Jiàndé Bāochá (Jiàndé bāochá, 建德苞茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobheni laseJiàndé (建德市) edolobheni laseHángzhōu, esifundazweni saseZhèjiāng; igama lakudala kwakunguYánzhōu Bāochá (严州苞茶). Izinkomba zilichaza ngokuthi “itiye eliluhlaza elincane elicolekile lohlobo lwe-orchid, elenziwe ngokugazinga nokomisa ingxube” (兰花型细嫩半烘炒绿茶): ihlumela neqabunga kuhlala esiqeshini bese kuhlanganiswa kufane nesihluma se-orchid, yingakho kuthiwa “bāochá,” “itiye lesihluma.” Itiye lasungulwa ngeminyaka yeTóngzhì yobukhosi bakwaQīng, lavuselelwa ngo-1979 futhi livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesici sokuma kwezindawo kusukela ngo-2008.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elenziwe ngokugazinga nokomisa ingxube (半烘炒, bàn hōng chǎo) - leli banga lichazwa kanjalo yinkomba kanye nombiko womkhandlu wezepolitiki weJiàndé (2024).
- Ibanga lakudala: Ingxenye yezokuvakasha ye-portal “China” (中国网, 2021) ibhala ukuthi indlela isukela etiyeni laseSichuān iMéngdǐng Chá (蒙顶茶) kanye netiye laseĀnhuī iHuáng Yá Chá (黄芽茶) nokuthi ekuqaleni itiye lesihluma lalingaphansi kwamatiye aphuzi (原属黄茶); liphinde lichazwe njengeliphuzi yi-Wénhuì bào (2021). Ukuthi kwenzeka nini futhi kungani lashintshela eluhlaza, imithombo ayichazi; izincazelo zamanje zobuchwepheshe azisho ukubila (闷黄, mèn huáng).
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lesimo sesihluma; umkhiqizo onesici sokuma kwezindawo (2008); isici sokuma kwezindawo sezolimo (2020).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseZhèjiāng (浙江, Zhèjiāng), idolobha iHángzhōu (杭州, Hángzhōu), idolobhana laseJiàndé (建德, Jiàndé). Ikhaya letiye, ngokwenkomba, yichweba iXiǎolǐbù (小里埠) eSāndū kanye nesango elisempumalanga leMéichéng (梅城东关).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Ngokwenkomba kukhona amadolobhana ayisishiyagalolunye namakomidi emigwaqo: Xīn’ānjiāng, Yángxī, Gènglóu, Xiàyá, Yángcūnqiáo, Qiántán, Méichéng, Sāndū kanye neDàyáng. Idolobhana iDàtóng (大同镇), abezindaba ngo-2020 abalibiza njengendawo eyinhloko yetiye lesihluma (7100 mu wezingadi), alikho ohlwini; imithombo ayikuchazi lokhu. Ukuze kwamukelwe ngo-2025 ikhathalogi yezici zokuma kwezindawo ibiza yonke indawo yokuphatha yamanje yeJiàndé njengendawo.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: IJiàndé icishe ibe ngu-29.5° N no-119.3° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Iminyaka yeTóngzhì. Inkomba ibeka ukusungulwa kwetiye ngeminyaka yeTóngzhì (1862-1874), izindatshana ze-Péngpài (2020) kanye ne-portal “China” (2021) zibeka unyaka ka-1870. I-Péngpài ithi inqubo yokucubungula yafundiswa ubaba nendodakazi yomndeni wakwaBāo (包氏) basechwebeni iXiǎolǐbù futhi ibona lokhu njengenye yezincazelo zegama; eyesibili ngukuthi amahlumela ekudleni abukeka njengezihluma ezilungele ukuvuleka. Iphephandaba i-Wénhuì bào (文汇报, 2021) lixoxa enye inguqulo: abahwebi baseXiǎolǐbù balingisa itiye elalidume ngaleso sikhathi ihuángshān máofēng (黄山毛峰), kodwa bathola itiye elinehlumela elinesiqeshi, elifana nesihluma se-orchid, bese balibeka phansi kwamatiye aphuzi; labizwa ngeXiǎolǐ Bāochá (小里苞茶), kwathi lapho igama elithi “Xiǎolǐ” libonakala lilula kakhulu kubahwebi, laba iYánzhōu Bāochá.
- 1979. Ngemva kwekhefu ukukhiqizwa kwavuselelwa; ngokwenkomba, ngaleso sikhathi itiye laqanjwa ngokuthi “建德苞茶.”
- 1991. Ngokwenkomba, ngoMeyi emkhosini wamazwe ngamazwe weHángzhōu wamasiko etiye, lathola indondo ephakeme “Itiye Lamasiko Elidumile lase China” (中国文化名茶); ngo-Okthoba “amatiye adumile aseHángzhōu,” okwakukhona phakathi kwawo naleli, athola indondo yegolide embukisweni wezimpumelelo zohlelo lwe-“Spark” (星火). I-Péngpài esikhundleni sendondo yesibili ibiza indondo yegolide ye-Peking Tea Exhibition.
- 8 May 2008. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (国家质检总局) ngesimemezelo sika-2008 No. 56 yathatha itiye ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesici sokuma kwezindawo.
- 2010. Ngokwephephandaba i-Zhōnghuá hézuò shíbào (中华合作时报), kwenziwa amasampula okuqala ajwayelekile (标准实物样) amabanga aphezulu, okuqala nawesibili; avunywa ngochwepheshe besikhungo sokuhlola se-Tea Research Institute ye-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences kanye ne-National Tea Quality Supervision and Inspection Center.
- 2017. Ngokwe-Péngpài, igama laqinisekiswa njengomkhiqizo ohlanganyelwe wetiye laseJiàndé. Ngokubuyekeza, ngo-2018 i-tea association yaseJiàndé yakhipha izinga leqembu elithi “建德苞茶”; umbhalo walo awuvulekanga, futhi indatshana ayincikile kuwo.
- 2019. Ngo-Ephreli abezindaba besifundazwe babika ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso sokugcina se-National Climate Centre kuzinkomba zezulu eziyi-14 zaleli tiye eziyi-12 zithathwe njengezinhle, isilinganiso sokutholwa okuhle sasingu-93.4%, futhi itiye laba ngelokuqala ezweni ukuthola “uphawu lwesimo sezulu” lukahulumeni (国家气候标志). Usuku oluqondile lokunikezwa alukho kulo mbiko; i-portal ethi “China” (2021) ibiza uDisemba 2018.
- 25 December 2020. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wabhalisa igama njengesici sokuma kwezindawo sezolimo.
- 2022. Idolobha laqala uhlelo lokuvikela isici; esilinganisweni sedumela lemikhiqizo yezolimo enezici zokuma kwezindawo itiye lingelama-86 phakathi kwamatiye.
- 2025. Ngo-Ephreli abaphathi bezolimo baseJiàndé babika ukuthi esilinganisweni sesifundazwe sedumela lamatiye anezici zokuma kwezindawo zika-2024 itiye lithole amaphuzu angu-830.91 ngokuqashelwa (感知力) futhi lathatha indawo yesishiyagalombili esifundazweni. I-State Intellectual Property Office ngesimemezelo No. 640 (esayinwe ngomhlaka 16 Julayi, sashicilelwa ngomhlaka 13 Agasti) yaqaphela njengemikhiqizo enezici zokuma kwezindawo amagama ayi-1409, iJiàndé Bāochá iphakathi kwawo; ngokwekhathalogi yezici zokuma kwezindawo, lesi simemezelo sathatha isikhundla sesimemezelo sika-2008 No. 56. Izimpawu ezinezidingo zokuvikela azivulekanga.
- Igama: “Jiàndé” (建德) yigama ledolobha; “bāo” (苞) yisihluma; igama lakudala linikezwe isifunda iYánzhōu (严州).
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombiko womkhandlu wezepolitiki weJiàndé (2024), kusukela ngo-2016 uhlelo lwamasiko etiye iJiàndé Bāochá luseohwini lwemithombo yamafa ezolimo yaseZhèjiāng.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Imigqa emithathu ngokohlobo lwesihlahla (ngokwemibiko ka-2019-2020):
- Jīnbāo (金苞, jīnbāo), “isihluma segolide” - kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga aphuzi (黄化).
- Zuànbāo (钻苞, zuànbāo), “isihluma sedayimane” - kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga akhanyayo, “ama-albino” (白化).
- Cuìbāo (翠苞, cuìbāo), “isihluma se-emerald” - kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezijwayelekile: 鸠坑种 (Jiūkēng), 乌牛早 (Wūniúzǎo), 龙井43 (Lóngjǐng 43) kanye nezinye.
- Uhlobo ezidingweni zika-2008: “品种选用鸠坑适制良种” - uhlobo 鸠坑 (Jiūkēng) nezinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ezifanele lobu buchwepheshe, ngokubuyekeza kwenkomba; abezindaba besifundazwe (2019) bakhuluma ngezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane.
- Izinga lokuqoqa: Ngokwezidingo zika-2008 ekubuyekezweni kwenkomba - kusuka kuhlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elisanda kuvuleka kuye ehlumeleni elinamaqabunga amabili avulekile. Abaphathi bezolimo baseJiàndé (2025) abafaki “iqabunga lenhlanzi” (鱼叶), amakhoba, isisekelo sesiqeshi (茶蒂), amaqabunga ahlukene, amahlumela ansomi, amaqabunga agulayo nawonakele; uhlu olufanayo lwezinto ezingavunyelwe lukhona nasezidingweni zika-2008.
- Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Kusukela ekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi - ngokwabaphathi bezolimo (2025); i-Péngpài (2020) ibhala ngaphakathi kukaMashi kuya ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, izidingo zika-2008 zimane nje zithi entwasahlobo.
- Amabanga ekhwalithi: Ngokombiko ka-2025 - “精品,” eliphezulu (特级) nelokuqala (一级); izidingo zika-2008 zibeka amabanga aphezulu, okuqala nawesibili.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Intshonalanga yeHángzhōu, izansi zomfula iXīn’ānjiāng.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 30-500 m, izintaba namagquma - ngokwenkomba.
- Inhlabathi: Ephuzi nebomvu-phuzi, ikakhulukazi i-sandy loam; i-organic matter 2.5-4.0%, i-pH 5-5.6.
- Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu-16.7 °C, isamba samazinga okushisa asebenzayo singu-6100-6180 °C.
- Amanzi: Ngokwenkomba, iXīn’ānjiāng iphakelwa amanzi aseQiāndǎohú kusuka ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-70, ngakho ahlala enezinga lokushisa elingu-14-17 °C unyaka wonke; umthombo wamanzi oyinhloko inkomba iwubeka ezingeni likahulumeni lokuqala.
- Indawo nokukhiqizwa: Ngokwabezindaba besifundazwe (2019), eJiàndé kunama-63.6 thousand mu wezingadi kanye namathani angu-2850 etiye ngonyaka; inkomba yango-2023 ibiza ama-63 thousand mu namathani angu-680 amatiye adumile. Le yimininingwane yalo lonke itiye ledolobha.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izincazelo ezimbili ezitholakele zihlukanisa ukucubungula ngendlela ehlukile:
- Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2008 (ekubuyekezweni kwenkomba): ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) ebhodweni ku-120-140 °C; lapho ibhodwe selipholile laya ku-90-100 °C, iqabunga, lingakhishwanga, liyagoqwa (揉捻, róuniǎn); ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo) kulelo bhodwe ku-80-100 °C; ukubumba (整形, zhěngxíng) ku-50-65 °C, ngemva kwalokho iqabunga likhishwa liphole; ukufudumeza ukuze kuphume iphunga (提香, tíxiāng) - ibhodwe liyiswa ku-80 °C, bese liyiswa ku-110 °C, kuze kuvele iphunga letiye eliminyene. Yonke imisebenzi ingenziwa ngemishini.
- Abaphathi bezolimo baseJiàndé (2025): ukusakazwa kweqabunga elisha, ukulungisa nokugoqa, ukomisa kokuqala, ukupholisa, ukubuyisela umswakama, ukomisa kabusha, ukuhlunga ngezisefo.
Izikhathi zezigaba azikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ukubila, okwenza itiye libe liphuzi, akukho ncazelo ekushoyo.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ifomula esemthethweni ithi “月弯条、花苞形、味甘甜”: umucu ogobe njengenyanga, isimo sesihluma, ukunambitheka okumnandi; inkomba ibiza izimpawu ezijwayelekile ngokuthi “月弯条、花苞形、清甜香,” okusho ukuthi esikhundleni sokunambitheka okumnandi ibeka “iphunga elimsulwa elimnandi.” Izincazelo ezinemininingwane ziyehluka:
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Izidingo zika-2008 zebanga eliphezulu - ziqondile, ziminyene, zicishe zibe flat (挺直紧秀略扁), ziluhlaza okotshani, zinoboya besiliva obugqamile (嫩绿鲜润，银毫显露); lokhu akuhambisani kahle nomucu “ogobe njengenyanga.” Abaphathi bezolimo (2025) - uphuzi-oluhlaza, uphelele, mfishane futhi uqinile (黄绿完整，短而壮实). Indatshana ye-portal “China” (2021) yengeza iqabunga lenhlanzi elikhanyayo elisagolide kanye nesisekelo esibomvu sesiqeshi.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho ncazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokudla: Okucolekile, okumsulwa nokumnandi (幽香清甜) - ngokwenkomba; okuthambile nokuqhubekayo, ngenothi elihlanzekile (嫩香持久富有清香) - ngokwezidingo zika-2008 zebanga eliphezulu; okuhlanzekile nokuphakeme (清高) - ngokwencazelo ka-2025.
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuthambile, nokubuya okumnandi (鲜醇回甘).
- Umbala wokudla: Oluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile futhi osobala (嫩绿明亮、清澈).
- Iqabunga eliphansi (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Elincane, elihlanganiswe “njengembali,” lifana ne-orchid, lilingana, luhlaza okotshani (细嫩成朵，形似兰花匀齐) - ngokwezidingo zika-2008 zebanga eliphezulu; “oluhlaza ngokuphuzi” (绿中呈黄) - ngokwencazelo ka-2025. Lapho kwenziwa itiye amahlumela ahlala ekudleni isiqeshi sibheke phansi: ngokwencazelo yabaphathi bezolimo (2025), isikhungo sokudonsela phansi kwehlumela sisondela esisekelweni, ngakho izihloko zamahlumela zibheke phezulu futhi amahlumela afana nezihluma ze-orchid ezilungele ukuvuleka.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Inkomba iletha amasethi amabili ezinkomba: encazelweni yomkhiqizo nasezidingweni zokuvikela zika-2008.
| Inkomba | Incazelo yomkhiqizo | Izidingo zika-2008 |
|---|---|---|
| Umswakama | akukho ngaphezu kwe-6.0% | akukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5% |
| Umlotha ophelele | akukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5% | akukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5% |
| I-extract encibilikayo emanzini | akukho ngaphansi kwe-36% | akukho ngaphansi kwe-36% |
| I-fiber eluhlaza | ayibhalwanga | akukho ngaphezu kwe-14% |
| Uthuli | akukho ngaphezu kwe-1.0% | akukho ngaphezu kwe-1.0% |
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | akukho ngaphansi kwe-11% (okuyinkomba nje) | awabhalwanga |
| Ama-amino acid amahhala | akukho ngaphansi kwe-4% (okuyinkomba nje) | akukho ngaphansi kwe-2.0% |
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80-85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi esobala - kuyo kuyabonakala ukuthi amahlumela ame kanjani isiqeshi sibheke phansi.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza ingilazi.
- Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngodonga.
- Ukudla kokuqala - ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40-60.
- Thela amanzi, ushiye ingxenye yokudla; ukuphinda kuthelwe kabili noma kathathu.
Iseluleko sendawo esivela ku-Péngpài (2020): amanzi acishe abe ngu-80 °C, 1 g wetiye ku-50-60 ml, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan; phuza izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokudla bese uthela, okungcono kakhulu kuthelwa kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0-5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kufanele kuphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi
Ngokwamazwi omthengisi wetiye kwabezindaba besifundazwe bo-2019, i-jīnbāo yayibiza ngaphezu kwama-yuan angu-5000 nge-jīn (500 g), i-zuànbāo ngaphezu kwe-3000, i-cuìbāo ngaphezu kwe-500 yuan.
- Indlela yokugwema umgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesici sokuma kwezindawo kanye nokumakwa komkhiqizo wesifunda; umkhiqizi kufanele abe waseJiàndé.
- Isimo sibe “yisihluma”: ihlumela neqabunga kuhlanganiswe esiqeshini; i-lóngjǐng eyisicaba namatiye anemicu awufani nalo.
- Ukuphuzi kwe-jīnbāo neqabunga elikhanyayo le-zuànbāo kuvela ohlotsheni lwesihlahla, hhayi enkohlakalweni.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Ngokwabezindaba bendawo, iJiàndé Bāochá itiye lokuqala e-China elino-“phawu lwesimo sezulu” lukahulumeni.
- Intengo yemigqa emithathu, ngokwemininingwane ka-2019, yayihluka ngokuphindwe kayishumi.
- Inkomba ichaza amahlumela “anesiqeshi, asesisekelweni” (连柄带蒂), kanti izidingo zokuqoqa zika-2008 nezika-2025 zisikhipha isisekelo sesiqeshi - incazelo yokubukeka nemithetho yezinto zokusetshenziswa iyahlukana lapha.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- Qiāndǎo Yínzhēn (千岛银珍): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyinalithi elivela emahlumeleni awodwa eJiàndé elifanayo; eBāochá esikhundleni senalithi kunesihluma esivela ehlumeleni naseqabungeni.
- Qiāndǎo Yù Yè (千岛玉叶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseChún’ān echibini iQiāndǎohú.
- Tiānzūn Gòngyá (天尊贡芽): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseTónglú, umlando walo nawo uncike emibhalweni yesifunda iYánzhōu.
Ekuphethweni:
IJiàndé Bāochá itiye elidala lasezansi zomfula iXīn’ānjiāng: ihlumela neqabunga, lingahlukananga nesiqeshi, lihlanganiswa libe yisihluma se-orchid futhi engilazini limiswa isiqeshi sibheke phansi. Lasungulwa ngeTóngzhì futhi lavuselelwa ngo-1979, laba umkhiqizo ohlanganyelwe weJiàndé onemigqa emithathu ngokohlobo lwesihlahla, nokuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2008 kanye no-“phawu lwesimo sezulu” lokuqala ezweni lwetiye. Izincazelo zokubukeka emithonjeni ziyehluka, kodwa ifomula yonke iyefana: umucu ogobile, isimo sesihluma, ukunambitheka okumnandi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo