. Uma kunguZhu Xi, khona-ke lokhu kubhalwa kusobala ukuthi kwaba kamuva: itiye elibomvu lavela emva kwesikhathi eside senkathi ye-Song.
Isifunda sinamatiye amabili avikelwe: abomvu noluhlaza, futhi ngalinye linelalo zinga lango-2022.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseFujian

I-Youxi Lü Cha (尤溪绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo elinophawu lwalo lweqoqo kanye nezinga i-T/CSTEA 00043-2022.
I-Tanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫): Itiye elidala le-gongfu elibomvu lasempumalanga ye-Fujian; ku-Youxi Hong, ngokungafani nesikimu se-gongfu sakudala, kubhalwe ukunyakazisa kweqabunga.
I-Jinguanyin hongcha (金观音红茶): Itiye elibomvu elivela ezinhlotsheni ze-oolong; isibonelo sendlela efanayo yaseFujian — ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obubomvu nephunga le-oolong.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Youxi Hong itiye elibomvu lasenkabeni ye-Fujian elinomugqa ongajwayelekile esigabeni ezingeni: ukunyakaziswa kancane kweqabunga ngesikhathi sokubuna, okuvela esikoleni se-oolong. Imibhalo ngayo inembile kokuyinhloko — isigaba, indawo kuyo yonke indawo yesifunda, ubuchwepheshe kanye nophawu, — kanti izincazelo zokunambitheka zinikezwa yihhovisi lezolimo likamasipala kanye namawebhusayithi ayinkomba: iqabunga eliminyene elincane elinamathiphu asagolide, ukunambitheka okumnandi okuthambile; ngombala womuthi, obomvu-osawolintshi noma ophuzi-osawolintshi, ayavumelani.