Mópíng gòngchá

Moping Gongcha (Mópíng gòngchá, 磨坪贡茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa m’midzi itatu ya m’tauni ya Limiao (李庙镇) m’chigawo cha Nanzhang (南漳县) m’boma la Xiangyang kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hubei. Dzina lake linachokera ku mudzi wa Mopingsi (磨坪寺), womwe umadziwika ndi dzina la kachisi wakale: mbiri ya chigawo cha nthawi ya Tongzhi imalemba kuti tiyi wa kuno “ankalemekezedwa m’nthawi yake”. Mawu oti “gongcha” amatanthauza “tiyi wa msonkho”, koma zolembedwa zosonyeza kutumiza ku nyumba yachifumu sizinapezeke m’mabuku omwe tawapeza. Kuyambira 2014, dzinali limatetezedwa monga chizindikiro chaulimi cha dera, ndipo mu 2025 tiyi adavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera. Zolemba zoteteza zimalongosola tiyi wopiringizika wobiriwira ngati emerald wokhala ndi ubweya, madzi owala ndi fungo la chestnut.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Malamulo a chizindikiro chaulimi amatchula njira zopangira — kukonza kutentha (杀青, shāqīng), kupiringiza ndi kuyanika ndi mpweya wotentha (烘青, hōngqīng) — ndipo amaika chinthucho pansi pa muyezo wa “Chakudya Chobiriwira — Tiyi”; kusindikizidwa kwa muyezo kumatchulidwa mosiyanasiyana — pamalo ena NY/T 288-2002, pamalo ena NY/T 288-2012.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), boma la Xiangyang (襄阳, Xiāngyáng), chigawo cha Nanzhang (南漳, Nánzhāng), tauni ya Limiao (李庙, Lǐmiào).
Dera lotetezedwa: Midzi itatu ya m’tauni ya Limiao — Mopingsi (磨坪寺), Quanjiawan (全家湾) ndi Liuping (刘坪). Derali lili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo, pamtunda wa makilomita 23 kuchokera ku likulu la chigawo; kum’mawa limalire ndi tauni ya Chengguan, kumwera ndi Xueping, kumadzulo ndi Changping, kumpoto ndi chigawo cha Gucheng.
Kulumikizana kwa madigiri: 111°29′–111°46′ E ndi 31°43′–32°00′ N.
Osasokoneza ndi: Mzinda wa Moping (磨坪乡) m’chigawo cha Zigui ndi malo ena.

2. Mbiri ndi Kufunika kwa Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Kachisi ndi tiyi. Malinga ndi nkhokwe ya zizindikiro za dera, kachisi wa Mopingsi kale ankatchedwa Xiangguosi (相国寺) ndipo anakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi ya mfumu Zhongzong ya mzera wa Tang. Mbiri ya chigawo cha Nanzhang ya nthawi ya Tongzhi imanena kuti kuno “amapanga tiyi, wotchedwa tiyi wa Moping, wolemekezedwa m’nthawi yake” (产茶，名磨坪茶，为时所珍). Malinga ndi nkhokwe yomweyi, mbiri ya nthawi ya Republic imawonjezera kuti pafupi ndi kachisi panali mitengo ya tiyi yopitirira khumi yokhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa (寺旁有茶树十数株，味芳美); koma mawuwa sitingathe kuwayerekeza ndi zolembedwa zoyambirira.
- Dzina loti “gongcha”. Nthawi ndi chifukwa chomwe mawu oti “贡” (gòng, “msonkho”) anawonjezeredwa ku dzinali sizinadziwike ndi zolembedwa zomwe tapeza; umboni wa kutumiza ku nyumba yachifumu palibe.
- 2014. Unduna wa Zaulimi udalembetsa “磨坪贡茶” ngati chizindikiro chaulimi cha dera (nambala AGI01546). Chidziwitso cha unduna nambala 2179 mu nkhokwe ya zizindikiro cha dera chinalembedwa pa 28 November 2014; buku lina limanena kuti tsiku lovomerezedwa linali 18 November. Mwini wake ndi Bungwe la Kulima Tiyi la Moping Gongcha la Chigawo cha Nanzhang (南漳县磨坪贡茶种植专业协会).
- 2025. Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) nambala 640, tiyi adavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera. Mu August 2025, ofesi yachigawo ya intellectual property inalembetsa kampani yopangira tiyi ya m’deralo (南漳县春天里茶叶种植专业合作社) m’ndandanda wa omwe amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera.
Dzina: “Moping” (磨坪) — kuchokera ku mudzi wa Mopingsi, kumene kachisi adalipo; “gongcha” (贡茶) — “tiyi wa msonkho”.
Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi nkhokwe ya zizindikiro za dera, malo ozungulira Mopingsi kuyambira kale amatchedwa “gwero laling’ono la pichesi” (小桃源, xiǎo táoyuán).

3. Kufotokozera Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: 鸠坑 (Jiūkēng) — mtundu wokhawo mu zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025. Malamulo a 2014 amati ndi mtundu woyamba: mtunduwu udavomerezedwa ku mulingo wa chigawo ndipo udasankhidwa chifukwa cha khalidwe lake, kulimbana ndi matenda ndi zokolola zokhazikika.
Muyeso wa kuthyola: Kuthyola kumayamba pamene pa mita imodzi ya lalikulu pamtunda wa chitsamba pamakhala masamba 15–20 okhazikika. Kuti ndi mphukira zotani — masamba, “samba limodzi — tsamba limodzi” ndi zina zotero, malamulo satchula.
Nthawi yothyola: M’nyengo yopanda mvula, m’mawa. Masamba amaikidwa m’mabokosi a nsungwi. Nthawi yeniyeni ya nyengo siinatchulidwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

4. Malo ndi Kadyetsedwe

Dera: Mapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Nanzhang. Malamulo amatcha malowa kukhala otsika kwambiri ndi ozizira (高寒山区), odulidwa ndi mapiri ndi mitsinje, ndi chifunga ndi mitsinje yambiri. Mwambi wa kuno umawafotokozera ngati “magawo asanu ndi anayi a mapiri, theka ndi madzi, theka ndi munda” (九山半水半分田).
Kutalika: Kusiyana kwa msinkhu m’derali ndi kuyambira 101 mpaka 1410 m. Kuti minda ya tiyi ili pamtunda wotani, sizinatchulidwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
Dothi: Dothi lakuya la mchenga wachikasu-bulauni (黄棕砂壤土) lokhala ndi pH 5–6,5. M’minda ya tiyi kuyambira kale amawonjezera manyowa a nkhumba ndi ng’ombe ndi kulima udzu, chifukwa chake dothi lili ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe.
Nyengo: Nyengo ya subtropical continental monsoon. Malinga ndi malamulo, kutentha kwapachaka ndi 16 °C, chinyezi chachibale 62 %, masiku opanda chisanu 245, maola a dzuwa 1780 ndi mvula ya 1140 mm pachaka.
Nkhalango ndi madzi: Malamulo pamalo ena amati nkhalango ndi 90 %, pamalo ena — chivundikiro cha zomera pafupifupi 75 %. Kuzungulira minda ya tiyi kumamera mitengo ya paini, cypress, poplar, kunninghamia (杉), pichesi, chestnut, peyala ndi ginkgo. Minda ya tiyi imathiriridwa makamaka ndi madzi a mvula.
Njira zaulimi: Zinthu zachilengedwe zimawonjezeredwa m’dzinja ndi kukumba kwakuya ndi m’nyengo yozizira; tchire limadulidwa kamodzi pachaka, pambuyo pa kuthyola kwa masika; polimbana ndi tizilombo amayika magetsi okopa tizilombo — limodzi pa mahekitala 50.
Malo ndi zokolola: 86.7 ha ndi matani 33 pachaka — malinga ndi malamulo. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwina, mu 2018 matani 33 a tiyi adabweretsa 21.12 miliyoni yuan; tiyi amagulitsidwa ku Wuhan, Xiangyang, Guangzhou ndi mizinda ina, komanso m’zigawo za Henan ndi Shaanxi.

5. Njira Zopangira

Malamulo amatchula njira popanda kutentha ndi nthawi. Masamba amayeretsedwa pamanja kuchotsa zonyansa, kenako:

Kugawa m’magulu (分级摊青, fēnjí tānqīng): Masamba atsopano amagawidwa m’magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu.
Kukonza kutentha (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha kumaletsa kusintha kwa mtundu.
Kupiringiza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Kuyanika ndi mpweya wotentha (烘青, hōngqīng).
Kukonza mawonekedwe (整形, zhěngxíng).
Kukweza ubweya (提毫, tíháo): Njira yomwe imapangitsa ubweya woyera kuwonekera pa tiyi wopiringizika.
Kuyanika komaliza (烘干, hōnggān).

Mafotokozedwe a magawo 1, 2 ndi 6 ndi chidziwitso chachikulu chokhudza tiyi wobiriwira, osati mawu a malamulo.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Kufotokozera kumachokera ku malamulo a chizindikiro chaulimi (2014). Zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimalongosola tiyi mwachidule komanso mosiyana pang’ono: wopiringizika motetetsa komanso wowonda, ndi ubweya (条索紧细显毫), wobiriwira ngati emerald; madzi achikasu-bubiriwira ndi owala (黄绿明亮); kukoma kwakukulu, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (浓郁回甘); fungo la chestnut lokhalitsa (栗香持久); masamba ataphikidwa ndi obiriwira bwino ndi ofanana.

Maonekedwe a tiyi wouma: Wopiringizika motetetsa komanso wowonda, koma wolimba ndi wowongoka (紧细硕壮挺直), wobiriwira ngati emerald, ndi ubweya woyera wowoneka bwino (白毫显露).
Fungo la tiyi wouma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
Fungo la madzi: La chestnut (栗香).
Kukoma: Kwakukulu, kwatsopano ndi kosangalatsa, kumapirira kupaka madzi kambiri (浓厚，鲜爽耐泡).
Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu-chikasu, wowonekera ndi owala (嫩黄，清澈明亮).
Masamba pambuyo pa kupaka: Obiriwira bwino, ofanana ndi osiyana (嫩绿整齐一致).

7. Zomwe Zilipo M’thupi

Miyeso ya zolembedwa ziwirizi imasiyana:

Chizindikiro	Malamulo a chizindikiro (2014)	Zofunikira za CNIPA (2025)
Polyphenols	≥ 15 %	≥ 20 %
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	≥ 36 %	≥ 40 %
Phulusa lonse	≤ 6.0 %	≤ 6.0 %
Fiber yaiwisi	≤ 10.0 (m’mawu — “mg/kg”)	≤ 10.0 (m’mawu — “mg/kg”)
Chinyezi	≤ 6.0 (m’mawu — “mg/kg”)	≤ 6.0 (m’mawu — “mg/kg”)

Kwa fiber ndi chinyezi, muyeso wa “mg/kg” ulibe tanthauzo — mwachiwonekere, ndi cholakwika m’malo mwa peresenti, chomwe chinasamutsidwa kuchokera mu cholembedwa cha 2014 kupita ku cha 2025; miyeso yatchulidwa monga momwe ilili m’mabuku.

8. Kupaka

Njira za gulu la tiyi wobiriwira. Palibe malangizo a kupaka m’zolembedwa zoteteza.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Njira: Kupaka koyamba — pakatha masekondi 40–60, kenako kuwonjezera madzi kawiri kapena katatu; malamulo amanena kuti tiyi amapirira kupaka kambiri.

9. Kusunga

Njira za gulu. M’mabokosi otsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; tiyi wobiriwira amataya fungo lake ndi nthawi, chifukwa chake ndibwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe chidziwitso chokhudza mitengo yamalonda m’mabuku omwe tapeza.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha dera; malinga ndi malamulo, opanga m’derali amalembetsa kwa bungwe lomwe lili ndi ufulu ndipo amalemba tiyi ndi dzina limodzi pamodzi ndi chizindikiro chofanana.
- Onani chiyambi: midzi itatu ya m’tauni ya Limiao m’chigawo cha Nanzhang.
- Yang’anani maonekedwe: wopiringizika wowongoka wobiriwira ngati emerald wokhala ndi ubweya woyera, madzi owala achikasu-chikasu kapena achikasu-bubiriwira, fungo la chestnut.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Mbiri ya nthawi ya Tongzhi imatcha tiyi “wa Moping” popanda mawu oti “msonkho”: “gongcha” m’dzinali silinafotokozeredwe ndi zolembedwa.
Ku Hubei kuli “Moping” awiri: mudzi wa Mopingsi m’chigawo cha Nanzhang ndi mzinda wa Moping m’chigawo cha Zigui.
Malamulo amakhazikitsa chiyambi cha kuthyola osati ndi deti, koma ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba pa tchire.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wa ku Hubei

Baokang Lücha (保康绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha mapiri cha Baokang m’boma lomwelo la Xiangyang.
Xieshan Diecui (薤山叠翠): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mapiri a Xieshan m’chigawo cha Gucheng — m’mphepete mwa kumpoto kwa dera la Moping Gongcha.
Meizi Gongcha (梅子贡茶): “Tiyi wa msonkho” wina wa ku Hubei, wochokera m’chigawo cha Zhuxi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawocho.

Pomaliza:

Moping Gongcha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wamng’ono wa kumapiri wa midzi itatu pafupi ndi kachisi wakale wa Mopingsi. Za mbiri yakale sizikudziwika kambiri, koma zolembedwa zoteteza ndi zomveka: mtundu umodzi 鸠坑, kuthyola malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa masamba, wopiringizika wotetetsa wobiriwira ngati emerald wokhala ndi ubweya woyera, madzi owala ndi fungo la chestnut.