Dàshā tiānlù chá

Dasha Tianlu Cha (Dàshā tiānlù chá, 大沙天露茶) ndi tiyi wa m’tauni ya Dasha (大沙镇) m’boma la Kaiping (开平市) m’chigawo cha Jiangmen, m’chigawo cha Guangdong. “Tianlu” ndi “mame akumwamba” ndi dzina la mapiri a Tianlushan (天露山), kumene kuli minda ya m’tauniyi, osati dzina la gulu. Pansi pa dzinali pali chizindikiro cha geographical certification; tiyi wa m’tauni yomweyi amatetezedwanso pansi pa dzina lakuti “大沙茶”. Malinga ndi zofalitsa za mzindawo, ku Dasha amapanga makamaka tiyi wobiriwira, wofiira ndi wachikasu, choncho nkhaniyi ili pakati pa magulu. Komabe, zofunikira za chitetezo cha malonda a “大沙茶” (2025) zimangofotokoza za tiyi wobiriwira wokha.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Sizinakhazikitsidwe. Pempho la chizindikiro linaperekedwa pansi pa kalasi 30; gulu la tiyi silinapezeke m’zomwe zapezeka. Boma la Kaiping (2025) likuti “大沙茶” kwenikweni ndi tiyi wobiriwira, wofiira ndi wachikasu; zofalitsa za 2021 zinkatchula wofiira, wobiriwira ndi uulong wochepa. Kwa malonda a “大沙茶” gulu lakhazikitsidwa: zofunikira za chitetezo zomwe zili pa chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office № 632 (2025) zimangofotokoza za tiyi wobiriwira wokha, wa mawonekedwe a singano, wowumitsidwa ndi mpweya wotentha (烘青, hōngqīng) komanso wouma mwapakati-wokazinga mwapakati (半烘炒, bàn hōng chǎo).
Gulu: Tiyi wa m’tauni; chizindikiro cha geographical certification № 20483539.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), chigawo chachikulu cha Jiangmen (江门, Jiāngmén), boma la Kaiping (开平, Kāipíng), m’tauni ya Dasha (大沙, Dàshā).
Dera la chizindikiro: Mndandanda waukulu wa malo a geographical indications umatchula dera lochokera ngati gawo lomwe lilipo tsopano la m’tauni ya Dasha; malamulo a chizindikiro okhala ndi malire a dera sanapezeke.
Dera la indication la “大沙茶”: Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya chigawo cha Guangdong chovomereza pempho (7 Seputembala 2020), dera lachitetezo la agricultural indication ndi midzi 14 yoyang’anira ya m’tauni ya Dasha, kuyambira Gangping (岗坪) mpaka Wofu (沃富), ndi dera la Dashaxu (大沙墟社区). Ma coordinates ndi 112°13′45″–112°24′50″ kum’mawa ndi 22°23′21″–22°35′08″ kumpoto, dera lonse ndi mahekitala 22,062. Midzi 14 yomweyi, dera ndi ma coordinates akubwerezedwa ndi zofunikira za 2025. Kaya zimagwirizana ndi dera la chizindikiro cha “大沙天露茶”, sikutheka kudziwa mwa magwero omwe apezeka.
Ma coordinates a geographical: Kaiping ali pafupifupi 22,4° kumpoto ndi 112,7° kum’mawa; m’tauni ya Dasha ili pafupi ndi mapiri a Tianlushan.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano. Zofalitsa za m’deralo zimati tiyi waku Tianlushan amachokera ku nthawi ya mzera wa Tang ndipo amamugwirizanitsa ndi nthano ya patriarch wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa Chan, Huineng (惠能), yemwe akuti anabzala tiyi pano ndikuphatikiza tiyi ndi kusinkhasinkha. Chaka chenicheni choyambira kulima tiyi chomwe akufufuza a m’deralo akutchula sichinatsimikizidwe ndi gwero loyamba m’zomwe zapezeka. Malinga ndi zofalitsa za “Shidai Zhoubao” (2022), pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Yamen (崖门海战), m’mapiri a Tianlushan kunabisala asilikali a gulu lankhondo la Song kuchokera ku Fujian ndi mabanja awo; ambiri mwa iwo anali alimi a tiyi ndipo anabwera ndi njira za Fujian.
- Ming ndi Qing. Malinga ndi zofalitsa za m’deralo, pa nsanja ya Tiantangping (天堂坪) panali msika wa mapiri wa tiyi, ndipo “Nanfang Nongcun Bao” (2023) imati malonda amenewo anali a nthawi ya Ming, ndipo pa nthawi ya Qing kulima tiyi kunafika pachimake: malinga ndi zofalitsa zomwezo, kudzera pa kasitomu ya Qing ya Kaiping pa doko la Shuikou (水口) amatumiza pafupifupi 36,000 dan (担) a tiyi pachaka. Ku Tiantangping, malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2022, mpaka pano amapeza mitengo yakale ya tiyi.
- 2016–2018, chizindikiro. Pempho la kalasi 30 linaperekedwa pa 30 June 2016 ndi malo a ntchito zaulimi a m’tauni ya Dasha. Ofesi ya zizindikiro za malonda poyamba inakana: chizindikirocho chinawonedwa ngati chofanana ndi zomwe zinali zitalembetsedwa kale, ndipo m’zolembedwazo munalibe mafotokozedwe okwanira a ubwino ndi malire a geographical. Kukanako kunatsutsidwa; malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2021, mu December 2018 “大沙天露茶” inalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha geographical certification.
- 2018–2021. Malinga ndi uthenga wa boma la Kaiping (2022), “大沙茶” kwa zaka zinayi zotsatizana adalowa m’ndandanda wa “tiyi khumi wabwino wa masika wa Guangdong” (广东十大好春茶). Media center ya Kaiping (2021) imatsimikiza: mu 2018 udindo unapita kwa tiyi wofiira wa mtundu wa “大沙里”, mu 2019 kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa “大沙里” wochokera ku mtundu wa 金萱.
- 2020. Pempho la agricultural indication la “大沙茶” linaperekedwa ndi malo a ntchito zaulimi a m’tauni ya Dasha; pa 7 Seputembala 2020 dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya Guangdong inalengeza zavomereza.
- 2021. Malinga ndi boma la Kaiping, mu 2021 “大沙茶” inalowa m’kaundula wa boma wa malonda aulimi okhala ndi geographical indication; malinga ndi media center ya Kaiping, chilengezo cha unduna cholembetsa chinatuluka pa 6 April 2021.
- 2022. Malinga ndi media center ya Kaiping (2023), mu June 2022 m’tauniyi inayamba kupanga mtundu wamba wa “大沙优品”.
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office mwa chilengezo № 632 (chosainidwa pa 9 June, chofalitsidwa 27 June 2025) idavomereza mayina 224 ngati malonda okhala ndi geographical indication. M’ndandanda waphatikizo, mzere 178 ndi “大沙茶” ndendende; wopempha ndi malo a ntchito zaulimi a m’tauni ya Dasha (开平市大沙镇农业综合服务中心), dera ndi midzi 14 yomweyi ndi dera. Mndandanda waukulu wa geographical indications umagwirizanitsa nambala iyi ndi chizindikiro cha “大沙天露茶”, koma m’ndandanda womwewo pali dzina lokha la “大沙茶”.
Dzina: “Dasha” (大沙) ndi “mchensi waukulu”, dzina la m’tauni; “tianlu” (天露) ndi “mame akumwamba”, dzina la mapiri; “cha” (茶) ndi tiyi.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2021 ndi 2022, mu 2015 Dasha adalowa m’gulu la “m’tauni khumi za tiyi za Guangdong” (广东十大茶乡); “Nanfang Nongcun Bao” (2023) imati udindo womwewo unachitika mu 2014. Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2021, m’tauniyi imadziwika ngati m’tauni yapadera ya tiyi ya chigawo, ndipo midzi yake isanu ndi umodzi imadziwika ngati midzi yapadera ya tiyi. Kuyambira 2022, tiyi wa m’tauniyi amagulitsidwa pansi pa mtundu wamba wa “大沙优品”.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Mitundu: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za m’deralo, ku Dasha kwasankhidwa, kusinthidwa ndi kulowetsedwa mitundu yoposa makumi awiri, mwa iwiri pali mitundu ya masamba akulu a Yunnan (云南大叶), 金萱 (Jīnxuān), 鸿雁 (Hóngyàn) ndi 白毛 (Báimáo). Ntchito inayamba ndi kafukufuku wa Tea Institute ya Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences mu 2004: institute inakhazikitsa malo owonetsera a 100 mu m’mudzi wa Gangping (岗坪). Zofalitsa za 2021 zimati mitundu yayikulu ndi 金萱, 英红九号 (Yīnghóng jiǔhào) ndi 鸿雁.
Mtundu malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha “大沙茶”: 金萱 (Jīnxuān) ndi mitundu ina yoyenera (金萱等适宜大沙茶的茶树品种).
Mitengo yakale: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2022 ndi 2023, magulu a mitengo yakale ya tiyi ku Tianlushan apulumuka mpaka pano; chiwerengero chawo sichinapezeke m’magwero omwe apezeka.
Muyezo wa kuthyola: Kwa chizindikiro, muyezo wa kuthyola sunakhazikitsidwe m’magwero omwe apezeka. Kwa malonda a “大沙茶” zofunikira za chitetezo zimayika kuthyola kuchokera ku mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi mpaka mphukira imodzi ndi masamba atatu (一芽一叶至一芽三叶); mphukira ziyenera kukhala zathunthu, zofanana komanso zoyera.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

Mapiri: Phiri lalikulu la Tianlushan lili pamalire a m’tauni ya Dasha ndi chigawo cha Xinxing; tsamba lovomerezeka la Jiangmen (2025) limati kutalika kwake ndi 1251 m ndipo ndilo malo okwera kwambiri kumwera kwa pakati pa Guangdong, pamene Chinese Wikipedia imati 1254 m. Chingwe cha mapiri chimakhudza madera a Xinxing, Yangchun, Yangdong, Enping ndi Kaiping.
Kutalika kwa minda: Kutalika kwenikweni kwa minda sikunapezeke m’magwero omwe apezeka. Zolemba zovomerezeka zibwereza mawu akuti “mapiri atali, latitudes wotsika, mitambo yambiri ndi chifunga, kupanga koyera kopanda kuipitsa”.
Nyengo ndi dothi: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za m’deralo, nyengo ndi yofewa komanso yamvula, ndi chifunga pafupipafupi, dothi lachonde. Zofunikira za chitetezo cha “大沙茶” zimatsimikiza: dothi makamaka ndi red soil ndi yellow soil (红壤、黄壤), zolemera ndi organic matter, pH 4,5–5,5.
Minda malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha “大沙茶”: 2500–4000 chitsamba pa mu; kubzala kwamasika kumayambira pakati pa February mpaka kumayambiriro kwa March, kubzala kwautumn kumayambira kumayambiriro kwa October mpaka kumapeto kwa November. Feteleza wamkulu amaikidwa mu October–November m’migero yakuya 20–25 cm, pafupifupi 1000 kg ya organic matter pa mu.
Dera: Zofalitsa za 2021 zimatchula mahekitala 10,200 a minda, chidziwitso cha 2020 cha pempho la indication chimatchula 680 ga (zomwe ndi mahekitala 10,200 omwewo) ndi matani 180 a tiyi pachaka. Malinga ndi media center ya Kaiping (2023), pansi pa tiyi pali pafupifupi mahekitala 2333 (pafupifupi 35,000 mu), ndipo mwa awa oposa 666 ga ndi minda ya mitundu yotchuka.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Kwa chizindikiro cha “大沙天露茶” ukadaulo sunakhazikitsidwe m’magwero omwe apezeka, ndipo pansi pa mayina a m’tauniyi amatulutsa tiyi wa magulu osiyanasiyana. Kwa malonda a “大沙茶” ukadaulo umayikidwa ndi zofunikira za chitetezo za 2025, ndipo uwu ndi ukadaulo wa tiyi wobiriwira:

Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng): Pa zitsulo za nsungwi kapena mphasa wosapyola 3,5 cm, kwa maola 4–10, mpaka tsamba litaya 10–20 % ya kulemera kwake, likhale lofewa ndi kupereka fungo latsopano.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Mu makina a ng’oma pa kutentha kwa tsamba 110–120 °C, mpaka tsamba likhale lofewa, ndipo tsinde lizitha kupindika osaduka, mpaka mtundu usinthe kukhala wobiriwira kwambiri ndipo fungo la udzu lichoke. Mphepete zopsereza ndi tsinde kapena masamba ofiira zisapezeke.
Kuzizira (摊凉, tānliáng): Wosanjikiza wochepa ndi mpweya, kenako pafupifupi maola 2–3 opuma, kuti chinyezi m’tsamba chifanane.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Mphindi 30–40; tsamba losalimba ndi kupanikizika kopepuka ndi kwaufupi, tsamba lolimba ndi kwamphamvu komanso kwautali. Masamba opotoza ayenera kukhala oposa 90 %.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào) m’njira zitatu. Tiyi wa singano amapangidwa kuchokera ku mphukira yomwe yatuluka pang’ono ndi tsamba: pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa tsamba limapotozedwa pang’ono kapena osapotozedwa konse, limakokedwa ndi makina ndi kuyanikidwa. Hongqing (烘青) pambuyo pakuswa zotupa amayanika ndi mpweya wotentha kawiri. Wouma mwapakati-wokazinga (半烘炒) poyamba amayanika mu chowumitsira cha lamba pa 115–120 °C mpaka pafupifupi 70 % kouma, ndipo pambuyo popuma, mu ng’oma pa 100–105 °C mpaka kuumiratu.
Kukonza ndi kulongedza (整理包装, zhěnglǐ bāozhuāng): Tiyi wozizira amayeretsedwa kuchokera ku tsinde, fumbi ndi masamba achikasu.

Kwa tiyi wobiriwira, zofalitsa za boma la Kaiping za kuthyola kwamasika (April 2025) zimatchula mfundo zomwezo za kuyala, kukhazikitsa ndi kupotoza, ndipo kwa kuyanika, kuyambira 90 mpaka 160 °C kutengera mawonekedwe a tiyi. Tiyi wofiira ndi wachikasu wa m’tauniyi amapangidwanso; malinga ndi zofalitsa zomwezo, izi ndi machitidwe a m’tauniyi, osati zofunikira za chitetezo:

Tiyi wofiira: kuthyola, kufota, kupotoza, kuvunda, kuyanika. Tsamba m’madengu limakanikizidwa pang’ono ndi kuphimbidwa ndi nsalu yonyowa ndi madzi ofunda; kawirikawiri pambuyo pa maola 5–6 mitsempha imakhala yofiira, ndipo tsamba limapita ku kuyanika.
Tiyi wachikasu: masitepe omwewo monga tiyi wobiriwira, kuphatikiza kutenthetsa (焖黄, mènhuáng): tsamba pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa ndi kupotoza, likadali lotentha, limayikidwa mulu kapena kutenthedwa ndi makina, ndipo pang’onopang’ono limakhala lachikasu.

Tiyi wofiira wa “大沙韵萱红茶”, malinga ndi “Guangzhou Ribao” (2023), amapangidwa ndi kufota, kuvunda ndi kutenthetsa (烘焙). Tiyi wa mafamu ang’onoang’ono amakonzedwa ndi fakitale yamba ya “大沙优品”: malinga ndi media center ya Kaiping (2023), pofika nthawi imeneyo fakitale inali itakonza tiyi wa mafamu ang’onoang’ono 20.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Kufotokoza kotsimikizika kwambiri kuli mu zofunikira za chitetezo cha malonda a “大沙茶” (2025); komweko kumaperekanso mndandanda waukulu wa malo ndi boma la Kaiping (2025). Uwu ndi tiyi wa mawonekedwe obiriwira. Kwa chizindikiro cha “大沙天露茶” mndandanda waukulu wa geographical indications umapereka kufotokoza kwina, ndipo zofalitsa zina zimalankhula za “大沙茶” mwachisawawa, popanda gulu, ndipo zimasiyana.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa indication, lopota mwamphamvu, lopindika pang’ono, lobiriwira kwambiri (外形较紧结、微卷曲、色泽深绿). Mfundo ya indication ndi “色深、味浓带花香”: “mtundu wakuda, kukoma kodziwika ndi fungo la maluwa”. Kwa chizindikiro, mndandanda waukulu umalemba mosiyana: tiyi wouma ndi wochepa komanso wolimba, wokhala ndi ubweya woserewuoneka bwino (紧细显银毫).
Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe apezeka.
Fungo la madzi: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa indication, ndi loyera komanso lalitali, ndi fungo la tiyi (香气清高带茶香), malinga ndi mfundo yake, ndi fungo la maluwa (带花香). Boma la Kaiping (2025) likuwonjezera: lozama komanso lolimba, limakhalitsa (香气深沉而厚重).
Kukoma: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa indication, ndi kokwanira komanso kofewa (滋味浓醇). Boma la Kaiping (2025): lodzaza, kukoma kwakuthwa kumasanduka kutsekemera ndipo kumayambitsa malovu. Kwa chizindikiro, mndandanda waukulu umalemba: kokwanira komanso kwatsopano, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (滋味醇厚鲜爽，回甘生津).
Mtundu wa madzi: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa indication, ndi wobiriwira komanso wowala (汤色绿明亮). Kwa chizindikiro, mndandanda waukulu umalemba: woyera, wobiriwira ndi chikasu chochepa (碧清微黄).
Tsamba pansi pa madzi (tsamba lothiridwa): Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa indication, ndi lokhuthala, lofewa, lobiriwira kwambiri (叶底厚软、深绿).

7. Zomwe zili mu Chemical

Zofunikira za chitetezo cha malonda a “大沙茶” (2025) zimayika mfundo izi:

Chizindikiro	Mlingo
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6,0 %
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 6,0 %
Ma polyphenols a tiyi	osachepera 15,0 %
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 36,0 %

Tsamba loyendera alendo likufotokoza mfundo zina za specification yakale ya agricultural indication: chinyezi osapitirira 5,0 %, phulusa osapitirira 7,5 %, ma polyphenols osachepera 16,0 %, zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi osachepera 40,0 %. Tsambalo silinatseguke, ndipo manambalawa sanatsimikizidwe ndi chikalata. Kwa chizindikiro cha “大沙天露茶” palibe deta ya physical-chemical m’magwero omwe apezeka.

8. Kuthira

Mchitidwe wa gulu, mfundo zimatengera mtundu wa tiyi wa ku Dasha uli m’manja.

Wobiriwira: 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kuthira koyamba masekondi 40–60, kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan, kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.
Wofiira: 90–95 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kuthira koyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi, gaiwan kapena mtsuko wa porcelain, kuthira kangapo ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Tiyi wobiriwira ndi wachikasu m’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo, amwe m’chaka chimodzi. Wofiira, pamalo ouma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, m’paketi yolimba, kutali ndi fungo.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical certification cha “大沙天露茶” (№ 20483539) kapena chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication pa malonda a “大沙茶”. Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo, ufulu wake wopanga m’deralo amalandira kudzera mu ofesi ya zaumisiri ya Kaiping, ndikuwunikidwa m’chigawo ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi State Intellectual Property Office.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’tauni ya Dasha m’boma la Kaiping (kwa “大沙茶”, wa m’midzi ya dera la indication, gawo 1).
- Tiyi wina wa m’tauniyi amagulitsidwa pansi pa mtundu wamba wa “大沙优品”.
- Musasokoneze ndi tiyi wa Xiangwo wochokera kutsidya lina la mapiri omwewo: ameneyo ndi dzina lina la chigawo china.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Pempho la chizindikiro poyamba linakanidwa, kuphatikizapo chifukwa chakuti silinafotokoze ubwino ndi malire; pambuyo pa kutsutsa chizindikiro chinalembetsedwa.
“Guangzhou Ribao” (2023) ikuti palibe mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito m’tauniyi konse.
M’tauni imodzi imakhala ndi njira zitatu zachitetezo pansi pa mayina awiri, “大沙天露茶” ndi “大沙茶”. Zofunikira za 2025 za “大沙茶” zimangofotokoza za tiyi wobiriwira wokha, ngakhale m’tauniyi amapanganso wofiira ndi wachikasu; kaya dera la chizindikiro limagwirizana ndi dera la indication, sikutheka kudziwa mwa magwero omwe apezeka.
Malinga ndi media center ya Kaiping ndi “Nanfang Nongcun Bao” (zonse zofalitsa za 2023), mu 2022 tiyi wachikasu wa “大沙里一号黄茶” analandira udindo wa mmodzi wa “mafumu khumi a tiyi a China” (中国十大茶王). “Wachikasu” m’dzinalo palokha sizitsimikizira gulu.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina

Xiangwo Cha (象窝茶): Tiyi wa mapiri omwewo a Tianlushan, koma wa chigawo cha Xinxing m’chigawo cha Yunfu; amatulutsidwanso m’mitundu ingapo ya magulu osiyanasiyana.
Gulaocha (古劳茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wakale wa boma la Heshan m’chigawo chomwecho cha Jiangmen.
Taishan Hong Cha (台山红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma loyandikana la Taishan m’chigawo cha Jiangmen.
Heshan Hong Cha (鹤山红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma la Heshan m’chigawo chomwecho cha Jiangmen.

Pomaliza:

Dasha Tianlu Cha ndi tiyi wa m’tauni yamapiri ya Dasha, wotchulidwa ndi mapiri a Tianlushan. Zolemba zimalongosola zambiri za m’tauniyi kuposa za tiyi mu kapu: kulembetsa kovuta kwa chizindikiro, njira zitatu zachitetezo, kukula kwa minda kufika pafupifupi 35,000 mu, fakitale yamba ndi mtundu wamba. Pansi pa chizindikiro pali magulu angapo, mafotokozedwe a maonekedwe amasiyana, choncho muyenera kusankha mzere weniweni wa wopanga weniweni. Kufotokoza kotsimikizika kwambiri kumaperekedwa ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha “大沙茶” za 2025: ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi tsamba lolimba lobiriwira kwambiri, madzi owala obiriwira ndi kukoma kokwanira komanso kofewa.