Lǎoyīng chá · thetea.app

Lao Ying Cha (Lǎoyīng chá, 老鹰茶) ndi “tiyi wa chiwombankhanga wakale”, chotengera chochokera ku masamba ndi masamba aang’ono a mtengo wa 毛豹皮樟 (Litsea coreana var. lanuginosa) wa m’banja la lauraceae. Chomera cha tiyi Camellia sinensis pano sichikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ku China chakumwa ichi chimatchedwa “tiyi amene si tiyi” (非茶之茶). Amamwa m’mapiri a Sichuan ndi Chongqing, koma monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chigawo cha Shimian (石棉县) m’chigawo cha Sichuan kuyambira 2012; zofunikira zaposachedwa za chinthuchi zidavomerezedwa mu August 2026. Chizindikiro chachikulu ndi fungo lokhuthala la camphor (樟香浓郁).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Si tiyi mwa tanthauzo la botanical komanso si gulu lirilonse la tiyi wa China. Zolemba zodziwika zimamuika m’gulu la zolowa m’malo mwa tiyi (代用茶, dàiyòng chá).
Gulu: Chotengera chochokera ku chomera chosakhala tiyi; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (kuyambira 2012, zofunikira za 2026).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), mzinda wa Ya’an (雅安, Yǎ’ān), chigawo cha Shimian (石棉, Shímián).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi chilengezo cha 2026, madera asanu ndi limodzi a chigawo cha Shimian m’malire awo amakono: Meiluo (美罗乡), Fengle (丰乐乡), Wajiao (挖角乡), Caoke (草科乡), Liziping (栗子坪乡) ndi Xinmian (新棉镇). Zolemba sizinapereke ma coordinates.
Mayina ena: M’dera la Wulong (武隆区) ku Chongqing amatchedwa “tiyi wa mtengo waukulu” (大树茶) ndi 老荫茶. Malinga ndi buku la Baidu, chifukwa cha tsamba loyera pansi, amatchedwanso “tiyi woyera” (白茶), koma izi sizikugwirizana ndi gulu la baicha.

2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthawi zakale, malinga ndi zolemba za m’deralo. Tsamba la dera la Wulong limayambitsa chakumwachi ku nyengo ya Spring and Autumn ndi Warring States, limatcha tiyi wa msonkho wa Tang, ndipo limatanthauzira laoying cha ngati “tiyi wamba” (粗茶) wa m’badwo wa Song, womwe unkasinthanitsidwa ndi akavalo. Palibe maumboni a zolemba, awa ndi nthano za m’deralo komanso kutanthauzira kwa tsambalo.
- “Bencao Gangmu”. Malinga ndi Wikipedia yaku China, dzina 老鹰茶 limapezeka m’koleji imeneyi; kolejiyo sinayang’anidwe.
- Zolemba zakale. Tsamba la dera la Wulong limagwira mawu “Hanyuan County Chronicle” (汉源县志) ya nthawi ya Republic: m’chigawochi tiyi uyu amapezeka kokha ku Huangnibao (黄泥保), komanso 顺河八谷山, kumene “kukoma kwake nkothamanga kwambiri”. Malinga ndi tsambalo, malo achiwiri ndi madera amakono a Meiluo ndi Fengle m’chigawo cha Shimian, ndiye malo a dera lotetezedwa lero. Kumenekonso kwagwidwa mawu “Qingxi County Chronicle” (清溪县志) ya 1799 yonena za malonda a tiyi ndi akavalo.
- 1935. Mu nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya kuwoloka mtsinje wa Dadu ku Anshunchang m’chigawo cha Shimian, pali ketulo yamkuwa yomwe, malinga ndi ziwonetsero, asilikali a Red Army ankapangira madzi a laoying cha.
- 2012. Malinga ndi mndandanda wa 2026, dzinali linatetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo kale ndi chilengezo cha 2012 No. 111 cha General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine; zolemba za chikalata chimenecho sizinapezeke.
- 2019. Ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wa laoying cha wa dera la Wulong (武隆老鹰茶传统制作技艺) udalowetsedwa mu mndandanda wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa cholowa chosagwira cha mzinda wa Chongqing; mokwanira kwambiri unasungidwa ndi mudzi wa Haokou. Malinga ndi tsamba la dera la Wuxijian, ukadaulo wake nawo udalowetsedwa mu cholowa cha Chongqing.
- 2026. Chilengezo No. 687 cha State Intellectual Property Office (chosainidwa pa 3 August, chofalitsidwa pa 12 August) chinavomereza zofunikira zatsopano za chinthu m’malo mwa zofunikira za 2012, malo 39 mwa 58. Wopempha ndi boma la chigawo cha Shimian.
Dzina: Mafotokozedwe ndi anthu wamba: mitengo imamera kumene kokha chiwombankhanga chimafika, ndipo kwa anthu a Gelao ndi mbalame ya totem (dera la Wulong); mbewu zimamera pokhapokha zitadutsa m’mimba mwa chiwombankhanga (dera la Wuxijian); dzinalo mwina linasokonekera kuchokera ku mawu ofanana 捞阴茶, kutanthauza “kutulutsidwa m’madzi ndi kuyanika mumthunzi”.
Chikhalidwe: Madera osiyanasiyana amafuna laoying cha: Shimian amasunga dzina lotetezedwa, dera la Wulong limatcha mapiri a Daloushan ngati kwawo kwa chakumwa, dera la Wuxijian limadzitcha lomwe liri dera lalikulu kwambiri la laoying cha wa kuthengo kumwera chakumadzulo.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Chomera: Malinga ndi chikalata chotetezedwa, 毛豹皮樟 wa banja la lauraceae (樟科), Litsea coreana Lévl. var. lanuginosa (Migo) Yang et P.H.Huang. Wikipedia yaku China imalemba kuti mtengo uwu umamera makamaka pamwamba m’mapiri a Sichuan; nkhani mu magazini ya “Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology” (2013) imati malo ake ndi okulirapo: Sichuan, Guizhou ndi Anhui.
Maonekedwe: Malinga ndi buku la Baidu, ndi mtengo wobiriwira nthawi zonse wokhala ndi masamba akuda a elliptical, pamwamba obiriwira, pansi oyera. Wolemba wotchuka amatanthauzira dzina la chomeracho motere: “mao” (毛) ndi ubweya wa tsamba, “baopi” (豹皮, “khungu la nyalugwe”) ndi khungwa lamitengo lamadontho, “zhang” (樟) ndi fungo la camphor.
Zopangira: Malinga ndi zofunikira, mitengo ya kuthengo ndi yobzalidwa.
Mulingo wa kukolola: Kuyambira March mpaka June, kuchokera ku mphukira imodzi mpaka mphukira yokhala ndi masamba atatu. Nkoletsedwa kutola masamba pa mvula ndi mame, masamba ofiirira ndi owonongeka ndi tizilombo.

4. Terroir ndi Zochitika za Kulima

Kutalika kwa kukula: 1500–3000 m malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthu. Ku Wuxijian, malinga ndi tsamba la dera, mitengo imamera pamwamba pa 600 m, ndipo “mfumu ya mitengo ya chiwombankhanga” ili ndi zaka zoposa 300.
Dothi: Malinga ndi zofunikira, pH 5.0–7.5, zinthu za organic zosachepera 2.0 %.
Dera: Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe otchuka, ndi chigawo cha mapiri pakati pa mtsinje wa Dadu, pamalire ndi Liangshan Yi ndi Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures, ndi nkhalango zowirira, zigwa ndi nkhungu. Palibe manambala a nyengo omwe apezeka.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthu chotetezedwa:

Kusankha masamba atsopano (分选, fēnxuǎn).
Kufowoketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): Mzere wa 3–5 cm, maola 4–8, ndi mpweya wabwino; masamba amatetezedwa ku kuvulala kwakuthupi komanso kuti asafiira pakatentha.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): 120–150 °C, mphindi 1–2, mpaka chinyezi 55–65 %.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kapena popanda kupotoza, chikalata chimalola njira zonse ziwiri.
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): 110–130 °C, mphindi 40–50, chinyezi cha chinthu chomaliza chosakwana 8 %.
Kusankha ndi kupakira (精选、包装).

Buku la Baidu limalongosolanso njira ya anthu wamba: nthambi ndi masamba zimangoyanikidwa padzuwa.

6. Khalidwe la Organoleptic

Mafotokozedwe malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthu chotetezedwa; chinthu chimakhala cha mphukira (芽茶) ndi cha tsamba (叶茶).

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Cha mphukira: mphukira zathunthu zokhala ndi ubweya, zofiirira, zozungulira, zazikulu komanso zolimba, “ngati mphukira za jade za bamboo”. Cha tsamba (kuchokera ku mphukira ndi tsamba mpaka mphukira ndi masamba atatu): chofiirira, chokhazikika.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Silinafotokozedwe mu zofunikira; zolemba zodziwika zimatcha fungo la camphor, nthawi zina “fungo la orchid ndi musk” (兰麝之香).
Fungo la chotengera: Mu zofunikira, fungo lili mu njira ya kukoma: fungo lokhuthala la camphor (樟香浓郁).
Kukoma: Kofewa, kotsitsimula, ndi kubwerera kokoma (滋味醇和爽口、回甜). Buku la Baidu: poyamba kumakhala kowawa, kenako kokoma, kolimba.
Mtundu wa chotengera: Cha mphukira ndi wachikasu ndi wowala, cha tsamba ndi wobiriwira wachikasu. Zolemba zina zimalemba za mtundu wa amber, wagolide ndi wotumbululuka wachikasu; kwa zopangira zosungidwa, malinga ndi tsamba la dera la Wulong, umakhala wofiira ngati vinyo.
Tsamba lotsalira: Palibe mafotokozedwe omwe apezeka.

7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi

Zofunikira za chinthu: chinyezi chosaposa 8.0 %; zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi za mphukira zosachepera 30 %, za tsamba zosachepera 25 %. Dera la Wuxijian limalemba za ma amino acid 17, kuphatikizapo asanu ndi atatu ofunikira, komanso kusowa kwa caffeine; kuchuluka kwa flavonoids m’mabuku ake a zaka zosiyanasiyana kumasiyana: 25.6 % m’modzi ndi 1.65 % m’wina. Tsamba la dera la Wulong, m’malo mwake, limalemba za “kuchuluka kwina” kwa alkaloid (茶碱). Palibe ma protocol a kusanthula omwe akupezeka.

8. Ubwino

Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wa zochita za chinthu ichi. Anthu amamwa chotengerachi m’chilimwe kuti athetse ludzu; malonjezano a machiritso a masamba sakubwerezedwa pano.

9. Kupanga

Zochita za kalasi. Palibe njira za Laoying Cha zomwe zapezeka; pansipa pali magawo wamba a zotengera za zitsamba za tsamba lalikulu.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–100 °C.
Kuchuluka: 2–3 g pa 150–200 ml; malinga ndi buku la Baidu, tsamba lofunika ndi lochepa, koma chotengera chimakhala chochuluka.
Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi, gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
Ndondomeko: Chotengera choyamba: mphindi 2–3, kenako kuthira kangapo ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.

10. Kusunga

Zochita za kalasi. Mu paketi yothina, pamalo owuma ndi amdima, kutali ndi fungo lachilendo. Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a m’deralo, chotengera chokonzedwa m’chilimwe sichimasokonekera usiku wonse.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe mitengo ya malonda ndi deta ya kupanga m’dera lotetezedwa yomwe yapezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Dzina lotetezedwa limangokhudza madera asanu ndi limodzi a Shimian; fufuzani chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Laoying cha wochokera ku Chongqing ndi chakumwa chomwecho koma chochokera kwina.
- Tsamba louma lofiirira kapena mphukira zokhala ndi ubweya, chotengera chachikasu kapena chobiriwira chachikasu, fungo lomveka bwino la camphor.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Chikalata chotetezedwa chimalola kupanga chinthu ndi kupotoza kapena popanda.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi zotengera zina zosachokera ku chomera cha tiyi

Pingle Shiya Cha (平乐石崖茶): Chotengera cha ku Guangxi chochokera ku tsamba la mtengo wa mtundu wa Adinandra, wowotchedwa katatu ndi wopotoza; chotengera chimakhala chobiriwira chachikasu ndi chokoma.
Yongshun Meicha (永顺莓茶): Chotengera cha ku Hunan chochokera ku mpesa wa banja la mphesa, wokhala ndi dothi lasiliva pa tsamba.
Kuding (苦丁茶): Chotengera chowawa chochokera ku masamba a holly kapena privet; laoying cha ali ndi kubwerera kokoma ndi camphor.

Pomaliza:

Laoying Cha ndi chakumwa cha mapiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa China chochokera ku tsamba la mtengo wa lauraceae wokhala ndi khungwa lamadontho. Dzina lotetezedwa ndi la chigawo cha Shimian pa mtsinje wa Dadu, kumene amapangidwa mwa njira yachidule: kufowoketsa, kukhazikitsa, kuyanika, ndipo amawalemekeza chifukwa cha tsamba lofiirira ndi fungo lokhuthala la camphor. Uwu ndi “tiyi” m’lingaliro la anthu wamba, ndipo sikuyenera kuyezedwa ndi miyeso ya tiyi.