Tōngshān Hóngchá (Tōngshān hóngchá, 通山红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Tongshan (通山县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Xianning kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Hubei. Malo otetezedwa ndi matauni asanu ndi midzi yomwe ili pakati pa mapiri a Mufu (幕阜山脉) kum’mwera kwa Hubei: phiri la Jiugongshan (九宫山) ndi mapiri ozungulira. Dzinali limatetezedwa kawiri: monga chizindikiro chaulimi chotetezedwa ndi dzina la malo komanso monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, chovomerezedwa ndi National Intellectual Property Administration mu 2025. Zofunika pa chitetezo, zomwe zidaphatikizidwa pa chivomerezo chimenechi, zimatchula mitundu ya tiyi, kutalika kwa minda, dothi komanso ndondomeko ya kukonza, ndipo maonekedwe amafotokozedwa mwachidule: masamba akuda onyezimira, fungo lapamwamba ndi loyera, masamba opangidwa ndi mdima pang’ono.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wothira kwathunthu. Gululi latchulidwa m’dzina lotetezedwa ndipo limatsimikizidwa ndi ndondomeko ya kukonza kuchokera ku zofunika za chitetezo: kufota, kupotoza, kuthira, kuyanika.
- Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa kumapiri kum’mwera kwa Hubei; chizindikiro chaulimi chotetezedwa ndi dzina la malo komanso chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2025).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), mzinda wa Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), boma la Tongshan (通山, Tōngshān).
- Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chowonjezera pa chilengezo cha National Intellectual Property Administration No. 640, malowa ndi magawo asanu a boma: matauni a Xiapu (厦铺镇), Chuangwang (闯王镇), Jiugongshan (九宫山镇), Honggang (洪港镇) ndi mzinda wa Yangfanglin (杨芳林乡). Chowonjezeracho chimalongosola bwino za mtunda: pakati pa mapiri a Mufu kum’mwera kwa Hubei, phiri la Jiugongshan ndi mapiri ozungulira.
- Ma coordinate a malo: 114°15′–114°58′ E, 29°19′–29°33′ N.
2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Chizindikiro chaulimi. Tōngshān Hóngchá adalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi chotetezedwa ndi dzina la malo ndi Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs pansi pa nambala AGI03366. Tsiku lolembetsa silinapezeke m’zolemba zomwe ndidapeza.
- 2025. Ndi chilengezo No. 640 cha pa 16 July 2025 (chofalitsidwa pa 13 August), National Intellectual Property Administration idavomereza zinthu 1409 zokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, kuyambira maapulo a “延庆国光苹果” mpaka tiyi; Tōngshān Hóngchá ali pakati pawo. Wopemphayo ndi Jiugongshan Tea Association ya boma la Tongshan (通山县九宫山茶叶协会). Pa chilengezocho pali zambiri za zinthu ndi zofunika pa chitetezo chawo.
- Dzina loyandikana. Ndi chilengezo chomwecho komanso pempho la bungwe lomwelo, “九宫山茶” adavomerezedwa ngati tiyi wobiriwira wa malo omwewo a matauni asanu ndi midzi.
- Zolemba zakale. Sindinapeze mbiri yolembedwa ya tiyi wofiira wa Tongshan m’zolemba zoyambirira.
- Dzina: 通山 ndi dzina la boma, 红茶 ndi “tiyi wofiira”.
- Chikhalidwe cha malowa: Mzinda wa Chuangwang, womwe uli m’malo otetezedwa, watchulidwa potengera dzina laulemu la Li Zicheng (李自成) — “Chuang-wang” (闯王), mtsogoleri wa zipanduko za alimi zomwe zidagwetsa ufumu wa Ming. Malinga ndi nthano, adamwalira pafupi ndi Jiugongshan, ndipo m’bomali muli manda ake. Malo omwe adamwalira ndi otsutsana: Wikipedia yaku China imanena kuti manda a Li Zicheng alinso m’boma la Tongcheng la m’chigawo chomwecho komanso ku Shimen m’chigawo cha Hunan. Iyi ndi mbiri ya malowa, osati mbiri ya tiyi. Jiugongshan ndi phiri la Taoist komanso malo osungira zachilengedwe a boma; kugwirizana kwa amonke ndi tiyi sikunatsimikizidwe ndi zolemba pano.
3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Mitundu ya Tiyi: Malinga ndi zofunika pa chitetezo, mitundu ya m’deralo (当地群体种) ndi mitundu yobweretsedwa m’zaka zaposachedwa ya mndandanda wa Hubei wa “Echa”, mwachitsanzo Echa 8 (鄂茶8, Èchá 8) ndi Wufeng 212 (五峰212, Wǔfēng 212).
- Kututa: Chikalatacho sichimapereka muyezo wa kututa koma mfundo zake: kututa mphukira zapamwamba ndi kuteteza tsinde, kututa pakati ndi kuteteza mbali, kututa zapamwamba ndi kuteteza zapansi, kututa zochuluka ndi kuteteza zochepa, kututa zazikulu ndi kuteteza zazing’ono (采面养底、采中养侧、采高养低、采密养稀、采大养小).
- Muyezo wa kututa ndi nthawi ya kututa: Palibe deta m’zolemba zomwe zidapezeka.
4. Malo ndi Njira za Kulima
- Dera: Kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Hubei. Malinga ndi Wikipedia yaku China, Jiugongshan ili pakati pa mapiri a Mufu ndipo imakhudzana ndi chigawo cha Jiangxi; nsonga yayikulu ndi 1656 m. M’bomali, malinga ndi Wikipedia yomweyo, muli matauni asanu ndi atatu ndi midzi inayi.
- Malo a malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi ma coordinate, malowa ali kum’mwera kwa likulu la boma la Tongyang (通羊镇), lomwe silili m’malo otetezedwa.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: 400–900 m, malinga ndi zofunika pa chitetezo.
- Dothi: Momwemonso, dothi lamchenga la dothi lopangidwa ndi miyala yosweka (风化石砂质壤) ndi dothi lachikasu-bulauni (黄棕壤) la chonde chapakati. Pafupifupi organic matter ndi 5.31 %, total nitrogen 0.12 %, available phosphorus 16–21 mg/kg, available potassium 13 mg/kg, pH 4.5–5.5.
- Kubzala ndi kusamalira: Mbande zimasamutsidwa pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Spring, osati mochedwa kuposa February; amazibzala m’mizere iwiri, chomera chimodzi kapena ziwiri pa bowo, 5000–6000 mbande pa mu. M’nyengo yozizira pa mu amawonjezera 300 kg ya rapeseed kapena peanut cake kapena 1000 kg ya manyowa a nkhumba kapena nkhuku ndi 50 kg ya organic compound ndi 50 kg ya phosphate fertilizer, m’ngalande yakuya pansi pa mphepete mwa mphukira.
- Nyengo: Palibe deta m’zolemba zomwe zidapezeka.
5. Njira Zopangira
Zofunika pa chitetezo zimatchula ndondomeko ya ntchito, koma osati kutentha kapena nthawi.
- Kukonza koyamba (初制, chūzhì):
- Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo).
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuthira (发酵, fājiào).
- Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào). Zotsatira zake ndi tiyi wosakanizidwa — maocha (毛茶, máochá); amayesedwa, kuyezedwa, kulongedzedwa ndi kutumizidwa ku nkhokwe.
- Kumaliza (精制, jīngzhì): Maocha amaphatikizidwa m’magulu, kusefa (筛制, shāizhì), kupeta ndi mphepo (风选, fēngxuǎn), kuchotsa zinthu zakunja (拣剔, jiǎntī), kuyesa, kupanga blend ya tiyi womaliza, kulinganiza gulu (匀堆, yúnduī), kuwumitsanso (补火, bǔhuǒ), kuyeza ndi kulongedza.
Zolembedwazo sizipereka zinthu monga kutentha, chinyezi, kapena nthawi ya kuthira.
6. Zizindikiro za Organoleptic
Maonekedwe ake amachokera ku zofunika pa chitetezo. Chikalatacho chimalongosola tiyi kawiri: m’gawo la organoleptic ndi m’gawo la physicochemical, ndipo pa mtundu wa madzi a tiyi malongosoledwe amasiyana.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Maonekedwe okongola, akuda onyezimira (外形优美，色泽乌润).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera.
- Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lapamwamba ndi loyera (香气高纯); m’kufotokozera kwachiwiri, fungo lachilengedwe la maluwa, lokhalitsa (天然花香持久).
- Kukoma: Kofewa, kolemera ndi kotsitsimula (滋味醇厚爽口); tiyi amapirira kutulutsa kambiri (耐冲泡).
- Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wofiira wopepuka (汤色浅红) m’gawo la organoleptic; wofiira ndi wowala (汤色红亮) m’kufotokozera kwachiwiri.
- Masamba opangidwa: Amaoneka ndi mdima pang’ono (叶底稍暗).
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Zofunika pa chitetezo zimatchula zizindikiro zitatu:
| Chizindikiro | Chofunikira |
|---|---|
| Tea polyphenols | osachepera 22.2 % |
| Free amino acids | osachepera 2.7 % |
| Water-soluble extractives | osachepera 42.4 % |
Ziwerengero zomwezo zili m’zofunikira za tiyi wobiriwira wa 九宫山茶 kuchokera pachilengezo chomwecho. Palibe deta ya caffeine kapena zinthu zina.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira yopangira tiyi wofiira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zombo: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa chombo.
- Thirira madzi pa tiyi.
- Kutulutsa koyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
- Tsanulirani madzi onse.
- Kubwereza kutulutsa kangapo, nthawi iliyonse motalikirapo pang’ono; chikalatacho chimanena kuti tiyi amapirira izi.
9. Kusunga
Njira yopangira tiyi wofiira. Pamalo owuma, amdima, kutentha kwa chipinda, m’zotengera zothina, kutali ndi fungo ndi chinyezi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’zolemba zomwe zidapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo kapena chizindikiro chaulimi; ufulu wa chizindikiro chapadera umavomerezedwa ndi National Intellectual Property Administration.
- Onetsetsani kuti tiyi adapangidwa m’limodzi mwa magawo asanu a malowo — Xiapu, Chuangwang, Jiugongshan, Honggang kapena Yangfanglin — osati kungoti m’boma la Tongshan.
- Masamba owuma ndi akuda onyezimira, masamba opangidwa ndi amdima pang’ono.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Malo otetezedwa si boma lonse, koma matauni asanu ndi midzi yozungulira Jiugongshan; likulu la boma silili m’malowa.
- Bungwe lomwelo pachilengezo chomwecho lidalandira chitetezo cha tiyi wobiriwira wa 九宫山茶 wa malo omwewo, ndipo zofunikira za physicochemical za tiyi awiriwa zidalembedwa zofanana.
- Nsonga yayikulu ya Jiugongshan imafika 1656 m, koma minda, malinga ndi chikalatacho, siiposa 900 m.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina Wofiira
- Ninghong Gongfu (宁红工夫): Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa Jiangxi wa boma la Xiushui; minda yake yabwino, malinga ndi nkhani ya encyclopedia, ili m’mapiri omwewo a Mufu.
- Tonggu Ninghong (铜鼓宁红): Tiyi wofiira wa boma la Tonggu ku Jiangxi pansi pa dzina lakale la “Ninghong”.
- Yihong Gongfu (宜红工夫): Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wakale wa kumadzulo kwa Hubei.
- Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Tiyi wakuda woponderezedwa wa m’chigawo cha Xianning; Tongshan atchulidwa pakati pa maboma omwe amapanga tiyi ameneyu, gulu lina lochokera m’chigawo chomwecho.
Pomaliza:
Tōngshān Hóngchá ndi tiyi wofiira wa kum’mwera kwa Hubei wochokera kuphiri la Jiugongshan ndi mapiri ozungulira pakati pa mapiri a Mufu. Zolembedwa zimatchula malo, mitundu, kutalika kwa minda 400–900 m ndi ndondomeko ya kukonza, ndipo maonekedwe amafotokozedwa mwachidule: masamba akuda onyezimira, fungo lapamwamba loyera, kukoma kofewa kolemera. Nthawi za kututa, mfundo za kuthira ndi mbiri ya tiyi wofiira ameneyu sizinapezeke m’zolemba zomwe zidapezeka.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero