Měnghǎi Mànnuò chá

Měnghǎi Mànnuò chá (Měnghǎi Mànnuò chá, 勐海曼糯茶) wuphawu lwendawo twetiye, oluqanjwe ngedolobhana laseMànnuò (曼糯) esifundeni saseMěnghǎi eSishuangbanna-Dai Autonomous Prefecture, esifundazweni saseYunnan. Isigaba somkhiqizo asishiwongo emibhalweni etholakele, futhi indawo ngokwayo ayicacile kahle: kunamadolobhana amabili abizwa ngeMànnuò eMěnghǎi. Elaziwa kakhulu liseMěngwǎng Township enyakatho impela yesifunda; izincwadi zetiye zibiza izingadi zalo ezindala ngokuthi “iBānzhāng encane”.

1. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Akunqunywanga: umbhalo wophawu awusho isigaba. Kusuka ezintweni zokusetshenziswa zamaqabunga amakhulu zaseMěnghǎi kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko i-shēng pu’er (生普, shēngpǔ), kodwa futhi netiye elibomvu nelimhlophe. Izincwadi zetiye zichaza itiye laseMànnuò njenge-pu’er.
• Isigaba: Itiye lezingadi ezindala zaseMěnghǎi; uphawu lwendawo. Uhlu alulucacisi uhlobo lwalo, kanti abezindaba babiza izimpawu zesifunda ngokuthi eziqinisekisayo (证明商标).
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), i-Xishuangbanna-Dai Autonomous Prefecture (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), i-Měnghǎi County (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn). Kukhona ababili abangenele:
  • IMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township (勐往乡, Měngwǎng xiāng) — ngokwezincazelo, ekomitini lasemakhaya laseMěngwǎng, emngceleni neLáncāng County kanye neSimao District yedolobha lasePu’er.
  • IMànnuò yaseBùlǎngshān (布朗山, Bùlǎngshān) — izincazelo ziyibeka ekomitini lasemakhaya, igama lalo elibhalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene (曼昂, 勐昂, 勐昴), kanti enye incazelo iyibeka ekomitini lasemakhaya laseJíliáng (吉良).
• Indawo evikelwe: Uhlu libeka iMěnghǎi County njengengxenye yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu. Umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga, futhi ukuthi uphawu lubhekise kuliphi kula madolobhana amabili, umbhalo awushongo.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: IMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township, ngokwezincazelo, ingu-22°24′ N no-100°25′ E. Azikho izixhumanisi zedolobhana laseBùlǎngshān emithonjeni etholakele. Isifunda ngokwaso iMěnghǎi siphakathi kuka-21°28′ no-22°28′ N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Umgwaqo wetiye. Kuze kube yinkathi yeRiphabhulikhi, itiye lezintaba ezisentshonalanga yeLáncāng, ngokwezincazelo, lalihamba ngeMěnghǎi, iMěng’ā neMěngwǎng, liwele umfula eNuòzhā bese liya eSīmáo nasePǔ’ěr. IMànnuò yayimi kulo mgwaqo.
  • Ukufuduka. Ngokwezindaba zabantu abadala bendawo, ezicashunwa yizincwadi zetiye, abakwaBùlǎng bafika eMànnuò bevela eLáncāng eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amane edlule. IMànnuò ibizwa ngedolobhana lokuqala lamaBùlǎng eMěngwǎng futhi elikhulu kunawo wonke.
  • Ukuchuma nokuwohloka. Ngokwalezo zindaba, ezabhalwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-2010, eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa kuya kwamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kwalokho idolobhana lalinemizi engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili kanye namathempeli amabili obuBuddha. Ngemva kuka-1949 kwakhiwa umgwaqo omkhulu osuka eMěnghǎi uya eLáncāng, amakharavani ahamba, itiye aleka ukuthengwa; amathempeli ayesegugile, kungekho mali yokuwalungisa, adilizwa ngo-1958, izihlahla zetiye zagawulwa ukuze kutshalwe okusanhlamvu, kanti isigodi sase sigxile erabheni. Lokhu kuchazwa yizincwadi zetiye; angizange ngiyibone imibhalo.
  • Izimpawu zaseMěnghǎi. Uphawu oluyisambulela “勐海茶” lwafakwa isicelo ngo-2012 yisikhungo setiye sesifunda, lwabhaliswa ngo-2014 futhi lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-2016. Ohlwini lwezimpawu ze-GI zaseYunnan ekupheleni kuka-2019, emva kwalo kulandela izimpawu eziyishumi nanhlanu zasezintabeni nasemadolobhaneni, phakathi kwazo kukhona “勐海曼糯茶”. Abezindaba bango-2022 bakhuluma ngezimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha zesifunda — okufanayo nenani lezimpawu zetiye zaseMěnghǎi ohlwini, uma kubalwa nesambulela.
• Igama:
  • “Měnghǎi” (勐海) yigama lesifunda.
  • “Mànnuò” (曼糯) yigama ledolobhana. Emagameni endawo olimini lwesiDai “màn” (曼) kusho “idolobhana”; incazelo yohlamvu lwesibili ayichazwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
  • “Chá” (茶) itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: IMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township inezindawo ezintathu zokuhlala: eDàzhài kuhlala abakwaBùlǎng, eShàngzhài ama-Han, eZhōngzhài ama-Han namaLāhù. Inganekwane ixhumanisa idolobhana netshe “elinomkhondo womuntu ongafi”, lapho ngokwezindaba kwakufika khona abakwaBùlǎng bevela ngisho naseMyanmar.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Itiye lendawo lamaqabunga amakhulu lezingadi ezindala; uhlobo alushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele. NgeMànnuò yaseBùlǎngshān incazelo yokuhweba ebhekisa ocwaningweni lwezihlahla zetiye ezindala zesifunda zango-2004 ithi kunama-mu angu-60 ezingadi zohlobo lwe-苦茶 (kǔchá, “itiye elibabayo”): linamaqabunga ababayo, kodwa aftertaste emnandi.
• Ukuvuna: Izikhathi azishiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Alikashiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Izincazelo zikhuluma ngezingadi ezindala ezingaphezu kuka-2000 mu eMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township. Izidingo zophawu ngezinto zokusetshenziswa angizibonanga.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Inyakatho yesifunda iMěnghǎi, iMěngwǎng Township, lapho kuhlangana khona iLáncāng County neSimao District. Ukuma kwesigodi kunqunywa intaba iDàhēishān (大黑山): inyakatho-ntshonalanga iphakeme, maphakathi kukhona isigodi saseMěngwǎng, kanti emngceleni osempumalanga kugeleza umfula iLáncāng (澜沧江, Láncāng jiāng).
• Izingadi: Ngokwezincazelo, zisemthambekeni osempumalanga, obheke emoyeni, weDàhēishān, esigodini somfudlana iXiǎngshuǐhé (响水河), kumakhilomitha angu-85 ukusuka enkabeni yesifunda.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: Idolobhana — 1266 m; ngentaba yetiye iMànnuò ngokuphelele enye incazelo inikeza u-1200–1300 m.
• Umhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Isimo sezulu: Enye incazelo ithi eMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township kuna-1300–1400 mm wemvula ngonyaka; ayikho eminye imininingwane yesimo sezulu emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokuphakama, umhlabathi nesimo sezulu sedolobhana laseBùlǎngshān nawo akukho mininingwane.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubucwepheshe betiye elingaphansi kophawu abuchazwanga emithonjeni etholakele. Nge-shēng pu’er yezihlahla ezindala ukulandelana okuvamile kanje:

1. Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi).
2. Ukupholisa amaqabunga (摊晾, tānliàng).
3. Ukuqinisa ebhodweni (杀青, shāqīng).
4. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
5. Ukomisa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Kutholakala i-máochá exegayo (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
6. Ukucindezela (紧压, jǐnyā): Akudingekile.

Lokhu kuyindlela ejwayelekile yesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beMěnghǎi Mànnuò chá.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Incazelo engezansi izincwadi zetiye ziyinikeza nge-pu’er yezihlahla ezindala zaseMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township. Emkhiqizweni ongaphansi kophawu akekho owayixhumanisa ngokusemthethweni nayo.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisongwe ngokuqinile, limnyama kakhulu futhi licwebezela (条索紧结较黑亮).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga letiye: Lihlanzekile (茶香纯正), linethoni enamandla “yezintaba nehlathi” (山野气较强); iphunga lihlala phansi kwenkomishi (杯底留香).
• Ukunambitheka: Ukubaba kuyabonakala, ukuvuthwa kuhlala isikhathi eside, kodwa etiyeni kukhona ubumnandi; ukubuya okumnandi akufiki ngokushesha, kodwa kuhle, itiye ligcwele kakhulu (苦显涩长，汤中有甜，回甘稍慢但较好，汤尚饱满).
• Umbala wetiye: Kusagolide okuphuzi, okukhanyayo (汤色金黄明亮).
• Amabum娑 etiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Kuphuzi okuluhlaza, kulingana (叶底黄绿匀齐).

