Lípíng quèshé

Liping Queshe (Lípíng quèshé, 黎平雀舌) — itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda sase Liping (黎平县) eQiandongnan-Miao-Dong Autonomous Prefecture eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase Guizhou. «雀舌» kusho «ulimi lomdlwane»: eChina kanjalo babiza itiye elinhlumela efana nolimi oluncane oluyisicaba. Imininingwane eyireferensi ibeka iLiping Queshe emhlangeni wamatiye aluhlaza ayisicaba athosiwe epanini futhi ithi enziwa ngehlumela elilodwa, elikhiwe ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming. Igama livikelwe uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo: umnikazi — inhlangano yezolimo yesifunda sase Liping, ohlwini lwesifundazwe uphawu lubhalwe ngomhla ka-14 Ephreli 2018. Mayelana netiye ngokwalo angizange ngiwathole amadokhumenti anezidingo, ngakho ukubukeka nobuchwepheshe obungezansi kuthathwe emininingwaneni eyireferensi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), eliyisicaba, elifakwa ukushisa futhi lomiswe epanini (扁形炒青绿茶, biǎnxíng chǎoqīng lǜchá) — ngokwemininingwane eyireferensi. Emadokhumentini ophawu engiwabonile, uhlobo alukabizwa.
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elinehlumela lohlobo «lolimi lomdlwane»; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2018).
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe sase Guizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), iQiandongnan-Miao-Dong Autonomous Prefecture (黔东南, Qiándōngnán), isifunda sase Liping (黎平, Lípíng).
• Indawo: Isifunda sase Liping sibhalwe njengengxenye yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu. Umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase Liping — cishe i-26° enyakatho kanye ne-109° empumalanga.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Umlando wakuqala. Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele. Izinsuku nemibhalo yomlando nge Liping Queshe angiyibali: angizange ngiyibone nhlobo embhalweni ovulekile.
  • 2011. Ngokwemininingwane eyireferensi, itiye lathola indondo yegolide ephakeme yoMqhudelwano Womhlaba Wetiye Eliluhlaza (世界绿茶评比会) wango-2011.
  • 2018. Uphawu «黎平雀舌» lwavunyelwa ngomhla ka-14 Ephreli 2018 — kanjalo usuku lubhalwe ohlwini lwazo zonke izimpawu zendawo zase Guizhou, olunamathiselwe esazisweni sehhovisi lesifundazwe lempahla yengqondo. Umnikazi — inhlangano yezolimo yesifunda sase Liping (黎平县农业产业协会). Ngemva kwenyanga, mhla zingama-21 kuNhlaba 2018, inhlangano efanayo yathola uphawu lwesibili — lwamafutha e-camellia ase Liping (黎平山茶油).
  • 2022. Isaziso sehhovisi lempahla yengqondo lase Guizhou sangomhla zingama-22 kuNcwaba 2022 mayelana nezikhumbuzo kubanikazi bamalungelo okuvuselela izimpawu sifaka «黎平雀舌» ohlwini olujwayelekile lwezimpawu zesifundazwe. Ohlwini lwezimpawu ezinokuphelelwa yisikhathi okuseduze, aluzange lufakwe.
  • 2025. Ngokombiko we-«Zhongguo lüse shibao» (中国绿色时报), ngaphambi nje kokushicilelwa ngomhla ka-24 Januwari 2025 ezinye izinkampani ezintathu zesifunda zathola ilungelo lokubeka uphawu olukhethekile «黎平雀舌»; sezizonke lezi zinkampani zaba yine.
• Igama: «Liping» (黎平) — igama lesifunda. «Queshe» (雀舌) — «ulimi lomdlwane»: ngokwemininingwane eyireferensi, itiye laqanjwa ngesimo — ihlumela eliyisicaba neliqondile lifana nolimi lwenyoni.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngombiko ofanayo wango-2025, izimpawu ezinendawo ezikhethiwe esifundeni zibekwa izinkampani eziyishumi — kuma-queshe, amafutha e-camellia kanye nerayisi elicinene «xianghe» (黎平香禾糯); ndawonye zisebenzisa izimpawu ezingaba ngu-473,000 ngonyaka. Umbiko uwuveza njengendlela yokuphakamisa ukwaziwa kwemikhiqizo yendawo.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo nezinto zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / Cultivar: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Ihlumela elilodwa (单芽), elicolekile neliphelele (细嫩完整) — ngokwemininingwane eyireferensi.
• Isikhathi sokukha: Ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming (清明, Qīngmíng), okungukuthi kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.
• Izinga lokukha: Ihlumela elilodwa ngaphandle kwamaqabunga. Idokhumenti elikuqinisekisayo angizange ngilibone.
• Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: INingizimu-mpumalanga yeGuizhou, iQiandongnan-Miao-Dong Autonomous Prefecture.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekile. Ikhasi elilodwa lereferensi libala amamitha angu-500–800, kodwa angizange ngilikuthole ukuqinisekiswa.
• Inhlabathi nesimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Imininingwane eyireferensi inikeza ubuchwepheshe bemishini obunamapharamitha. Lena incazelo evela kureferensi, hhayi izidingo zophawu; izigaba zokubola nokupholisa kweqabunga aziqanjwa.

1. Ukufakwa ukushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Umshini wesigubhu, ukufakwa kweqabunga 15 kg ngehora, izinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-100 °C. Ukuthi izinga lokushisa likalwa kuphi, umthombo awukucacisi.
2. Ukubumba (整形, zhěngxíng): Umshini osebenza ngezindlela eziningi onemisele; ukufakwa 1,25–1,50 kg, izinga lokushisa lomsele lingaba ngu-90 °C. Ngemuva kwawo, ngokwencazelo efanayo, iqabunga liba isicaba.
3. Isigaba sesithathu — emshinini ofanayo: Imvamisa yokunyakazisa komsele izikhathi eziyi-130 ngomzuzu, izinga lokushisa lingaba ngu-80 °C. Igama lesigaba umthombo awalunikezi; ngokomqondo lokhu ukwomisa okungeziwe.

Ukuqhathanisa — uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba: ukubola kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng), ukufakwa ukushisa, ukubumba isicaba nokwomisa. Lolu uhlelo lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye ngokwalo.

6. Izici zokuzwakala

Incazelo engezansi — evela emininingwaneni eyireferensi.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Amaqabunga alinganayo, afana nolimi lomdlwane, ayisicaba futhi aqondile; umbala uluhlaza ocwebezelayo (条索匀整，状如雀舌，干茶色泽绿润，扁平挺直).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshala: Ihlanzekile futhi liphakeme (香气清高).
• Ukunambitheka: Kukusha futhi kuthokozisa (滋味鲜爽).
• Umbala wotshala: Ukhanyayo (汤色明亮); ezingeni eliphezulu, ngokwekhasi elilodwa lereferensi, — luhlaza okotshani futhi lukhanyayo (嫩绿明亮).
• Amaqabunga asetshenzisiwe: Athambile, alinganayo, amahlumela avuleka njengezimbali, akhanyayo (叶底嫩匀成朵明亮).

Ikhasi elifanayo lihlukanisa itiye ngezigaba ezintathu — eliphezulu, elokuqala nelesibili — ngokulingana kwemicu, umbala wotshala namandla ephunga. Ukuthi isikali leso sithathwe kuliphi idokhumenti, alikusho.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane eyireferensi ibhala kuphela ukuthi okukhishwe emanzini, ama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid ne-caffeine etiyeni «kunokuningi uma kuqhathaniswa». Izinombolo nezindinganiso emithonjeni etholakele azikho.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C. Amakhasi ereferensi nge Liping Queshe atusa 85–90 °C kanye nesilinganiso setiye namanzi esingu-1:50.
• Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi — kuyabonakala ukuthi amahlumela asukuma kanjani.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza ingilazi.
  2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasemugqeni.
  3. Ukutshala kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiye cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yotshala.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuthelela okuphindwe kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye namambuka

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ukwazi ukugwema amambuka:
  • Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo «黎平雀舌». NgoJanuwari 2025 ilungelo lokulibeka lalinezinkampani ezine zesifunda.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase Liping.
  • Iqabunga — ihlumela eliyisicaba neliqondile ngaphandle kwamaqabunga, liluhlaza futhi licwebezelayo.

11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo

• Uphawu lwetiye nophawu lwamafutha e-camellia inhlangano efanayo yesifunda yaluthola ngehlukahlukano lwenyanga.
• Ezintathu kwezine zezinkampani ezinelungelo lophawu zaluthola ngaphambi nje kombiko kaJanuwari 2025.
• «Izilimi zomdlwane» eChina ziningi, futhi zonke zehlukene: igama likhuluma ngesimo sehlumela, hhayi ngohlobo noma indawo.
• Isifunda sinalo nelinye igama letiye — Liping Xiang Cha (黎平香茶); lo ngumkhiqizo ohlukile.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

• Liping Xiang Cha (黎平香茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo; echazwe ngokwehlukana kuqoqo le-encyclopedia.
• Meitan Cui Ya (湄潭翠芽): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lengxenye yeGuizhou — isifunda sase Meitan.
• Pujiang Que She (蒲江雀舌): «Ulimi lomdlwane» lwase Sichuan.
• Jintan Que She (金坛雀舌): «Ulimi lomdlwane» oluvela esifundazweni sase Jiangsu.
• Que She (雀舌): Isihloko sokubuka konke mayelana nesimo soqobo «lolimi lomdlwane».

Ekuphetheni:

ILiping Queshe — itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba elinehlumela laseningizimu-mpumalanga yeGuizhou: amahlumela awodwa ngaphambi kweQingming, ukufakwa ukushisa ngomshini nokubumba, iqabunga eliyisicaba neliqondile, iphunga elihlanzekile neliphezulu kanye nokunambitheka okusha. Okuqinisekisiwe ngaye kuncane — ikakhulukazi umlando wophawu: ukwamukelwa ngo-2018 ngaphansi kwenhlangano yesifunda kanye nezinkampani ezine ezinelungelo lophawu ngo-2025. Konke ngeqabunga nokunambitheka okwamanje kusekelwe emininingwaneni eyireferensi.