Pínglì Nǚwā chá

I-Pingli Nüwa Cha (Pínglì Nǚwā chá, 平利女娲茶) — «itiye likaNüwa lasePingli», itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sasePingli (平利县) esifundeni sikaMasipala i-Ankang eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseShaanxi, lapho kuhlangana khona i-Hubei ne-Chongqing. Isifunda sizibiza ngekhaya likaNüwa (女娲故里) — unkulunkulukazi ongumkhokho wezinganekwane zaseShayina — futhi saqamba lonke itiye laso ngegama lakhe. Ngaphakathi kolayini kunezigaba ezintathu: i-Nüwa Yinfeng, i-Nüwa Yunwu kanye ne-Nüwa Maojian. Kusukela ngomhla zingama-25 kuZibandlela 2010 igama lingumkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo, kwathi ngo-2025, ngokombiko wesifunda, lahlonzwa njengomkhiqizo kazwelonke onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isizindalwazi sesifunda sibhala ngokuqondile: «I-Pingli Nüwa Cha iwuhlobo lwetiye eliluhlaza». Ngo-2011 ngaphansi komkhiqizo ojwayelekile babekhiqiza netiye elibomvu, ne-oolong (女娲红茶, 女娲乌龙), kodwa ezincazelweni ezitholakele azikho izinkomba zazo, futhi asikho isisekelo sokuzithatha njengomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), isifunda sikamasipala i-Ankang (安康, Ānkāng), isifunda sasePingli (平利, Pínglì).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencazelo yendawo — 109°00′–109°33′ empumalanga nobude obungu-31°37′–32°39′ enyakatho, ukuphakama kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-2717.2 m, imizana engama-50 ezilokishini eziyi-11. Amaphuzu akude kakhulu alele ezilokishini zaseChang’an, eBaxian, eDagui naseXinglong. Incazelo ayikaqinisekiswa nombhalo wokubhalisa.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe ku-32° enyakatho nobude obungu-109.3° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-Tang ne-Qing. Ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, ngesikhathi seTang i-Pingli yayingezinye zezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyinhloko zetiye ezweni, futhi ngesikhathi sikaQianlong itiye lendawo laba itiye lentela (贡茶). Isihloko sango-2011 kuso leso sizindalwazi siyacacisa: udumo lwalulethwa itiye laseSanliya (三里垭), «lalethwa embusweni, kodwa lalenziwa kancane kakhulu». Imithombo yokuqala ayishiwongo.
- 1949. Izingadi ezingama-200 mu kanye namathani angu-2.5 etiye — ngokwesihloko esisizindalwazini sesifunda.
- 2002–2003. I-Nüwa Yinfeng, umkhiqizo wenye yezinkampani zendawo, yathola indondo yegolide embukisweni wamatiye adumile aseNtshonalanga yeShayina (2002) kanye nomklomelo wokuqala womncintiswano we-«Zhongcha Bei» (中茶杯, 2003).
- 2010. Ngomhla zingama-25 kuZibandlela uMnyango Wezolimo we-PRC wabhalisa i-Pingli Nüwa Cha njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo; umfakisicelo, ngokwesihloko sesizindalwazi sesifunda, kwakuyinhlangano yokuhweba yetiye yesifunda.
- 2015. Ngokushicilelwa kwephephandaba lango-2021, igama lathola uphawu lokuhweba lukahulumeni oluqinisekisiwe olunophawu lwendawo; isizindalwazi sesifunda naso sisho uphawu olunjalo, ngaphandle kwenombolo nosuku.
- 2024. Isifundazwe sakhipha indinganiso yendawo DB61/T 1943-2024 «Uphawu lokuhweba oluqinisekisiwe olunophawu lwendawo: i-Pingli Nüwa Cha», esebenza kusukela ngomhla zingama-26 kuMasingana 2025; yathuthukiswa yizikhungo zesifunda. Umbhalo awutholakalanga.
- 2025. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yobuhlakani ngesimemezelo esinguNombolo 646 lahlonza imikhiqizo engama-870 enophawu lwendawo. Ngokombiko womnyango wezolimo wesifunda (Zibandlela 2025), i-Pingli Nüwa Cha iphakathi kwabo. Uhlu lwesimemezelo ngokwalo alukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa.
Igama: 平利 — igama lesifunda; 女娲 (Nǚwā) — igama likankulunkulukazi, okuthiwa walungisa isibhakabhaka futhi wabumba abantu ngobumba.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izincazelo zendawo zisusa ukuxhumana kwesifunda noNüwa emibhalweni emidala — i-«Huayang Guozhi» (华阳国志) yenkathi yeJin kanye ne-«Lu Shi» (路史), lapho kuthiwa uNüwa wayebusa entabeni iZhonghuang; lentaba ePingli ifaniswa nentaba iNüwa (女娲山). Lena incazelo yendawo. Isizindalwazi esiyinkomba siphinde silandise nenganekwane: ngesikhathi sikaQianlong unina wesikhulu saseSanliya entabeni iNüwa, ngokubonga komusa wombusi, wamethulela i-maojian eyayenziwe nguye, futhi kusukela lapho iPingli yayithumela itiye lentela minyaka yonke.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Amagama ezinhlobo emithonjeni etholakele awekho. Incazelo eyinkomba imane ikhuluma ngezinkulungwane eziyi-10 zezingadi ze-mu ezinezinhlobo ezikhethiwe ze-clonal (无性系, wúxìngxì), ngaphandle konyaka.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe ngezigaba (incazelo yephephandaba lango-2021; ukuthi izidingo zathathwa kuyiphi indinganiso, ukushicilelwa akusho, kodwa izigaba ezintathu ezifanayo zaba izingxenye ezihlukene zochungechunge lwezindinganiso zesifundazwe lwango-2014 — bheka isigaba 5):
- I-Nüwa Yinfeng (女娲银峰, Nǚwā yínfēng), esiphezulu: imiqumbe eyodwa yobude obungu-1.5–2.0 cm — okungenani amaphesenti angama-90.
- I-Nüwa Yunwu (女娲云雾, Nǚwā yúnwù), eyokuqala: imiqumbe eneqabunga elilodwa elivulekayo, umqumbe mude kuneqabunga, — okungenani amaphesenti angama-90.
- I-Nüwa Maojian (女娲毛尖, Nǚwā máojiān), eyesibili: imiqumbe eneqabunga elilodwa elivulekayo — okungenani amaphesenti angama-80, imiqumbe eneqabunga elivuliwe — amaphesenti angu-15.
Isikhathi sokuvuna: Izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele azikho.

4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba zaseningizimu-mpumalanga yeShaanxi lapho kuhlangana khona i-Hubei ne-Chongqing; incazelo eyinkomba ibiza intaba iNüwa (女娲山) embozwe inkungu njengendawo eyinhloko.
Ukuphakama: Ukuphakama kwezingadi ngokwazo emithonjeni etholakele akushiwongo; indawo evikelwe isukela ku-300 kuye ku-2717.2 m.
Isimo sezulu: Izincazelo zikhuluma ngezintaba emafwini nasenkungwini; imininingwane yezinombolo ayikho.
I-Selenium ne-zinc: Isici esiyinhloko se-terroir kuyo yonke imithombo. Nge-selenium etiyeni baveza u-0.52–3.52 ppm. Ingosi yemboni ibhala ukuthi lokhu kungaphezu kwejwayelo le-«tiye elicebile nge-selenium», elibiza ngokuthi ngelikahulumeni (0.25–4.0 ppm), kodwa idokhumenti ayilibizi. Kuyo futhi kuthiwa izindawo ezine-selenium zikhona nasezifundeni ezingomakhelwane zase-Ankang — iZiyang, iZhenping, iLangao, iHanbin.
Ubungako bezindawo zokutshala: Izibalo ziyahlukahluka ngisho nakunyaka owodwa: ngonyaka ka-2010 isihloko sesizindalwazi sesifunda siveza izinkulungwane eziyi-130 ze-mu kanye namathani angu-3100, kanti incazelo eyinkomba iveza izinkulungwane eziyi-150 ze-mu kanye namathani angu-2700; izinkulungwane eziyi-150 ze-mu ezifanayo kanye namathani angu-2700, ngaphandle konyaka, zibhalwe encazelweni yendawo. Ngo-2016 isizindalwazi sesifunda sasisho izinkulungwane eziyi-180 ze-mu kanye namathani angu-8000 ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Umthethonqubo wobuchwepheshe wophawu emithonjeni etholakele awukho. Ikhadi lempahla lomkhiqizo owodwa wolayini — i-Nüwa Yinfeng — kungosi yezokuvakasha (2013) linikeza uchungechunge: ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi) → ukwandlala iqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng) → ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng) → ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān) → ukuhlunga (精选, jīngxuǎn) → ukufaka esitolo. Lena wuhlelo lwenkampani eyodwa, ngaphandle kwemingcele, hhayi izidingo zophawu.

Imithombo iphinde ikhulume nge-«Complex yezindinganiso zetiye le-organic likaNüwa» yesifundazwe (《女娲有机茶标准综合体》, DB61/369-2005); ngokwesihloko sesizindalwazi sesifunda, yilona kuphela uhlelo olunjalo esifundazweni. Kusizindalwazi sikahulumeni sezindinganiso kuyabonakala izingxenye zalo: kusukela ngo-2005, ngokwesibonelo, i-DB61/T 369.6-2005 «Nüwa chaoqing», kanti kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2014 — uchungechunge lwe-DB61/T 369.1–369.8-2014: ukutshala, ukucubungula, izigaba ezintathu zetiye eliluhlaza, i-chaoqing, i-«Nüwa hongcha», ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezingadi ezindala. Kusebenza kuzo kuphela ingxenye ephathelene nokutshala. Imibhalo ayitholakalanga.

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Incazelo ejwayelekile — ivela ezintweni eziphathelene nophawu.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kuyalingana, kuluhlaza okotshani okusagqamile (外形匀齐，色泽翠绿).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
Iphunga lomqedazwe: Liphakeme futhi lide (香气高长).
Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele futhi kuthambile (滋味醇厚); itiye likwazi ukuphinda-phindwa kaningi.
Umbala womqedazwe: Uhlanzekile futhi ukhanyayo (汤色清亮).
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elisetjenzisiwe): Kuyalingana, kuluhlaza okotshani okuncane futhi kukhanya (叶底匀整嫩绿明亮).

Ngezigaba, ngokwencazelo yephephandaba lango-2021:

I-Yinfeng: Izinaliti eziqondile eziyindilinga (圆直似针) ezinoboya obubonakalayo; umqedazwe uluhlaza okotshani okuncane, ukunambitheka kusha, iphunga lihlanzekile futhi lizinze; imiqumbe esetshenzisiwe ivuleka njengezimbali.
I-Yunwu: Iqabunga eliyisicaba, elifana nomsila wenkonjane (扁平似燕尾); iphunga elincane elizinzile, ukunambitheka okuthambile nokubuya okumnandi (回甘).
I-Maojian: Izisongo eziminyene ezincane ezigobekile kancane (紧细微曲); umqedazwe uluhlaza okotshani okuphuzi, ukunambitheka okuthambile nokubuya okumnandi.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izindinganiso zezinkomba ze-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele azikho. I-Selenium — 0.52–3.52 ppm ngokwezincazelo zophawu, ngaphandle kwendlela nesampula. Ngomkhiqizo owodwa, i-Nüwa Yinfeng, ikhadi lempahla lango-2013 linikeza:

Inkomba	Inani
I-Selenium	2.26 ppm
Ama-amino acid	3.86 %
Ama-phenol etiye	22.1 %
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini	44.8 %

Lena yimininingwane yomkhiqizi, hhayi izidingo zetiye elivikelwe.

8. Izakhiwo eziwusizo

Akukho mininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngokwalo. Okuqukethwe i-selenium kuyisici sokwakheka, hhayi umphumela ofakazelwe.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Incazelo yephephandaba lango-2021 iphinde inikeze amasu ayo: amanzi aphansi, cishe ku-80 °C, amanzi abilayo angasetshenziswa.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Cishe ku-80 °C; ngemva kokuthululela kabili, ngokwaleyo ncazelo, kungaba ukushisa okungaphezulu kancane.
Inani letiye: 1 g ngama-50 ml, okusho ukuthi 3 g ngama-150 ml, — lelo langaluleka ukushicilelwa okufanayo.
Isitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi; nge-Maojian kungasetshenziswa ne-gaiwan.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha ngamanzi abilayo.
2. Indlela ephakathi (中投法), enconywa yincazelo yephephandaba: thela amanzi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, faka itiye, nyakazisa ingilazi, vumela iqabunga livuleke bese ugcwalisa kuze kube phezulu.
3. Phuza phakathi kwemizuzu emi-3 kuya kwemi-6 — ngokwaleyo ncazelo, uma kwenza isikhathi eside umqedazwe ulahlekelwa ubusha; thela futhi uphinde.

10. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; ngaphambi kokuvula vumela iphakethe lifudumale. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

11. Intengo kanye nokukodwa

Imininingwane ehlelekile ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho. Okuwukuphela kwenkomba — ikhadi lempahla lango-2013: ibhokisi le-Nüwa Yinfeng elingu-180 g libalwe njengama-yuan angama-400.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukodwa:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi wasesifundeni sasePingli.
- Khumbula ukuthi umkhiqizo ovikelwe uchazwa njengetiye eliluhlaza; itiye elibomvu ne-oolong ngaphansi kophawu lwe-«Nüwa» akuhambisani nawo, kuze kube yilapho idokhumenti isho okuhlukile.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nesigaba: izinaliti ezinoboya — i-Yinfeng, «umsila wenkonjane» — i-Yunwu, izisongo ezincane — i-Maojian.

12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Umbhali wesihloko sango-2011 esizindalwazini sesifunda, uchwepheshe wenhlangano yetiye yesifundazwe, weluleka ukuthi kuthathwe imodeli ye-Anji Baicha yezimpawu zikamama namadodakazi: uphawu lwendawo — uphawu olujwayelekile, izimpawu zezinkampani — ngaphansi kwalo.
Ngokwesihloko esifanayo, ukuvikelwa kophawu lwendawo kwatholwa najiaogulan (绞股蓝) wasePingli — umvini, emaqabungeni awo kulungiswa isiphuzo.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseShaanxi

I-Nüwa Yinfeng (女娲银峰): Isigaba esiphezulu salolu phawu olufanayo — imiqumbe emise okwezinaliti enoboya; ku-corpus kukhona isihloko esihlukile ngayo.
I-Ziyang Maojian (紫阳毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseZiyang sesifunda sase-Ankang, naso lisuka ezindaweni ezine-selenium.
I-Hanzhong Xianhao (汉中仙毫): Uphawu oluyisambulela lwetiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane iHanzhong.
I-Xiangyuan Wuya (象园雾芽): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseZhen’an esifundeni saseShangluo emathambekeni aseningizimu eQinling.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Pingli Nüwa Cha akusilo uhlobo futhi akulona itiye lasemzaneni, kodwa igama, isifunda esinezintaba esaqamba ngalo lonke itiye laso eliluhlaza, silithatha kunkulunkulukazi wezinganekwane zaso. Ngemva kophawu kunezigaba ezintathu, kusukela ku-Yinfeng emise okwezinaliti kuya ku-Maojian esontiwe, iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga eliphakeme nelide kanye nezindawo ezine-selenium, iPingli ezabelana ngazo nomakhelwane bayo.