Yǒngdìng shānchá

Yongding Shancha (Yǒngdìng shānchá, 永定山茶) ndi tiyi wa oolong wa m’boma la Yongding (永定区) m’tawuni ya Longyan kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Fujian, pafupi ndi malire ndi Guangdong. Dzina lakuti “Shancha” (山茶) pano limatanthauza “tiyi wa kumapiri”: malinga ndi kaundula, katundu wa chizindikirochi ndi oolong. Kuyambira 2019, dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification. Tsiku lomwelo, mwiniwake yemweyo analembetsanso chizindikiro chachiwiri cha tiyi cha m’bomali — “永定乌龙茶”, chomwe chilinso cha oolong; magwero omwe tapeza sakufotokoza kuti zinthu ziwirizi zimasiyanitsidwa bwanji. Mafotokozedwe otseguka a tiyi weniweni — mitundu, ukadaulo, maonekedwe — sindinapeze: zodziwika zokhudza chizindikiro ndi zambiri kuposa zokhudza tsamba.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Oolong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) — malinga ndi kaundula: m’ndandanda wa zigawo za zizindikiro, katunduyo amalembedwa ngati “乌龙茶”.
• Chenjezo la dzina: Mawu akuti 山茶 amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a zomera kutanthauza camellia ya ku Japan, koma chizindikirocho chinalembetsedwa pa oolong, ndipo “shancha” pano ndi “tiyi wa kumapiri”.
• Gulu: Oolong wa kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Fujian wokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2019).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Fujian (福建, Fújiàn), tawuni ya Longyan (龙岩, Lóngyán), boma la Yongding (永定区, Yǒngdìng qū).
• Dera: Ndandanda wa zigawo umatchula boma la Yongding ngati malo a mwiniwake wa chizindikiro. Malire a malamulo a derali ndi malamulo a chizindikiro sindinapeze. M’ndandanda wa maboma makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi maboma a chigawo cha malangizo a Fujian Oolongcha (福建乌龙茶), monga momwe nkhani yathu ya izi imanenera, Yongding sapezekapo.
• Dongosolo la chitetezo: Chizindikiro cha geographical certification cha State Intellectual Property Office of China (CNIPA) № 20593062, kalasi 30, katundu — oolong. Malinga ndi ndandanda wa zigawo pa 30 June 2026, chizindikirocho chinalembetsedwa pa 28 September 2019, mwiniwake — Yongding District Ecological Agriculture Association ya m’tawuni ya Longyan (龙岩市永定区生态农业协会), kulembetsa kukugwira ntchito.
• Malo ogwirira ntchito: Boma la Yongding — pafupifupi 24°23′–25°06′ N ndi 116°25′–117°05′ E (malinga ndi nkhani yokhudza boma).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Chizindikiro chisanakhalepo. Mbiri yolembedwa ya tiyi ameneyi m’magwero omwe tapeza palibe.
  • 2014–2015. Malinga ndi nkhani yokhudza boma, mu December 2014 State Council inavomera kuthetsa boma la Yongding ndi kulenga m’malo mwake boma la Yongding m’tawuni ya Longyan; kusinthaku kunayamba kugwira ntchito pa 9 February 2015. M’zolemba zakale, derali limatchedwa boma.
  • 2019. Pa 28 September tsiku limodzi panalembetsedwa zizindikiro ziwiri za mwiniwake yemweyo: “永定山茶” (№ 20593062) ndi “永定乌龙茶” (№ 20730374). Zonse ziwiri — pa katundu “乌龙茶”.
  • 2024–2025. “Fujian ribao” amalemba za minda ya tiyi ya kumapiri ya boma — m’matauni a Gaotou ndi Qiling (zambiri mu gawo 4). Kulumikizana kwa minda imeneyi ndi chizindikirocho nyuzipepala siyitchula.
• Dzina: “Yongding” (永定) — dzina la boma; “shan” (山) — “phiri”; “cha” (茶) — “tiyi”.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Yongding amadziwika ndi hakka tulou — nyumba zomangidwa ndi dothi zokhala ngati mipanda yolimba. Malinga ndi nkhani yokhudza boma, magulu akulu a tulou — Hongkeng (洪坑), Nanxi (南溪), Gaobei (高北) ndi Chuxi (初溪); mu 2008 “Fujian Tulou” analembedwa pa Listi ya World Heritage. Pamodzimodzi akuti “永定万应茶” wa kumeneko analembedwa pa ndandanda wa boma wa cholowa chosagwira m’manja, — koma uwo ndi mankhwala osakaniza, osati oolong. Zolemba zomwe tapeza sizikugwirizanitsa chizindikiro cha “永定山茶” ndi tulou.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Cultivars: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe tapeza. Ndilibe malamulo a chizindikiro okhala ndi ndandanda wa mitundu yovomerezeka.
• Zopangira: Palibe zofunikira pa zopangira m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Muyezo ndi nthawi yosonkhanitsa: Palibe deta ya chizindikiro m’magwero omwe tapeza.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Fujian. Malinga ndi nkhani yokhudza boma, Yongding amakhala m’malire ndi maboma a Nanjing, Pinghe ndi Shanghang, boma la Xinluo, ndipo kum’mwera chakumadzulo — ndi Dabu ndi Meixian a ku Guangdong. Malo ake ndi mapiri ndi zitunda, malo okwera kwambiri — Chiyantou (赤岩头), 1547 m.
• Tauni ya mwiniwake: Mwiniwake wa chizindikiro amalembetsedwa m’mudzi wa Hanyang (汉洋村) m’tauni ya Hugang (虎岗镇). Malinga ndi nkhani ya boma, tauniyi ili m’zigwa ziwiri — Hugang ndi Guanyang; nsonga ya Chiyantou — ku Guanyang. Kutentha kwapakati pa chaka — pafupifupi 18 °C, mvula — pafupifupi 1643 mm, nthawi yopanda chisanu — miyezi khumi. Chigwa cha Guanyang chili pautali wa 650–850 m, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa masana ndi usiku. Tiyi wa kumapiri (高山茶) watchulidwa ngati imodzi mwa ntchito zinayi zazikulu zaulimi za tauni — pamodzi ndi maula a furong, masamba a nyengo yopanda nthawi yake, ndi fodya.
• Malo ena a tiyi a boma:
  • Gaotou. Malinga ndi “Fujian ribao” (2024), m’mudzi wa Gaodong m’tauni ya Gaotou (高头镇) panakhazikitsidwa munda wa tiyi wachilengedwe wa 2000 mu; nyuzipepala imalongosola malowa ngati okwera, ndi chifunga chaka chonse ndi mvula yochuluka.
  • Qiling. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala yomweyo (2025), m’mudzi wa Neikeng m’tauni ya Qiling (岐岭镇) munda wa kumapiri woposa 500 mu uli pautali wapakati wa 800 m, ndipo tauni yonse yabzalidwa tiyi koposa 1000 mu.
• Dothi: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe tapeza.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Malamulo a chizindikiro ndi zofunikira pa ukadaulo sindinapeze. Nyuzipepala zimalongosola kupanga m’boma, osati katundu wa pansi pa chizindikiro, ndipo zimalongosola zosiyana:

• Gaotou (2024) — ndondomeko ya oolong:
  1. Kuyanika padzuwa (晒青, shàiqīng).
  2. Kugwedeza (摇青, yáoqīng).
  3. Kukazinga — kukhazikitsa (炒青, chǎoqīng).
  4. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
  5. Kuyanika koyamba (初烘, chūhōng).
  6. Kuswa mipanda (打散, dǎsàn).
  7. Kuyanika kotsiriza (烘干, hōnggān).
• Qiling (2025) — kuyanika (萎凋, wěidiāo), kupotoza, kupesa (发酵, fājiào) ndi kuyanika; malinga ndi nyuzipepala, kuchokera tsamba latsopano mpaka tiyi womalizidwa kumatenga maola asanu ndi atatu. Gulu la tiyi nyuzipepala siyitchula, koma ndondomeko yotereyi ndi yofala pa tiyi wofiira.

Kutengera izi, m’bomali amapanga osati oolong yekha. Njira zomwe chizindikiro cha “永定山茶” chimafuna, malinga ndi magwero omwe tapeza, sizingadziwike.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Sindinaone chikalata chokhala ndi zofunikira pa maonekedwe.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Kununkhira kwa madzi: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Kukoma: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Mtundu wa madzi: Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
• Tsamba la pansi (tsamba lopangidwa): Palibe mafotokozedwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Palibe deta ya physicochemical m’magwero omwe tapeza.

8. Kupanga

Njira ya gulu la oolong; kalembedwe ka tiyi ameneyu — katsopano kapena kochuluka — sikudziwika.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 7–8 g pa gaiwan 110 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena tiyi ya yixing.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa zida.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndipo tsanulirani mwachangu madzi oyamba.
  3. Zipangizo zoyamba — masekondi 10–20.
  4. Ndi kutsanulira kulikonse, nthawi iwonjezeke pang’ono.
  5. Oolong wabwino amapirira zipangizo zisanu ndi chimodzi kapena zisanu ndi zitatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. Mu phukusi lotsekedwa bwino, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo lachilendo. Oolong wokazingidwa kwambiri wa kalembedwe kochuluka amasungidwa pa kutentha kwa chipinda; watsopano, wokazingidwa pang’ono — bwino m’kuzizira ndipo amwe m’chaka chimodzi.

10. Mtengo ndi Chinyengo

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe tapeza.

• Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical certification “永定山茶” № 20593062; mwiniwake — mabungwe a boma a ecological agriculture.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa boma la Yongding.
  • Kumbukirani kuti chizindikirocho, malinga ndi ndandanda, chimateteza oolong yekha.
  • Musasokoneze ndi chizindikiro chachiwiri cha mwiniwake yemweyo, “永定乌龙茶” (№ 20730374), ndi mankhwala osakaniza “永定万应茶” komanso ndi chizindikiro cha “永定茶油” — chomwe chinalembetsedwa pa mafuta odyera.

11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa

• Boma liri ndi zizindikiro ziwiri za tiyi, zolembedwa tsiku limodzi kwa mwiniwake yemweyo ndi pa katundu yemweyo — oolong. Momwe “tiyi wa kumapiri” amasiyanirana ndi “oolong wa Yongding”, magwero otseguka sanena.
• Nambala ya chizindikiro cha “永定乌龙茶” ili pamodzi ndi nambala za zizindikiro za boma za taro, zipatso zouma za khurma, fodya ndi manyuchi (20730372–20730376), ngakhale zili ndi mwiniwake wina. Nambala ya “永定山茶” ili kutali — 20593062.
• Nsonga yokwera kwambiri ya boma, Chiyantou (1547 m), — ili m’tauni ya Hugang, kumene mwiniwake wa chizindikiro amalembetsedwa.
• Mawu akuti “tiyi” ali m’dzina la katundu wina wotetezedwa wa boma — “永定万应茶”, koma uwo ndi mankhwala osakaniza okhala ndi chitetezo chawo (2012).

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi ena a m’tawuni ya Longyan ndi oyandikana nawo

• Yongding Oolongcha (永定乌龙茶): Chizindikiro chachiwiri cha boma — mwiniwake yemweyo, tsiku lomwelo, katundu yemweyo. Kusiyana kwa zinthu m’magwero omwe tapeza sikufotokozedwa.
• Zhangping Shui Xian (漳平水仙): Oolong woponderezedwa wa tawuni ya Zhangping ya m’tawuni ya Longyan yomweyo.
• Nanjing Tulou Cha (南靖土楼茶): Oolong wa boma loyandikana la Nanjing — komwe kulinso tulou ndi chizindikiro cha oolong (2022).
• Wuping Lvcha (武平绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Wuping la m’tawuni yomweyo — ngati kusiyanitsa.
• Fujian Oolongcha (福建乌龙茶): Dongosolo la provincial; m’ndandanda wa dera lake Yongding sanatchulidwe.

Pomaliza:

Yongding Shancha ndi dzina lotetezedwa la oolong wa kumapiri wa m’dera la tulou pamphambano ya Fujian ndi Guangdong. Zolemba zimatsimikizira chizindikiro № 20593062 kuyambira 2019, mwiniwake ndi katundu — oolong; zina zonse pakali pano zatsekedwa. Nyuzipepala zimalemba za minda ya kumapiri ya boma — ku Qiling pautali wapakati wa 800 m — komanso za njira zosiyana zopangira: ya oolong ku Gaotou ndipo, kutengera ndondomeko ya ntchito, ya tiyi wofiira ku Qiling. Koma maonekedwe a tiyi pansi pa chizindikirochi ndi kusiyana kwake ndi “永定乌龙茶” woyandikana nawo akudikirabe zolemba.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志证明商标 №20593062

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero