Bābù chá

Babu Cha (Bābù chá, 八步茶), “itiye lezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili”, itiye elivela ezihlahleni zetiye ezinamaqabunga ansomi zesifunda iWangmo (望谟县) esifundazweni saseGuizhou, esifundeni esizimele saseQianxinan-Buyi-Miao. Igama linikezwe idolobhana laseBabu (八步村) elisesigodini saseJiaona, lapho kukhula khona iningi lezihlahla ezindala. Alikho ikilasi elilodwa laleli gama: amazinga ka-2021 achaza itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza, uchungechunge luka-2025 luchaza elibomvu nelimhlophe. Leli gama libhaliswe njengesikhombi sendawo sezolimo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Alikho ikilasi elilodwa: kunamazinga “八步茶 红茶” kanye “八步茶 绿茶” (2021) kanye nezingxenye ezimayelana netiye elibomvu nelimhlophe (2025). Ikhathalogi ye “全国名特优新农产品” ichaza umkhiqizo onezici zetiye elibomvu, kodwa ayilisho ikilasi; umbhalo wokubhalisa awukwazanga ukufundwa.
• Isigaba: Itiye elivela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezinamacembe ansomi (紫茶, zǐchá); isikhombi sendawo sezolimo.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), isifunda iWangmo (望谟, Wàngmó), ikakhulukazi isigodi saseJiaona (郊纳镇, Jiāonà zhèn).
• Indawo yokukhiqiza ngokwekhathalogi: eJiaona amadolobhana aseBabu, iTielu (铁炉), iYalong, iRongyan, iGuanzhai, iGaozhai, iJiaona kanye neYouting; esigodini saseDayi idolobhana laseErni; endaweni yaseXintun idolobhana lasePingxiang. Lolu hlu alukwazanga ukuqhathaniswa nombhalo wokubhalisa.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isigodi saseJiaona cishe singama-25.4° N no-106.2° E.

2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Izinganekwane. Isizindalwazi sokulawulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi saseGuizhou sibhala ukuthi ekuqaleni kweShu-Han itiye elinsomi laseBabu lanikezwa umbusi uLiu Bei (刘备) futhi kamuva lagcinwa isikhathi eside njengentela. Ngokwenganekwane kokunye ukushicilelwa kwalolu phiko (2025), amabutho aseShu, ejaha “inkosi yamaqaba” ehluliwe, afinyelela ezintabeni zaseBabu futhi athatha itiye elinsomi elatholakala lapho njengentela.
  • Umzila wezinqola. Ngokombiko wehhovisi lezokukhangisa lesifunda (2025), iBabu neTielu kwakuyiziteshi zomzila omdala “wetiye namahhashi” (茶马古道): abathengisi babehwebelana lapha usawoti ovela ogwini ngetiye nensimbi, eTielu babethesela amahhashi izinsimbi, eBabu kwakunomsindo wemakethe “八步场”. Ukuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kubiza lowo mzila ngokuthi “umzila kasawoti netiye” (盐茶古道).
  • 2017. Emqhudelwaneni wetiye wesifundazwe wasekwindla wathola isicoco “古树茶茶王” (“inkosi yetiye lezihlahla ezindala”).
  • 2019. NgoMeyi isifunda sathola isicoco “中国紫茶之乡” — “izwe letiye elinsomi laseChina”.
  • 2021. NgoJanuwari 19 inhlangano yendawo yetiye elidala laseBabu yakhipha uchungechunge lwamazinga eqembu i-T/BBGC-2021; phakathi kwawo kunokumayelana nokutshala, ukuvuna nokucubungula, itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza. Ngo-Ephreli walowo nyaka igama lafakwa eqoqweni lokuqala lezikhombi zendawo zezolimo zika-2021. Inombolo yesitifiketi ayikasho emithonjeni etholakele.
  • 2025. Inhlangano yamaShayina yetiye yakhipha uchungechunge lwe-T/CTSS 98-2025 “贵州省望谟八步茶” olunezingxenye eziyisithupha — mayelana nokukhiqiza, ingadi, itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe; lwaqala ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 18.
• Igama: “Babu” (八步) — “izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili”, igama ledolobhana. Inganekwane ekushicilelweni kokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi (2025) isusela igama ekuhambeni okubalulekile “kwesibhozo” (八字步) okwakuhamba ngakho izikhulu ngenkathi zihlala phansi ukunatha itiye. Lokhu akusilo isifunda saseBabu (八步区) sedolobha laseHezhou eGuangxi.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ibiza itiye laseBabu ngokuthi “i-panda enkulu” yezwe letiye ngenxa yokungavamile; isifunda sifake itiye elinsomi phakathi kwezimboni eziyinhloko zomnotho.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nempahla yokusetshenziswa

• Impahla yokusetshenziswa: Izihlahla zetiye ezinamacembe ansomi. Izincazelo zombala ziyehluka: “imithombo ensomi, amacembe neziqu, izimbali ezibomvu” (紫芽、紫叶、紫茎、红花) kukhathalogi ye “全国名特优新农产品”; izimpande ezingansomi, iziqu, amacembe, imithombo, izimbali nezithelo — ekushicilelweni kokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi (2025).
• Isimo: Ngokombiko ka-2023, izihlahla zasendle zendawo ezinjengezomdabu zichazwe njengetiye lokuqala elinsomi “红花紫鹃” (hónghuā zǐjuān). Iphephandaba i “乡村干部报” libiza itiye nangokuthi 紫鹃茶 futhi lilifaka ezimweni ezinamacembe aphakathi namancane.
• Izinhlobo: Awekho amagama ezinhlobo ezibhalisiwe emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izihlahla ezindala: Izinombolo ziyehluka. Uhlu lwempahla yaseJiaona, ngokombiko ka-2023, yizihlahla ezingama-86 262, kuzo eziyi-1673 ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-300, eziyi-116 eziphakathi kweminyaka engama-500 nama-800 nangaphezulu, ezintathu ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1000. Ukuhlolwa kweYunivesithi yaseGuizhou, ngokwekhathalogi, kungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-82 esifundeni sonke, kuzo eziyi-1763 ezinobubanzi besiqu phansi obungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-8. Isihlahla esidala kunazo zonke, ngokwemininingwane yokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kanye neXinhua (2025), sineminyaka engaba ngu-1700.
• Ukuvuna: Ngokwekhathalogi, kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuya maphakathi no-Ephreli; ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu ingo-Ephreli. Izinga lehlumela alikavezwa emithonjeni etholakele.

4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: IJiaona isenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda saseWangmo, amakhilomitha angama-61 ukusuka enkabeni yesifunda.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Esigodini kusukela kumamitha angama-650 (idolobhana i-Youting) kuya kumamitha ayi-1634 (idolobhana i-Gaozhai), ngokwemininingwane yokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi. Okunye ukushicilelwa kwalolu phiko (2025) kusho kusukela kumamitha angama-480 ezigodini kuya ngaphezu kwama-1700 eziqongweni. Ikhathalogi inikeza ukuphakama okuphakathi kwezingadi okungaba amamitha ayi-1100.
• Isimo sezulu: Ukuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi kuchaza indawo kanje: izibanzi eziphansi, ukuphakama okukhulu, amafu amaningi nenkungu, ilanga elincane, akukho ukungcola. Amazinga okushisa nemvula awatholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
• Inhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane etholakalayo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izindawo: Ngokushicilelwa kokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi (2025) — izinkulungwane eziyi-15 zezingadi zetiye ezakhiwe ngokwamazinga (规范化茶园), kanye nezindawo zokutshala eziyi-18.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Ayikho incazelo enemininingwane yokucubungula etholakala emithonjeni etholakele. Izidingo zibhalwe emazingeni enhlangano ka-2021 (“ukuvuna nokucubungula”, “itiye elibomvu”, “itiye eliluhlaza”) kanye ne-China Tea Society ka-2025 (ubuchwepheshe betiye elibomvu nelimhlophe), kodwa imibhalo yabo ayikwazanga ukufundwa.

Kumkhiqizo osuka kukhathalogi onezici zetiye elibomvu, ukulandelana okuvamile kwekilasi kungokulandelayo:

1. Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Icelemba lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama.
2. Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ubisi luphumela phezu kobuso becelemba.
3. Ukufakwa umoya (发酵, fājiào): Icelemba liba mnyama.
4. Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).

Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beBabu Cha.

6. Izici zokunambitheka

Incazelo yekhathalogi ye “全国名特优新农产品”:

• Isimo secelemba elomile: Imisonto emincane emincane, egobe ngokwemvelo, emnyama okwesibhakabhaka enokucwebezela okunamafutha, eneziqongo ezigolide ezibonakalayo, ephelele futhi elinganayo (条索紧细、自然弯曲，色泽乌黑油润，金毫显露).
• Iphunga lecelemba elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lomjovo: Iphunga lezimbali elinoshukela, eliphakeme futhi elihlala isikhathi eside (花香甜香、香高持久).
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha futhi okuthambile, okunobumnandi obubuyayo (鲜醇回甘).
• Umbala womjovo: Owolintshi-obomvu, okhanyayo (橙红明亮).
• Isisekelo setiye (icelemba elisetshenzisiwe): Libomvu, likhanyayo, lithambile futhi lilingana (红亮嫩匀).

Ukushicilelwa kokuphathwa kwezindaba zomphakathi (2025) kuchaza ngokuhlukile: umjovo “unsomi onombala obomvu”, ocacile, ukunambitheka okuthambile, ngaphandle kokukrakra nokulunywa — ngokusobala kungomunye umkhiqizo ovela empahleni yokusetshenziswa efanayo.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izinkomba zekhathalogi ye “全国名特优新农产品”:

Inkomba	Inani
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini	35.2 %
Ama-polyphenol etiye	17.3 %
Isamba sama-amino acid akhululekile	4.7 %
I-Theanine	12.6 g/kg
Isamba sama-catechin	3.91 %

Ngokombiko ka-2023, ukuhlaziywa kuka-2017 e “中国茶叶科学研究所” (igama njengoba linjalo emthonjeni) kukhomba ukuthi ama-anthocyanins etiyeni lendawo elinsomi aphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-30 kuye kwengama-50 kunetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile. Iphrothokholi yokuqala ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Inqubo yekilasi — imingcele incike ekutheni yiliphi itiye eliphathwa ngaphansi kwaleli gama.

• Elibomvu: 90–95 °C, amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml, umjovo wokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, gaiwan noma imbiza yobumba.
• Eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, amagremu ama-3 ku-150 ml, umjovo wokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi yokuphisa noma gaiwan.
• Elimhlophe: 85–90 °C, amagremu ama-3–4 ku-150 ml, umjovo wokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, gaiwan.

9. Ukugcinwa

Inqubo yekilasi. Itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe — endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni elivalekile, kude namaphunga. Eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, aliphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Ikhathalogi yomkhiqizo wayo incoma ukugcinwa ezingeni lokushisa legumbi endaweni eyomile, epholile, enomoya.

10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa

Awekho amanani okudayisa atholakala emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Funana uphawu lwesikhombi sendawo sezolimo kanye nesifunda saseWangmo njengendawo yokukhiqiza.
  • Ungaphambanise netiye elinamacembe ansomi lesifunda sedolobha laseHezhou eGuangxi, esifaka isifunda saseBabu (八步区): indawo efanayo, isifundazwe sehlukile.
  • Ungaphambanise ne “八宝茶” (bābǎo chá) — isiphuzo esixutshwe nezithasiselo esinezwi elifanayo.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kubhalwe amazinga amakilasi amathathu: elibomvu neliluhlaza (2021), elibomvu nelimhlophe (2025).
• Indawo ebizwa ngeBabu ikhona ezifundazweni ezimbili: eGuizhou idolobhana, eGuangxi isifunda sedolobha laseHezhou, lapho futhi kukhiqizwa khona itiye elinamacembe ansomi.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye anamacembe ansomi

• Hezhou Zi Cha (贺州紫茶): Itiye elinamacembe ansomi lesifunda sedolobha laseHezhou eGuangxi, esifaka isifunda saseBabu; lihlobene nedolobhana laseGuizhou kuphela ngokufana kwamagama ezindawo.
• Zijuan Hongcha (紫鹃红茶): Itiye elibomvu lohlobo lwaseYunnan olunamacembe ansomi iZijuan; itiye laseBabu lichazwa njengohlobo lwendawo olunjengezomdabu.

Ekuphetheni:

IBabu Cha yigama lempahla yokusetshenziswa ensomi yesifunda saseWangmo, hhayi itiye elilodwa: ngaphansi kwalo kubhalwe amazinga etiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza nelimhlophe, kanti ikhathalogi kahulumeni ichaza umkhiqizo oneziqongo ezigolide nomjovo owolintshi-obomvu. Izisekelo zaleli gama yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ezihlahla ezindala zaseJiaona, isikhombi sendawo sika-2021 kanye nochungechunge lwamazinga luka-2025. Ikilasi ngokubhalisa kanye nedatha yokuqala ngama-anthocyanins ngokwemithombo etholakele kuhlala kuvulekile.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• T/CTSS 98-2025

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo