Lǎoyīng chá · thetea.app

ILaoin Cha (Lǎoyīng chá, 老鹰茶) — «itiye lokhozi oludala», uketshezi oluphuma emiqulwini nasemaqabungeni amancane esihlahla 毛豹皮樟 (Litsea coreana var. lanuginosa) somndeni we-laurel. Isihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis asibandakanyeki lapha, futhi eChina lesi siphuzo sibizwa ngokuthi «itiye elingelona itiye» (非茶之茶). Basiphuza ezintabeni zaseSichuan naseChongqing, kodwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo igama livikelwe isifunda saseShimian (石棉县) esifundazweni saseSichuan — kusukela ngo-2012; izidingo zamanje zomkhiqizo zagunyazwa ngo-August 2026. Uphawu oluphambili — iphunga eliminyene le-camphor (樟香浓郁).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Akulona itiye ngomqondo webhotani futhi akulona nelilodwa ezigabeni eziyisithupha zetiye laseChina. Imithombo ethandwayo ilibeka phakathi kwezindawo ezithathelwa itiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
Isigaba: Uketshezi olungaveli esitshalweni setiye; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (kusukela ngo-2012, izidingo zango-2026).
Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umasipala wedolobha iYa’an (雅安, Yǎ’ān), isifunda saseShimian (石棉, Shímián).
Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwesimemezelo sango-2026 — izigodi namalokishi ayisithupha esifunda saseShimian ngemingcele yawo yamanje: iMeiluo (美罗乡), iFengle (丰乐乡), iWajiao (挖角乡), iCaoke (草科乡), iLiziping (栗子坪乡) kanye neXinmian (新棉镇). Umbhalo awuzinikezi izixhumanisi zendawo.
Amanye amagama: Esifundeni saseWulong (武隆区) eChongqing — «itiye lesihlahla esikhulu» (大树茶) kanye ne-老荫茶. Ngokwe-Baidu encyclopedia, ngenxa yengxenye engaphansi yeqabunga emhlophe, ibizwa nangokuthi «itiye elimhlophe» (白茶) — lokhu akuhlangene nesigaba se-baicha.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Endulo, ngokwemibhalo yendawo. Isizindalwazi sesifunda saseWulong sibhekisela isiphuzo enkathini yeNtwasahlobo neNkwindla kanye neMibuso Elwayo, sibiza itiye lentela laseTang futhi sihumusha i-laoin cha ngetiye eliqinile laseSong (粗茶), elalihwebelana ngamahhashi. Azikho izinkomba zemibhalo — lokhu kuyinsumansumane yendawo kanye nencazelo yesizindalwazi.
- «I-Bencao Gangmu». Ngokwe-Wikipedia yesiShayina, igama elithi 老鹰茶 livele kuleli phepha; iphepha ngokwalo alizange liqinisekiswe.
- Imibhalo yomlando. Isizindalwazi sesifunda saseWulong sicaphuna i-Republican «County Chronicle of Hanyuan» (汉源县志): kulesi sifunda leli tiye litholakala kuphela e-Huangnibao (黄泥保), kanye nase-顺河八谷山, lapho «ukunambitheka kuqine kakhulu». Ngokwencazelo yesizindalwazi, indawo yesibili — izigodi zamanje zaseMeiluo naseFengle esifundeni saseShimian, okungukuthi umhlaba wendawo evikelwe yamanje. Kuyo futhi kucashunwe i-«County Chronicle of Qingxi» (清溪县志) yango-1799 — ngokuhweba ngetiye namahhashi.
- 1935. Emnyuziyamu wesikhumbuzo sokuwela umfula iDadu e-Anshunchang esifundeni saseShimian kuboniswa iketela lethusi, lapho, ngokombukiso, amasosha e-Red Army abilisa i-laoin cha.
- 2012. Ngokohlu lwango-2026, igama lalivikelwe njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kakade ngesimemezelo sango-2012 No. 111 se-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine; umbhalo walowo mqulu awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2019. Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko be-laoin cha besifunda saseWulong (武隆老鹰茶传统制作技艺) bufakwe ohlwini lwesithupha lwamagugu angaphatheki edolobha laseChongqing; bugcinwe ngokuphelele kakhulu yisigodi saseHaokou. Ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda saseYouxijian, ubuchwepheshe baso nabo bafakwe ohlwini lwamagugu aseChongqing.
- 2026. Isimemezelo No. 687 se-State Intellectual Property Office (esayinwe ngo-3 August, sashicilelwa ngo-12 August) sagunyaza izidingo ezintsha zomkhiqizo esikhundleni sezidingo zango-2012 — indawo 39 kwezingama-58. Umfakisicelo — uhulumeni wesifunda saseShimian.
Igama: Izincazelo zomdabu: izihlahla zikhula lapho kufinyelela khona ukhozi kuphela — kubantu baseGelao lena inyoni yetotem (isifunda saseWulong); imbewu ihluma kuphela uma isidlule esiswini sokhozi (isifunda saseYouxijian); igama kuthiwa laphambuka egameni elifana nomsindo elithi 捞阴茶 — «elikhishwe emanzini futhi lomiswa emthunzini».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kunezindawo ezahlukene ezifuna i-laoin cha: iShimian iphethe igama elivikelwe, isifunda saseWulong sibiza izintaba zaseDaloushan njengendawo yokuzalwa kwesiphuzo, isifunda saseYouxijian sizibiza ngokuthi yisifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke se-laoin cha yasendle eningizimu-ntshona.

3. Incazelo Yebhotani kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Isitshalo: Ngokombhalo ovikelwe — 毛豹皮樟 womndeni we-laurel (樟科), Litsea coreana Lévl. var. lanuginosa (Migo) Yang et P.H.Huang. I-Wikipedia yesiShayina ithi lesi sihlahla sikhula ikakhulukazi phezulu ezintabeni zaseSichuan; i-athikili kuphephabhuku i-«Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology» (2013) ithi indawo ebanzi — iSichuan, iGuizhou kanye ne-Anhui.
Isimo: Ngokwe-Baidu encyclopedia — isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esinamaqabunga aminyene e-elliptical, phezulu eluhlaza, phansi emhlophe. Umbhali othandwayo uhumusha igama lesitshalo kanje: «mao» (毛) — uboya beqabunga, «baopi» (豹皮, «isikhumba sengwe») — amagxolo anamabala, «zhang» (樟) — iphunga le-camphor.
Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngokwezidingo — izihlahla zasendle nezitshaliwe.
Izinga lokuqoqa: Kusukela ngo-March kuya ku-June — kusukela eqhumeni elilodwa kuya eqhumeni elinamaqabunga amathathu. Akuvunyelwe ukuqoqa iqabunga emvuleni nasekuseni ngamazolo, iqabunga elinsomi kanye neqabunga elilinyazwe izinambuzane.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Ukuphakama kokukhula: 1500–3000 m — ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo. E-Youxijian yaseChongqing, ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, izihlahla zikhula ngaphezu kuka-600 m, futhi «inkosi yezihlahla zokhozi» ineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-300.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo — i-pH 5.0–7.5, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-2.0 %.
Isifunda: Ngokwezincazelo ezithandwayo — isifunda esinezintaba emfuleni iDadu ophakathi, emngceleni ne-Liangshan Yi kanye ne-Garzê Tibetan autonomous prefectures, esinamahlathi aminyene, izihosha kanye nenkungu. Azikho izibalo zesimo sezulu emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe:

Ukuhlukanisa iqabunga elisha (分选, fēnxuǎn).
Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Ungqimba luka-3–5 cm, amahora angu-4–8, ngokungenisa umoya; iqabunga livikelwa ekulimaleni kwemishini kanye nasekubeni bomvu lapho lishisa.
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 120–150 °C, imizuzu engu-1–2, kuze kube umswakama ongu-55–65 %.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Noma ngaphandle kokusonga — umbhalo uvumela zombili izindlela.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): 110–130 °C, imizuzu engu-40–50, umswakama womkhiqizo ophelile ungaphansi kuka-8 %.
Ukukhetha nokupakisha (精选、包装).

I-Baidu encyclopedia ichaza nendlela yomdabu — amagatsha anamaqabunga amane nje omiswa elangeni.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Incazelo — ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo ovikelwe; umkhiqizo uba yitye leqhuma (芽茶) kanye netye lamaqabunga (叶茶).

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Itye leqhuma — amaqhuma aphelele anoboya, ansundu-bomvu, ayindilinga, amakhulu futhi aminyene, «njengamahlumela e-bamboo e-jade». Itye lamaqabunga (kusukela eqhumeni elineqabunga kuya eqhumeni elinamaqabunga amathathu) — ansundu-bomvu, alinganayo.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ezidingweni alichazwanga; imithombo ethandwayo ibiza iphunga nge-camphor, ngezinye izikhathi «iphunga le-orchid ne-musk» (兰麝之香).
Iphunga loketshezi: Ezidingweni iphunga lifakwe kufomula yokunambitheka: i-camphor egcwele (樟香浓郁).
Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile, kuyaqabula, nokubuya okumnandi (滋味醇和爽口、回甜). I-Baidu encyclopedia: kuqala kubabayo, bese kuba mnandi, kuqinile.
Umbala woketshezi: Kwetye leqhuma — ophuzi futhi okhanyayo, kwetye lamaqabunga — ophuzi-luhlaza. Eminye imithombo ibhala ngoketshezi olunombala we-amber, osagolide kanye nophuzi olukhanyayo; ezintweni ezigugile, ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda saseWulong, umbala uba bomvu-wewayini.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomkhiqizo: umswakama ongekho ngaphezu kuka-8.0 %; izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini kwetye leqhuma azingekho ngaphansi kuka-30 %, kwetye lamaqabunga azingekho ngaphansi kuka-25 %. Isifunda saseYouxijian sibhala ngama-amino acid angu-17, kuhlanganise neyisishiyagalombili ebalulekile, kanye nokungabikho kwe-caffeine; okuqukethwe yi-flavonoid emibhalweni yayo yeminyaka ehlukene kuyahluka — 25.6 % komunye kanye no-1.65 % komunye. Isizindalwazi sesifunda saseWulong, ngakolunye uhlangothi, sibhala ngenani elithile le-alkaloid (茶碱). Awekho amaphrothokholi okuhlaziya emithonjeni.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo ngqo. Emphakathini uketshezi luphuzwa ehlobo ukuze kuqedwe ukoma; izithembiso zokwelapha zezizindalwazi aziphindwanga lapha.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Azikho izindlela ze-Laoin Cha emithonjeni etholakele; ngezansi kunezindlela ezijwayelekile zoketshezi lwamakhambi oluvela eqabungeni elikhulu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–100 °C.
Inani: 2–3 g ku-150–200 ml; ngokwe-Baidu encyclopedia, iqabunga kufanele libe lincane, kodwa uketshezi luphuma oluningi.
Izitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
Inqubo: Uketshezi lokuqala — imizuzu engu-2–3, bese kuba uketshezi oluningana ngokwandisa isikhathi.

10. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aminyene, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga angaphandle. Ngokwezincazelo zendawo, uketshezi oluphekiwe ehlobo aluboli ebusuku.

11. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Awekho amanani okuthengisa kanye nemininingwane yokukhiqiza endaweni evikelwe emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Igama elivikelwe lisebenza kuphela ezigodini nasemalokishini ayisithupha aseShimian; funa uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. I-laoin cha yaseChongqing — isiphuzo esifanayo semvelaphi ehlukile.
- Iqabunga elomile elinsundu-bomvu noma amaqhuma anoboya, uketshezi oluphuzi noma oluphuzi-luhlaza, iphunga le-camphor elicacile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Umbhalo ovikelwe uvumela ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo ngokusonga noma ngaphandle kokusonga.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Nokunye Uketshezi Olungaveli Esihlahleni Setiye

I-Pingle Shiya Cha (平乐石崖茶): Uketshezi lwaseGuangxi oluvela eqabungeni lesihlahla sohlobo lwe-Adinandra, oluthosiwe kathathu futhi lusongwe; uketshezi oluphuzi-luhlaza futhi olumnandi.
I-Yongshun Meicha (永顺莓茶): Uketshezi lwaseHunan oluvela emvinini womndeni wamagilebhisi, onenhlamvu esiliva eqabungeni.
I-Kuding (苦丁茶): Uketshezi olubabayo oluvela emaqabungeni e-holly noma e-privet; i-laoin cha inokubuya okumnandi kanye ne-camphor.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Laoin Cha — isiphuzo sezintaba zaseningizimu-ntshona yeChina esivela eqabungeni lesihlahla se-laurel esinamagxolo anamabala. Igama elivikelwe ngelesifunda saseShimian emfuleni iDadu, lapho lenziwa ngohlelo olufushane — ukubuna, ukulungisa, ukomisa — futhi lihlonishwa ngeqabunga elinsundu-bomvu kanye nephunga le-camphor eliminyene. Leli «yitiye» ngomqondo womdabu wegama, futhi akufanele lilinganiswe ngezilinganiso zetiye.