Ngetiye laseMànnuò yaseBùlǎngshān enye incazelo ithi nje ukuthi ukubaba nokuvuthwa kwalo kunamandla kakhulu, kanti itiye ngokwalo “licebile ngokuqukethwe” (苦涩味很重，内含物质丰富).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Inkambiso yesigaba. Uphawu alishongo isigaba; imihlahlandlela engezansi ingeye-shēng pu’er, okuyiyona ncazelo yetiye laseMànnuò ezincwadini zetiye.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
• Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
• Isitsha: Igàiwǎn noma imbiza yobumba.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye; elicindezelwe — lephule ngokucophelela, ungalichobozi iqabunga.
  3. Geza iqabunga kafushane ngamanzi abilayo bese uwachitha.
  4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–15.
  5. Thela ngokuphelele, ungashiyi iqabunga emanzini.
  6. Yandisa isikhathi ngokuthela ngakunye; ngezinto ezibabayo kungcono ukunciphisa ukuchitheka.

9. Ukugcinwa

Inkambiso yesigaba. I-shēng pu’er igcinwa endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongena kahle ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle, ephepheni noma kokunye ukupakishwa okuphefumulayo. Leli tiye liyashintsha ngokuhamba kweminyaka, futhi livame ukugcinwa ngamabomu isikhathi eside.

10. Intengo Kanye Namanga

Awekho amanani amanje emithonjeni etholakele. Incwadi yezohwebo ithi kusuka ngo-2010 kuya ku-2016 intengo yetiye lezihlahla ezindala zaseMànnuò yenyuka ngokuphindwe kayishumi; anginakho engingakuqinisekisa ngalesi sibalo.

• Ungawagwema kanjani amanga:
  • Cacisa ukuthi iyiphi iMànnuò ekhulunywa ngayo: leli gama liphethwe amadolobhana amabili esifunda, futhi itiye lawo lihlukile.
  • Funa uphawu “勐海曼糯茶” futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseMěnghǎi County.
  • Khumbula ngokuhlanganisa: ngokwamazwi encwadi efanayo, abahwebi abangathembekile bahlanganisa itiye laseMànnuò netiye laseLǎo Màn’é bese bedayisa ingxube njengeLǎo Bānzhāng.
  • Qhathanisa ukubukeka nezincazelo: iqabunga elimnyama eliqinile, ukukhanya okusagolide okuphuzi.

11. Amaqiniso Ahehayo

• EMěnghǎi kunamadolobhana amabili abizwa ngeMànnuò, futhi igama lesidlaliso “iBānzhāng encane” (小班章) libhekise kulelo eliseMěngwǎng Township.
• Izingadi zaseMànnuò yaseMěngwǎng Township ziyizingadi ezindala ezisenyakatho impela yesifunda: kuya emfuleni iLáncāng ngokuqondile kungaphezudlwana nje kwamakhilomitha angu-10.
• Idolobhana lichazwa njengendawo yokuma emgwaqeni wetiye osuka eMěnghǎi uya endaweni yokuwela iLáncāng.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye aseMěnghǎi

• Lǎo Bānzhāng (老班章): Inkomba ye-pu’er yaseBùlǎngshān enamandla; kusuka kuyo kuvela igama lesidlaliso “iBānzhāng encane”.
• Lǎo Màn’é (老曼峨): Itiye laseBùlǎngshān elibabayo; ngokwamazwi encwadi yezohwebo, yilo Mànnuò elihlanganiswa nalo uma kwenziwa umgunyathi weLǎo Bānzhāng.
• Měnghǎi (勐海): Isifunda kanye nophawu lwaso olusambulela; “勐海曼糯茶” ingenye yezimpawu ezihlukene zesifunda ngokwezintaba namadolobhana.

Ekuphetheni:

IMěnghǎi Mànnuò chá wuphawu olunemibuzo eminingi kunemibhalo: isigaba asishiwongo, kanti amadolobhana anegama elifanayo esifundeni amabili. Elaziwa kakhulu yilelo eliseMěngwǎng Township: ingadi endala esenyakatho impela yeMěnghǎi, indawo yokuma yakudala emgwaqeni wetiye, izizwe ezintathu ezindaweni ezintathu zokuhlala kanye ne-pu’er, okuyincazelo yayo ezincwadini zetiye njengemnyama, ebabayo futhi emnandi emva kokunambitheka.