Yaoli Nenrui (Yáolǐ nènruǐ, 瑶里嫩蕊) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Yaoli m’boma la Fuliang (浮梁县) m’zinda la Jingdezhen kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Jiangxi. Yaoli ndi tauni ya m’mapiri pafupi ndi malire ndi Anhui, yomwe amati ndiye gwero la porcelain ya Jingdezhen. Dzina lakuti “Nenrui” lomwe limatanthauza “mphukira yofewa” limatchulidwa m’mabuku ofotokoza zakale ngati limodzi mwa tiyi akale a ku Fuliang, odziwika kuyambira nthawi ya mzera wa Tang. Kuyambira 2008, Yaoli Nenrui imatetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (geographical indication), ndipo chikalata chake chimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane: mitundu, malo, muyezo wokolola, ukadaulo wokhala ndi kutentha kwake, ndi miyeso ya thupi ndi mankhwala.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapsa. Gulu silinatchulidwe mwachindunji m’chikalata, koma ukadaulo wake ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha m’mphika, kukulunga, kuwongola, kuumitsa komanso maonekedwe (zokulungidwa zowongoka zokhala ndi ubweya, tsamba lobiriwira lofewa, madzi oonekera bwino) zonse ndi za tiyi wobiriwira.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Jiangxi; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2008).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Jiangxi (江西, Jiāngxī), mzinda wa Jingdezhen (景德镇, Jǐngdézhèn), boma la Fuliang (浮梁县, Fúliáng xiàn), tauni ya Yaoli (瑶里镇, Yáolǐ zhèn).
- Malo otetezedwa: Malo omwe alipo tsopano a tauni ya Yaoli malinga ndi pempho la boma la Fuliang la 2008.
- Malo okhala pamtunda: Pafupifupi 29.5° kumpoto ndi 117.6° kum’mawa.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Tiyi wa Fuliang m’nthawi ya mzera wa Tang. Yaoli ili m’boma la Fuliang, kumene malonda a tiyi amadziwika kuyambira nthawi ya mzera wa Tang. Buku la geography lakuti “Yuanhe Junxian Tuzhi” (《元和郡县图志》) linalemba kuti Fuliang chaka chilichonse ankapereka mitholo 7 miliyoni (驮) ya tiyi ndi pafupifupi 150,000 matumba a ndalama za msonkho; kuchuluka kwake pa tiyi wonse wa ufumuwo akatswiri amasiku ano amalingalira mosiyanasiyana. Mu 816, Bo Juyi mu ndakatulo “Nyimbo ya Pipi” (《琵琶行》) anatchula wamalonda amene anapita ku Fuliang kukagula tiyi.
- Mayina akale. Mabuku ofotokoza amatchula “Xianzhi” (仙芝), “Nenrui” (嫩蕊), “Fuhe” (福合) ndi “Luhe” (禄合) monga tiyi a ku Fuliang odziwika kuyambira nthawi ya mzera wa Tang; malinga ndi mabukuwa, iwo adakhalapo nthawi ya Song, Yuan, Ming ndi Qing ndipo nthawi zina ankaperekedwa kwa mfumu ngati msonkho wapadera. Yaoli Nenrui wamakono amanyamula dzina lakale; palibe chitsimikizo cha kupitiriza kwa ukadaulo.
- 2008. Bungwe lalikulu loyang’anira za ubwino, kuyesa ndi kusungitsa (AQSIQ) ndi chilengezo nambala 77 cha pa 1 July 2008 linateteza Yaoli Nenrui ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Chomwecho chinatetezanso, mwa zina, baijiu 酒鬼酒 ndi mapichesi 秦安蜜桃.
- 2025. Pa tsamba la boma la miyeso pali muyezo wa m’deralo wa Yaoli Nenrui; mawu ake sakupezeka m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Dzina:
- “Yaoli” (瑶里) ndi dzina la tauni.
- “Nenrui” (嫩蕊, nènruǐ) amatanthauza “mphukira yofewa”, “kamtima kofewa”: chithunzithunzi cha mphukira.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Mu Yaoli moyandikana muli ntchito ziwiri zakale za boma ili: porcelain ndi tiyi. Tauni imeneyi imaonedwa ngati gwero la porcelain ya Jingdezhen, ndipo m’boma lomwelo, pafupi ndi tauni ya Ehu, muli mudzi wa Gaoling (高岭), kumene kunachokera liwu loti “kaolin”.
3. Kufotokoza Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata ndi 浮梁槠叶种 (Fúliáng zhūyè zhǒng), mtundu wa m’deralo wa Fuliang, komanso 迎霜 (yíngshuāng), 浙农113 ndi 浙农117 “ndi zina”. Mbande zimangochokera ku kubzala kwa nthambi (扦插, qiānchā).
- Kukolola: Malinga ndi chikalata ndi m’nyengo ya masika, ndi kuthyola m’manja (手工提采).
- Muyeso wokolola: Malinga ndi chikalata ndi kuchokera pa mphukira imodzi mpaka mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽至一芽一叶); mphukira yonse, yatsopano, yofewa ndi yoyera. Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri (特级) ndi mphukira yokha kapena mphukira ndi tsamba loti likungotuluka; gulu loyamba (一级) ndi kuyambira mphukira ndi tsamba loti likungotuluka mpaka mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi.
- Magulu malinga ndi nthawi: Buku lofotokoza limagawa tiyi malinga ndi nthawi yokolola kukhala 谷雨尖 (gǔyǔ jiān) kokolola koyambirira kwambiri, pafupi ndi nthawi ya Guyu pa mazuwa a m’ma 20 a April (malongosoledwe ena amati ndi kokolola Guyu asanafike, ena amati ndi chiyambi cha nthawi imeneyi), kenako 细茶 (“tiyi wochepa”) ndi 粗茶 (“tiyi wokhuthala”). M’chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo maguluwa palibe.
- Zofunikira pa zopangira: Masamba atsopano amanyamulidwa m’zotengera zoyera, zolowera mpweya bwino, osaponderezedwa, ndipo amasungidwa kuti akhale atsopano.
4. Malo ndi Zochitika za Kulima
- Dera: Yaoli ndi tauni ya m’mapiri kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa boma la Fuliang, pafupi ndi malire ndi chigawo cha Anhui.
- Kutalika kwakulima: Malinga ndi chikalata ndi osachepera 400 m.
- Nthaka: Ya acid, pH 4.5–6.5. Nthaka yamchenga yopangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa dothi lofiira, miyala ya clay slate ndi granite. Nthaka yosachepera 0.3 m kuya, organic matter yosachepera 1.0 %.
- Malo: Kutsetsereka kwa mapiri kukhale kochepera 35 %.
- Ulimi malinga ndi chikalata: Amabzala kuyambira December mpaka February, osapitirira mitengo 2500 pa mu (667 m²) pamzere umodzi ndi 5000 pamizere iwiri. Minda yayikulu imadulira nthawi zambiri kawiri pachaka. Feteleza ndi makamaka organic, osapitirira 1000 kg pa mu pachaka.
- Nyengo: Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni cha minda ya Yaoli m’magwero omwe tapeza.
5. Ukadaulo Wopanga
Malinga ndi chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo ndondomeko ndi iyi: kuyala masamba atsopano → kusankha → kukhazikitsa kutentha → kukulunga → kuwongola → kuumitsa → kulongedza ndi kusunga.
- Kuyala (摊放 — tānfàng): Masamba amayalidwa wosanjikiza 1.5–3 cm.
- Kusankha (挑选 — tiāoxuǎn): Masamba amasankhidwa; chikalata sichipereka tsatanetsatane.
- Kukhazikitsa kutentha (杀青 — shāqīng): M’mphika pa kutentha kuchokera 180 mpaka 150 °C mpaka kukhazikitsa kutentha kwa masamba onse mofanana ndi kwathunthu (杀匀杀透).
- Kukulunga (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Motsatira lamulo la “kufewa — kwamphamvu — kufewa” (轻—重—轻).
- Kuwongola (理条 — lǐtiáo): Mpaka ubweya wa siliva uonekere (银毫显露) ndipo kuumitsa kufike pafupifupi 70 % (七成干).
- Kuumitsa (烘干 — hōnggān): Kutentha kwa ng’anjo kuchokera 80 mpaka 60 °C, mpaka chinyezi chikhale chochepera 6 %.
- Kulongedza ndi kusunga: Tiyi amaikidwa m’magulu ndi kusungidwa kozizira (入库冷藏保鲜).
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kuwona
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zokulungidwa ndi zothina, zowongoka, zofanana ndi zobiriwira (条索紧直匀绿); mtundu ndi wobiriwira wofewa, ubweya umaonekera (嫩绿显毫). Malinga ndi chikalata, pa dzuwa tsamba limaonekera ngati jade (在阳光下通透似玉).
- Funizo la masamba owuma: Chikalata sichifotokoza padera; palibe chidziwitso m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Funizo la madzi: Lalitali, lokhalitsa ndi lokhazikika, lokhala ndi kafungo ka maluwa a orchid (香气高长持久，呈兰花香).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kofewa, komanso kokhala ndi zotsekemera pamapeto (鲜醇回甜).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Oonekera bwino ndi owala (汤色清澈透亮).
- Masamba otayira (otsalira): Obiriwira ofewa, ofanana (叶底嫩绿匀齐).
Kwa 谷雨尖 buku lofotokoza limawonjezera: zokulungidwa ndi zothina ndi zopyapyala, zobiriwira zofewa, zokhala ndi ubweya woyera; funizo loyera ndi lokhalitsa, madzi oonekera bwino, kukoma kwatsopano ndi kofewa.
7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi
Chikalata chimapereka miyeso iwiri: zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka m’madzi (水浸出物) ndi zochepera 36 %, ma amino acid ndi zochepera 3.5 %. Chinyezi pambuyo pa kuumitsa chikhala chochepera 6 %. Palibe chidziwitso cha polyphenols ndi caffeine wa tiyi uyu m’magwero omwe tapeza.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi wobiriwira. Palibe malangizo apadera m’chikalata.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi imene mungawonere mphukira zowongoka zikuyimirira m’madzi, kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsani zida.
- Ikani tiyi.
- Thirani madzi pang’ono, mulole tsamba litseguke kwa masekondi 20–30.
- Onjezani madzi; kupanga koyamba ndi mphindi 1–2.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo lina la madzi.
- Thirani madzi kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira yofanana ndi ya tiyi wobiriwira. M’zotengera zotsekeka, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Chikalata chokha chimalamulanso kusungidwa kozizira kwa tiyi womalizidwa. Uwu ndi tiyi wa nyengo, safunika kusungidwa kwautali.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Palibe chidwitso cha mitengo m’magwero omwe tapeza. Kwa tiyi wobiriwira nthawi zambiri amtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi kokolola koyambirira ndi kofewa; kwa Yaoli Nenrui izi sizinatsimikizidwe ndi chidziwitso.
- Mmene mungapewere zonyenga:
- Yang’anani pa phukusi chizindikiro cha malo.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’tauni ya Yaoli: malo otetezedwa ndi tauni yokha iyi.
- Tsamba likhale lowongoka, lothina, lofanana, lobiriwira lofewa, lokhala ndi ubweya; pa kuwala likhale ngati “jade”.
- Funizo la madzi likhale lalitali ndi lokhalitsa, lokhala ndi fungo la orchid.
11. Zambiri Zosangalatsa
- Dzina lakuti “Nenrui” lili pamndandanda wa tiyi akale a ku Fuliang pamodzi ndi “Xianzhi”, “Fuhe” ndi “Luhe”.
- Malo otetezedwa ndi tauni imodzi, osati boma lonse.
- Chikalata chimapereka kutentha kwa njira ziwiri nthawi imodzi ndi kukhazikitsa kutentha (180 → 150 °C) ndi kuumitsa (80 → 60 °C).
- Liwu loti “kaolin” limachokera ku mudzi wa Gaoling wa boma lomwelo la Fuliang.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina Wobiriwira
- Fuliang Cha (浮梁茶): Dzina lotetezedwa la boma lonse, pansi pake pamatulutsidwa tiyi wofiira ndi wobiriwira; Yaoli Nenrui ndi dzina lapadera la tauni imodzi mkati mwa Fuliang.
- Fuyao Xianzhi (浮瑶仙芝): Tiyi wina wobiriwira wa boma la Fuliang wokhala ndi dzina lake; “Xianzhi” ndi dzina lomwelo lochokera pamndandanda wa tiyi akale a ku Fuliang.
- Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo choyandikana cha Anhui. Tsamba la maofeng siliwongoledwa kukhala zingwe zowongoka monga za Yaoli Nenrui: maonekedwe ake ndi “lirime la mpheta” lopindika pang’ono.
Pomaliza:
Yaoli Nenrui ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa tauni imodzi wokhala ndi dzina lakale la ku Fuliang komanso chikalata chatsatanetsatane: mitundu inayi, kutalika kuyambira 400 m, mphukira yokha kapena mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lokololedwa m’manja, kukhazikitsa kutentha kuyambira 180 mpaka 150 °C, kuwongola mpaka ubweya wa siliva, ma amino acid osachepera 3.5 %. Mu kapu muli mphukira zowongoka zobiriwira zofewa, funizo lalitali la orchid ndi kukoma kwatsopano kokhala ndi zotsekemera pamapeto ndi tiyi wa kumidzi ya porcelain ya ku Jiangxi.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero