Fúliáng chá · thetea.app

Fuliang Cha (Fúliáng chá, 浮梁茶) ndi tiyi wa chigawo cha Fuliang County (浮梁县) cha mzinda wa Jingdezhen kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Jiangxi. Pansi pa dzina limodzi lotetezedwa amapanga tiyi awiri, wofiira ndi wobiriwira. Mzindawu amadziwika kuti likulu la porcelain, ndipo Fuliang mwini amadziwika kudzera mu mzere wa Bai Juyi wonena za wamalonda yemwe “anapita ku Fuliang kukagula tiyi”: mu nthawi ya Tang kunali msika waukulu wa tiyi, kumene ankatumiza masamba ochokera ku Qimen ndi Wuyuan oyandikana nawo. Tiyi wofiira wa Fuliang, “fu hong” (浮红, fú hóng), mu 1915 analandira golide ku San Francisco; tiyi wa kumaloko “Xianzhi” ndi “Nenrui”, malinga ndi chikalata cha chitetezo, kuyambira nthawi ya Tang kwa zaka mazana ambiri amaperekedwa kwa m’boma.

1. Classification ndi Origin

Type: Mitundu iwiri pansi pa dzina limodzi. Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wokwanira kupesa, “magulu asanu” (五品红, wǔ pǐn hóng) ndi “Fuliang gongfu” (浮梁工夫, Fúliáng gōngfu). Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wosapesa, amaufotokoza mabuku onse a chitetezo: lamulo la zolimidwa la GI la 2010 limanena mofotokoza kuti linalembedwa “potengera tiyi wobiriwira” (以绿茶为例), ndipo zofuna za 2025 zimapereka ndondomeko ya tiyi wobiriwira yokha.
Category: Tiyi wachigawo wokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical mu njira zitatu: GI yazomwe zolimidwa ya Ministry of Agriculture (2010), GI-product ya CNIPA (2025), ndi chizindikiro cha sitifiketi nambala 4839222 (mwa catalog ya geographical indications; mwini wake, bungwe la tiyi la Fuliang County). Ali m’ndandanda wachiwiri wa mgwirizano wa China-EU wa geographical indications.
Origin: China, chigawo cha Jiangxi (江西, Jiāngxī), mzinda wa Jingdezhen (景德镇, Jǐngdézhèn), Fuliang County (浮梁县, Fúliáng Xiàn). Dera lotetezedwa ndi matauni khumi ndi atatu a Fuliang: Yaoli (瑶里镇), Ehu (鹅湖镇), Zhuangwan (庄湾乡), Wanggang (王港乡), Xianghu (湘湖镇), Xihu (西湖乡), Legong (勒功乡), Jiangcun (江村乡), Jinggongqiao (经公桥镇), Zhitan (峙滩乡), Xintian (兴田乡), Jiaotan (蛟潭镇) ndi Huangtan (黄坛乡).
Geographical coordinates: 117°01′–117°42′ E, 29°09′–29°56′ N.

2. History ndi Cultural Significance

History:
- Han. Malinga ndi magwero a kumaloko, tiyi m’mapiri amenewa amalimidwa ndi kutoleredwa ndi amonke kale mu nthawi ya Han.
- Tang, msika wa tiyi wa ufumu. Kukula kunachitika mu nthawi ya Tang. Mu “Mtsutso wa Tiyi ndi Vinyo” (茶酒论) Wang Fu akulemba kuti anthu ochokera konsekonse amabwera kudzatenga tiyi wa Fuliang ndi Shezhou. “Yuanhe jun xian tu zhi” (元和郡县图志) ya Li Jifu imanena za “katundu” wa tiyi 7 miliyoni pachaka ndi msonkho woposa 150,000 mfundo za ndalama; malinga ndi kuwerengera komwe atolankhani aku China amapereka, izi ndi pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa asanu ndi atatu a msonkho wa tiyi wa dziko lonse wa 400,000 mfundozo. Ndakatulo ya Bai Juyi ya “Pipa Xing” (琵琶行) inalembedwa mu 816, ndipo mzere wake wonena za wamalondayo ndi umboni wolembedwa wodziwika kwambiri wa msika wa Fuliang. Katundu amapita ndi mtsinje wa Changjiang (昌江): Fuliang sanali malo olima okha, komanso malo otumizira tiyi wa Qimen ndi Wuyuan.
- Song ndi Yuan. Malinga ndi lamulo la GI, mpaka pakati pa Song kuno amapanga makamaka tiyi woponderezedwa (片茶), kumapeto kwa Song anayamba kulowa m’malo mwake tiyi wosalala, ndipo mu Yuan luso la tiyi wobiriwira linakhazikika. Tiyi wa “Xianzhi” (仙芝), “Nenrui” (嫩蕊), “Fuhe” (福合) ndi “Luhe” (禄合) chikalata chomwecho chimawayamikira chifukwa cha “ubwino zinayi”: mtundu wowala, fungo lambiri, kukoma kofewa ndi mawonekedwe okongola, ndipo chimalemba kuti adakhalapo kuyambira Song mpaka Qing ndipo amaperekedwa kwa m’boma.
- Ming. Wolemba sewero Tang Xianzu anatcha tiyi wa Fuliang “woyamba padziko lapansi.”
- Daoguang (1821–1850). Ku chigawochi kunabwera luso la tiyi wofiira, ndipo fu hong anapita ku Europe ndi America.
- 1915. Fu hong wa nyumba ya tiyi ya “Tianxiang” (天祥) ya m’mudzi wa Yantai, Jiangcun Township, analandira mendulo ya golide pa Panama-Pacific Exhibition ku San Francisco. Buku lina limalemba kuti tiyi wofiira wopangidwa ku Fuliang amapita ku msika pansi pa dzina la “Qimen.”
- 1949. Malinga ndi buku lina, Fuliang gongfu anaperekedwa kwa Stalin pa tsiku lake lobadwa; m’mabuku ena opezeka palibe umboni.
- 1990s. Mu 1991 “Fuyao Xianzhi” (浮瑶仙芝) anapatsidwa mphoto pa chikondwerero cha chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha Hangzhou, mu 1994 “Yaoli Yayu” (瑶里崖玉) analandira golide pa chionetsero cha mayiko. Mu 1997 Ministry of Agriculture inatcha Fuliang “kwawo kwa tiyi wofiira wa China.”
- 2010 ndi mtsogolo. Pa 24 December 2010 ndi chilengezo cha Ministry of Agriculture No. 1517 tiyi analembedwa mu kaundula wa GI zaulimi (chikalata AGI00464). Ndi chilengezo cha CNIPA No. 640 cha 16 July 2025 anavomerezedwa kukhala chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication m’ndandanda wa zinthu 1409; dera mu zofuna za 2025 ndi lomwelo, matauni khumi ndi atatu. Kuwonjezera apo, tiyi adalowa m’ndandanda wachiwiri wa mgwirizano wa China-EU (chaka cholowetsedwa magwero amatchula mosiyanasiyana), ndipo dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha tiyi la Fuliang linalowa m’ndandanda wa cholowa chofunikira chaulimi cha China.
Name:
- “Fuliang” (浮梁) tanthauzo lake “mlatho woyandama.” Dzinali chigawo chinalandira mu 742; kufotokozera m’mabuku ndi kwakuti mitsinje inkasefukira pafupipafupi, ndipo anthu amayika milatho yamatabwa pamwamba pake. Jingdezhen anali m’chigawo cha Fuliang ndipo anapatulidwa kukhala mzinda wosiyana pambuyo pa 1949.
- “Fu hong” (浮红) ndi dzina lofupikitsidwa la tiyi wofiira wa Fuliang.
Cultural significance: Ku Fuliang pafupi pali zinthu ziwiri zodziwika: porcelain ya Jingdezhen, yomwe kwa nthawi yaitali inali m’chigawochi, ndi malonda a tiyi, omwe Bai Juyi analemba za iwo.

3. Botanical Description ndi Raw Materials

Cultivar: Mitundu yakumaloko ndi Fuliang 槠叶种 (zhūyè zhǒng). Mwamwambo amafalitsidwa ndi njere; m’nkhani fungo ndi kukoma kwenikweni kwa fu hong zimalumikizidwa ndi mtundu umenewu, ndipo kafukufuku wa sayansi wa 2024 wokhudza fungo la tiyi wofiira wa Jiangxi amatcha chitsanzo cha Fuliang “gulu la zhuye” (浮梁槠叶群体). M’zaka za 1950–1970, m’minda yatsopano anafesa njere za mitundu ya Ningzhou, Qimen ndi Jiukeng; anabzalanso Fuding Dahao, Fuan Dabai, Fuyun 6, Fuyun 595, Zhuyeqi (槠叶齐) ndi Anhui 3. Mu 2002–2003, m’chigawo cha Xihu kuchokera m’minda yakale anasankha tchire loyamba la zhuye la mitundu yapamwamba, mu 2003 anabweretsa Yingxiangzao, Wuniu Zao, Xianyu Zao ndi Pingyang Tezao. Malinga ndi nkhani ina, tsopano m’chigawochi amalima mitundu yoposa makumi anayi, ndipo wolemba amaona kuti izi ndi chiwopsezo ku kukoma kwenikweni, chifukwa zinthu za tiyi wobiriwira nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku tiyi wofiira. Lamulo la GI laulimi silitchula mitundu yeniyeni: limakonda mitundu ya masamba apakati ndi aang’ono (中、小叶种) ndipo limalangiza kubzala mitundu itatu kapena inayi yoyenera m’gawo linalake. Zofuna za 2025 zimatcha zinthu “magulu akumaloko a masamba apakati ndi aang’ono” (中、小叶种等当地群体种) ndipo zimalamula kufalitsa tchire ndi cuttings.
Harvest: Malinga ndi zofuna za 2025, kuyambira March mpaka August: m’chaka amatola mphukira imodzi yokha, mphukira za masamba amodzi, awiri ndi atatu, ndi masamba ofewa, pambuyo pa masika, malinga ndi miyezo ya tiyi wamba (大宗茶). M’mabuku mitundu ya tiyi wobiriwira imasiyanitsidwa ndi nthawi: gǔyǔ jiān (谷雨尖) mphukira zoyambirira za nthawi ya Guyu, kumapeto kwa April; kenako tiyi “wochepa” ndi “wokalamba.” Palibe nthawi zosiyana za tiyi wofiira m’mabuku opezeka.
Harvest standard: Kwa guyujian, mphukira zoyambirira za masika; mapesi amachotsedwa. Kwa tiyi wofiira gongfu, standard ya dziko GB/T 13738.2, yomwe ya kumaloko imalozera, imalola mphukira, masamba ndi mapesi ofewa. Lamulo la GI laulimi limagawa masamba atsopano m’magawo: kwa special (特级) osachepera 80% ya mphukira za “mphukira ndi masamba awiri,” kwa woyamba osachepera 50%, pambuyo pake kuchuluka kwa “mphukira ndi masamba atatu” kumakula; kutola ndi dzanja lonse (抓采) ndikoletsedwa, mapesi ndi mphukira zakale siziloledwa.
Raw material requirements: Kuchokera m’magawo khumi ndi atatu a derali. Malinga ndi lamulo la GI, masamba amanyamulidwa m’mathanga a bamboo oyera, osapanikizika, ndipo amasinthidwa tsiku lomwelo; matumba apulasitiki ndi ansalu ndi oletsedwa. Kwa tiyi wofiira, kutsata standard yakumaloko DB36/T 1028-2018.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

Region: Fuliang ali kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa Jiangxi, pafupi ndi malire ndi chigawo cha Anhui. Kudutsa m’chigawochi kumayenda mitsinje ya Changjiang (昌江), Donghe ndi Xihe; kudzera mu Changjiang tiyi amapita kale.
Altitude: Mapiri a minda m’mabuku opezeka sanatchulidwe. Malinga ndi lamulo la GI laulimi, mapiri opitilira 500 m ndi 41.7% ya dera lonse, malo a 100–500 m ndi 30.6%, otsika 100 m ndi 27.1%; minda imakhala m’mapiri ndi zitunda.
Climate: Malinga ndi lamulo lomwelo, nyengo ndi yapakati pa subtropiki ya monsoon; kutentha kwapakati pachaka 14–17 °C, mvula 1700–1900 mm pachaka, chinyezi chapafupifupi 79%, masiku opanda chisanu 247. Dera la chitetezo ndi 5500 ha.
Soils: Malinga ndi chikalata cha GI, makamaka dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu; organic matter m’dothi lachilengedwe mpaka 14.5%, pH 4.3–5.5.
Special features: Chikalatacho chimapereka ndi ulimi. M’mapiri minda imakhazikitsidwa m’magawo molingana ndi mizere yopingasa, kutsetsereka kwa minda yatsopano sikuyenera kupitirira 25°, ndipo malo otsetsereka kwambiri amafunika zomangira. Tchire laling’ono limadulidwa kuti likhale la 80–100 cm. Alimi a kumaloko ali ndi mwambi: ngati ukufuna fu hong wabwino, funa ku Yaoli, ndipo wabwino kwambiri ku Yaoli ndi wa m’mudzi wa Neiwuji (内屋基). Izi ndi umboni wa mtolankhani, osati lamulo.

5. Production Technology

Tiyi wofiira. Palibe ndondomeko yatsatanetsatane ya fu hong yomwe ilipo. Standard yakumaloko imalozera ku GB/T 13738.2 “Tiyi wofiira. Gawo 2: gongfu.” Pansipa pali dongosolo lachizoloŵezi la gongfu-hong malinga ndi standard ya dziko, osati ndondomeko ya tiyi wa Fuliang:

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): Masamba amataya chinyezi ndikukhala ofewa.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Masamba amapotozedwa kukhala zingwe zowonda.
Kupesa (发酵, fājiào): Kuthimitsa kwa masamba kutentha ndi chinyezi.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Kumaliza.
Kusankha ndi kusakaniza (精制, jīngzhì): Mwambiri nyumba za tiyi zodziwika, ndipo pambuyo pa 1949 mafakitale a boma amasakaniza zinthu zochokera m’mapiri osiyanasiyana kuti apeze kukoma koyenera ndi mauthenga a uchi, maluwa ndi zipatso. Wolemba nkhani ina amadandaula kuti luso la kusakaniza limeneli likutayika.

Tiyi wobiriwira. Lamulo la GI laulimi limapereka dongosolo la kukonza koyamba popanda magawo: masamba atsopano → kukazinga (杀青, shāqīng) → kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn) → kuwumba (做形, zuòxíng) → kuyanika koyamba (初干, chūgān) → kuyanika kotsiriza (再干, zàigān). Kuyanika kwa chikhalidwe cha kukonzekera (烘坯, hōngpī) kumachitika mosasuntha, kutentha; chikalatacho chimalangiza ngati n’kotheka kukhazikitsa makina oyanikira, ndipo kumene kulibe, chimalola kusintha ndi ng’oma yozungulira pa liwiro lapakati. Zofuna za 2025 zimayika kugawa masamba atsopano (摊青, tānqīng) pamaso pa kukazinga. Kwa guyujian buku limalongosola kukonza ndi dzanja ndi kuyanika pang’ono pa moto wofooka. Kutentha ndi nthawi m’mabuku opezeka palibe.

6. Organoleptic Characteristics

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Tiyi wofiira, zingwe zowonda zopindika ndi nsonga, zakuda zonyezimira. Wobiriwira, malinga ndi kufotokoza pa kulembetsa kwa 2010, wandiweyani, wochepa, wozungulira ndi wowongoka, wobiriwira ngati emerald, akakhala wonyowa ndi mawonekedwe agolide; m’mafotokozedwe a mafakitale: “ngati singano za payini,” mtundu wa emerald jade. Guyujian ndi masamba owonda, obiriwira pang’ono ndi tsitsi lowoneka.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kosiyana. Mafotokozedwe a mafakitale amatcha fungo la tiyi wofiira lokoma, osatchula ngati ndi masamba owuma kapena madzi.
Fungo la madzi: Wofiira ndi wokoma; malinga ndi nkhani ya fu hong, kusakaniza kwa mwambiri kumapereka mauthenga a uchi, maluwa ndi zipatso. Wobiriwira, malinga ndi kufotokoza pa kulembetsa, ndi mauthenga a chestnut ndi orchid; malinga ndi tebulo la magawo la lamulo, special ndi wauthenga wa orchid, wokwezeka ndi wokhalitsa, wachiwiri ndi woyeretsedwa ndi wokhalitsa; m’mafotokozedwe a mafakitale: “ngati orchid”; guyujian ndi wokhalitsa watsopano.
Kukoma: Wofiira ndi wofewa ndi woyeretsedwa. Wobiriwira, malinga ndi kufotokoza pa kulembetsa, ndi wofewa ndi watsopano, ndi kutsalira kokhazikika; m’mafotokozedwe a mafakitale: “chitsime chokoma”; guyujian watsopano ndi woyeretsedwa.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira ndi wofiira wowala. Wobiriwira, malinga ndi tebulo la magawo la lamulo, special ndi wobiriwira pang’ono ndi wowala, woyamba ndi wachikasu-wobiriwira ndi wowala, otsika ndi wachikasu-wobiriwira, wowala pang’ono; guyujian ndi womveka.
Masamba otsala: Wobiriwira, malinga ndi kufotokoza pa kulembetsa, ndi owala; malinga ndi tebulo la magawo, magawo atatu apamwamba ndi achikasu pang’ono ndi ofanana; kwa mtundu wa “Fuyao Xianzhi” achikasu pang’ono, owala, ndi tsitsi. Palibe zambiri za tiyi wofiira.

7. Chemical Composition

Kwa tiyi wobiriwira zofuna za 2025 zimapereka miyeso iyi (nambala zomwezo zili mu tebulo la lamulo la 2010):

Indicator	Mulingo
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6.5%
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 6.5%
Zotulutsidwa m’madzi	osachepera 38%
Fiber yosaphika	osapitirira 14% kwa special ndi woyamba, osapitirira 16% kwa wachiwiri mpaka wachinayi

Lamulo la 2010 likuwonjezera kuti zotulutsidwa m’madzi, polyphenols ndi amino acids mu tiyi wa Fuliang ndizochuluka kuposa zina; silimapereka nambala za kufananiza kumeneku. Miyeso ya tiyi wofiira imaperekedwa ndi DB36/T 1028-2018; malemba a standard ndi nambala m’mabuku opezeka palibe. Kafukufuku wa 2024 amaphunzira zinthu zosasintha za tiyi wofiira wa Jiangxi, kuphatikiza gulu la Fuliang la zhuye; nambala za chitsanzo cha Fuliang sizinaperekedwe pano.

8. Health Benefits

Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wa zochita za tiyi wa Fuliang. Malingaliro onena za ubwino wa tiyi wofiira ndi wobiriwira sanatchulidwe pano.

9. Brewing

Njira yachikale. Palibe malangizo osiyana m’mabuku a GI; pansipa pali magawo ochiritsira a tiyi wofiira ndi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: Wofiira, pafupifupi 95 °C; wobiriwira, 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: Wofiira, pafupifupi 3 g pa 150 ml; wobiriwira, 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kwa wofiira, gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain kapena teapot; kwa wobiriwira, galasi lagalasi.
Ndondomeko:
1. Kutenthetsa zida.
2. Kuyika tiyi.
3. Wofiira, kunyowetsa mwachidule masamba ndi madzi otentha, kenako kuthira; wobiriwira, choyamba thira madzi pang’ono, kuti masamba atseguke.
4. Wofiira kusiya kwa masekondi 30 mu gaiwan mpaka mphindi 3–5 mu teapot yaikulu; wobiriwira, mphindi 1–2.
5. Kuthira.
6. Kubwereza kuwiritsa kawiri kapena kanayi ndikuwonjezera nthawi.

10. Storage

Njira yachikale. Wofiira, mu phukusi lolimba, pamalo owuma ozizira amdima, opanda fungo. Wobiriwira, mu phukusi lotsekedwa mufiriji pa 0–5 °C. Tiyi onse ndi a nyengo; kusungitsa nthawi yaitali sikufunikira.

11. Price ndi Zonama

Palibe zambiri za mitengo m’mabuku opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication kapena chizindikiro cha sitifiketi cha “浮梁茶” (No. 4839222).
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’ndandanda wa ovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho.
- Kwa wofiira, kutsata DB36/T 1028-2018 pa phukusi.
- Zonyenga zimapezeka: mu 2022 maboma a chigawo adalanda phukusi loposa chikwi la mphatso ndi mabokosi opitilira mazana anayi a malata okhala ndi chizindikiro chosaloledwa cha “浮梁茶” ndipo adapereka mlandu kwa apolisi.
- Palibe njira yodalirika yodziwira kukoma kusiyanitsa tiyi wa Fuliang ndi tiyi wina wa Jiangxi ndi Anhui, choncho mabuku a pa phukusi ndiofunikira kuposa kukoma.

12. Zochititsa Chidwi

Mzere wonse wa Bai Juyi ndi “商人重利轻别离，前月浮梁买茶去”: wamalonda, wokonda phindu kuposa kulekana, mwezi watha anapita ku Fuliang kukagula tiyi.
Malinga ndi lamulo la GI, mpaka pakati pa nthawi ya Tang tiyi ku Fuliang sankakonzedwa, koma amamwa ataphika kuchokera ku masamba atsopano, ngati msuzi (生羹汤饮).
Nkhalango, malinga ndi chikalata chomwecho, imaphimba 79.4% ya dera la chigawocho.
Kupatula dzina la “kwawo kwa tiyi wofiira wa China” (1997), Ministry of Agriculture mu 2007 inaphatikiza Fuliang m’zigawo zomanga za boma za standardization ya tiyi.

13. Kufananiza ndi tiyi wina

Qi Men Hong Cha (祁门红茶): Tiyi wa chigawo choyandikana nacho kunja kwa chigawochi, ku Anhui. Malinga ndi buku lina, mu 1915 tiyi wofiira wa Fuliang amapita ku msika pansi pa dzina la Qimen. Wa Qimen ndi wodziwika ndi “fungo la Qimen”; fu hong, malinga ndi nkhani, ndi mawonekedwe a uchi-maluwa a kusakaniza.
Wuyuan Lücha (婺源绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Jiangxi woyandikana nawo; mu nthawi ya Tang amabweretsedwanso kudzera mu msika wa Fuliang.
Yaoli Nenrui (瑶里嫩蕊): Tiyi wobiriwira wa tawuni ya Yaoli mkati mwa Fuliang ndi chinthu chake cha GI cha 2008. Fuliang Cha ndi dzina lalikulu la chigawo, Yaoli Nenrui ndi dzina lapadera la tawuni imodzi.
Ninghong Gong Fu (宁红工夫): Tiyi wina wodziwika wofiira wa Jiangxi, wochokera ku Xiushui County (修水县).
Fuyao Xianzhi (浮瑶仙芝): Mtundu wa tiyi wobiriwira wa Fuliang mwini, wopatsidwa mphoto mu 1991 pa chikondwerero cha chikhalidwe cha tiyi cha Hangzhou; za iye mu encyclopedia pali nkhani yosiyana.

Pomaliza:

Fuliang Cha ndi tiyi wokhala ndi mbiri yaitali yolembedwa ya malonda. Chigawo chomwe, malinga ndi mzere wa Bai Juyi, wamalonda amapita kukagula tiyi, chadutsa kuchokera ku msika wa Tang kupita ku mendulo ya 1915 ndi ku njira zitatu zamakono za chitetezo. Pansi pa dzina limodzi pano amakhala tiyi awiri: wofiira fu hong wa mawonekedwe a uchi-maluwa a kusakaniza ndi wobiriwira wa fungo la orchid. Luso la wofiira mabuku otseguka amalifotokoza mwachidule chabe, wobiriwira ali ndi ndondomeko ya kukonza ndi miyeso ya mabuku a chitetezo; mbiri ya msika ndi gulu lakumaloko la zhuye zimapereka maziko olimba ku dzinali.

Magwero

Miyezo

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero