Anding Yunwu (Āndǐng yúnwù, 安顶云雾) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa ku phiri la Andingshan (安顶山) m’mudzi wa Lishan (里山镇) m’chigawo cha Fuyang (富阳区) mumzinda wa Hangzhou, chigawo cha Zhejiang. Phiri lili kugombe lakumwera kwa mtsinje wa Fuchunjiang, ndipo malinga ndi chigawocho, mitambo ndi chifunga zimakhala pamenepo masiku oposa mazana awiri pachaka, motero dzina lakuti “yunwu,” kutanthauza “mitambo ndi chifunga.” Manyuzipepala a chigawo amati tiyiyu ndi wopereka msonkho kuyambira nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing, chigawocho chimati ndi imodzi mwa tiyi khumi zodziwika bwino za ku Hangzhou, ndipo luso lake lokazinga lakhala likulembedwa ndi mzinda wa Hangzhou m’ndandanda wa cholowa chosagwirika. Kuyambira 2016, dzinali limatetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Sindinawone chikalata cha chizindikiro chosonyeza gulu. Gulu limawonekera pa luso ndi mphotho: mu luso lakale pali fixation katatu (杀青, shāqīng), kukazinga kwa makina kumachitika pamzere wa tiyi wosalala, ndipo tiyiyi adalandira mphotho pa ziwonetsero za tiyi wobiriwira za ku Zhejiang. Buku lina lotchuka limati mwachindunji ndi tiyi wobiriwira.
- Gulu lalikulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wakale wa kumapiri kuzungulira Hangzhou; chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2016).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), chigawo cha Fuyang (富阳, Fùyáng), mudzi wa Lishan, mudzi wa Anding (安顶村), wotchulidwa pambuyo pa phirilo.
- Dera: Boma la zizindikiro za chigawo limatchula chigawo cha Fuyang ngati malo oyang’anira mwiniwake; si malire amalamulo a dera, ndipo sindinawone ngati malire amenewo.
- Ma coordinates a geographical: Chigawo cha Fuyang chili pafupifupi 30.05° kumpoto ndi 119.95° kummawa.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Nthano. Manyuzipepala a chigawo (2020) amalemba za “tiyi wa msonkho wa Ming ndi Qing” komanso za “zitsamba khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zovomerezedwa ndi nyumba yachifumu” (十八蓬御定老丛). Buku lotchuka likuwonjezera kuti udindo wa msonkho unaperekedwa ndi mfumu yoyamba ya Ming, Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), malinga ndi nthano. Zolemba za msonkho sizikupezeka m’magwero omwe ndawapeza; chigawocho m’mauthenga ake chimangogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “tiyi wa msonkho wa zaka chikwi” (千年贡品茶).
- 1986. Malinga ndi buku lotchuka, Anding Yunwu adavomerezedwa ngati tiyi wodziwika bwino wachigawo wa kalasi yoyamba; chigawocho chimamutcha “浙江省一类优质名茶”.
- Cholowa chosagwirika. Malinga ndi manyuzipepala a chigawo, luso lokazinga Anding Yunwu (安顶云雾茶炒制技艺) linalembedwa ndi boma la Hangzhou m’ndandanda wa cholowa chosagwirika cha mzinda. Chaka sichinaperekedwe m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
- 2014–2016 ndi chizindikiro. Pempho linaperekedwa pa 29 Seputembala 2014, kuvomerezedwa koyamba pa 20 Novembala 2015, kulembetsa pa 21 February 2016.
- 2022. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala yaulimi, mahekitala oposa 350 a minda pakati pa phiri adasonkhanitsidwa m’manja amodzi, ndi kusonkhanitsa kumodzi, kukazinga kumodzi, ndi kugulitsa kumodzi.
- 2024. Malinga ndi chigawocho, Anding adalowa mgulu loyamba la “malo khumi a likulu la tiyi” la Hangzhou (茶都十景).
- Dzina: “Anding” (安顶) ndi dzina la phiri ndi mudzi; “yunwu” (云雾) ndi “mitambo ndi chifunga.”
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tiyi wakale wodziwika wa chigawo cha Fuyang. Chigawocho chimamutcha “imodzi mwa tiyi khumi zodziwika bwino za ku Hangzhou” (杭州十大名茶); mndandanda womwewo sunapezeke m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
- Kusonkhanitsa: Malinga ndi chigawocho, kusonkhanitsa pa phiri kumayamba mochedwa (采摘期相对较晚), ndipo chifukwa cha kuchedwa kumeneku ndi kununkhira kokhazikika, tiyiyu amatchedwa “kununkhira kwakumapeto” (晚来香). Nthawi yabwino yopangira tiyi watsopano, malinga ndi chigawocho, ndi kuyambira Qingming mpaka Guyu, ndiko kuti kuyambira koyambirira kwa April mpaka pa 20 za April.
- Muyezo wa kusonkhanitsa: Palibe muyezo weniweni m’magwero omwe ndawapeza. Nkhani mu kope lakunja la “Renmin Ribao” (2023) limafotokoza kusonkhanitsa pamanja: wosonkhanitsa amakweza mphukira wachinyamata ndipo samadula ndi chikhadabo.
- Zofunika pa zopangira: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Gombe lakumwera kwa mtsinje wa Fuchunjiang (富春江) m’chigawo cha Fuyang. Buku lotchuka limati phirili ndi mbali ya mapiri a Xianxialing (仙霞岭).
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Ziwerengero zikusiyana. Manyuzipepala a chigawo (2020) amati phirili ndi 790 m; uthenga wa chigawo (2025) umati kutalika kwapakati kwa phiri ndi 650 m ndipo kutalika kwapakati kwa minda yapakati ndi “oposa 700 m”; nyuzipepala yaulimi (2022) imati “oposa 700 m” kwa mudzi wa Anding. Buku lotchuka limatchula mu malemba amodzi kuti 790 m komanso “oposa 900 m.”
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi manyuzipepala a chigawo, mvula imaposa 1500 mm pachaka, kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi usiku kuli pafupifupi 15 °C, ndipo mitambo imakhala pa phiri chaka chonse. Chigawocho ndi nyuzipepala amati mitambo ndi chifunga zimakhala masiku oposa mazana awiri pachaka.
- Dothi: Malinga ndi chigawocho, dothi lalikulu ndi dongo lachikasu ndi mchenga wakuda (黄泥土、乌沙土). Buku lotchuka limati dothi ndi losalala, lachonde, komanso lolemera ndi organic matter; nkhani ya “Renmin Ribao” imati ndi lachonde; palibe kusanthula kwa dothi m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
- Kukula kwa minda: Ziwerengero zosiyana zaka zosiyana komanso malire osiyana. Manyuzipepala a chigawo (2020): m’mudzi wa Lishan pali minda yoposa 6000 mu, ndipo yoposa 2000 mu ndi ya ku Anding. Uthenga wa chigawo (2025): pali yoposa 3000 mu mdera lapakati.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Malinga ndi chigawocho, mu luso lakale la Anding Yunwu pali fixation katatu (三次杀青). Maziko ake ndi kukazinga pamanja (手工炒制), ndipo zaka zaposachedwa kwawonjezeka kukazinga kwa makina: mzere wodziwongolera wa tiyi wosalala (扁形茶) umatsanzira mayendedwe a kukazinga pamanja ndipo umasunga fixation katatu omwewo. Buku lotchuka limatchula njira yopangira kuti “theka kuwotcha-theka kukazinga” (半烧半炒), osalongosola. Palibe magawo ena m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
Pansipa pali dongosolo lalikulu la tiyi wobiriwira, osati kufotokoza kwenikweni kwa tiyiyu:
- Kuyala tsamba latsopano (摊放, tānfàng): Tsambali limayalidwa mosanjikiza kuti litulutse chinyezi china.
- Fixation (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha m’potolo kumaletsa oxidation ndi kusunga mtundu wobiriwira.
- Kuumba ndi kukazinga (炒制, chǎozhì): Tsambali limakonzedwa m’potolo kuti likhale ndi mawonekedwe oyenera.
- **Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào).
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Palibe kufotokoza kovomerezeka kwa maonekedwe m’magwero omwe ndawapeza; pansipa pali mawu a chigawo, manyuzipepala, ndi buku.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Malinga ndi chigawocho, ndi lobiriwira la emerald (色泽翠绿); manyuzipepala a chigawo amafupikitsa maonekedwe ndi mawu akuti “色翠、汤浓、味醇” ndiko kuti mtundu wa emerald, madzi okhuthala, kukoma kofewa. Maonekedwe a tsamba sanafotokozedwe; mawonekedwe osalala amangoganiziridwa chifukwa cha mzere wa tiyi wosalala.
- Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
- Kununkhira kwa madzi: Koyera pakupanga (开汤清香), ndipo pa kutsanulira kwachiwiri ndi kwachitatu, malinga ndi chigawocho, kumakula kwambiri. Buku lotchuka limatchula kununkhira pang’ono kwa orchid (略带兰花清香).
- Kukoma: Kokhuthala ndi kofewa (汁浓味醇), kwatsopano ndi kokoma, kopanda kuwawa kapena kukhwinyata (入口鲜甘、毫无苦涩); nkhani ya “Renmin Ribao” imalemba za kubwerera kokoma kolemera ndi kokhalitsa.
- Mtundu wa madzi: Palibe deta m’magwero omwe ndawapeza; “汤浓” ikunena za kukhuthala, osati mtundu.
- Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lopangidwa): Palibe kufotokoza kovomerezeka. Nkhani ya “Renmin Ribao” imafotokoza masamba obiriwira a emerald ndi masamba omwe amatseguka ndipo nthawi zina amayandama, nthawi zina amamira mu kapu.
7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical
Palibe deta ya physico-chemical m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsani zida.
- Ikani tiyi ndi kutsanulira madzi kumbali ya kapu.
- Kupanga koyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya madzi ena.
- Onjezerani madzi.
- Kutsanulira kuwiri kapena katatu; chigawocho chimati kununkhira kumakula kwambiri pa kutsanulira kwachiwiri ndi kwachitatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’katoni lotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi, ndi kununkhira. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Palibe deta yamitengo m’magwero omwe ndawapeza.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical certification “安顶云雾” No. 15439785. Malinga ndi boma la chigawo la 2019, palibe kampani imodzi yomwe idaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho, choncho chizindikiro pa paketi chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa; ngati chikugwira ntchito panopa, sizinatsimikizidwe.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa chigawo cha Fuyang, makamaka wa m’mudzi wa Lishan.
- Tsamba ndi lobiriwira la emerald, kununkhira koyera, kukoma kofewa komanso kopanda kuwawa.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Mwini wa chizindikiro ndi Center for Agricultural Technology Extension ya chigawo cha Fuyang (杭州富阳区农业技术推广中心), bungwe la boma, osati bungwe la mafakitale.
- Buku lotchuka limatchula mayina a anthu a tiyiyu: “Anding cha” (安顶茶), “Yanding cha” (岩顶茶) ndi “Yanding minghao” (岩顶茗毫).
- Malinga ndi buku lomwelo, akatswiri ochokera ku Anding adayimira Fuyang pamipikisano yachigawo ya kukazinga tiyi wosalala ndipo mu 2003 adatenga mphotho yoyamba.
12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi zina za ku Hangzhou
- Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa ku Hangzhou wokazingidwa pamanja m’potolo; Anding Yunwu amakazingidwa ndi makina pamzere wa mtundu womwewo, wa tiyi wosalala.
- Tianmu Qingding (天目青顶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mapiri a Tianmu m’chigawo cha Lin’an; dzina lake lachiwiri, Tianmu Yunwu, lilinso “mitambo ndi chifunga.”
- Tianzun Gongya (天尊贡芽): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo choyandikana cha Tonglu kumtunda kwa Fuchunjiang, ndi nthanoyi yokhudza msonkho ku nyumba yachifumu.
- Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha (桐庐雪水云绿茶): Tiyi wa singano wochokera ku masamba amodzi a m’chigawo chomwecho cha Tonglu.
Pomaliza:
Anding Yunwu ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri kwa gombe lakumwera kwa Fuchunjiang, kumene mitambo imakhala masiku oposa mazana awiri pachaka. Zolemba zake ndi zochepa: chizindikiro cha 2016 cha bungwe la boma la Agricultural Technology Extension, cholowa cha mzinda mu luso la kukazinga, fixation katatu mu njira yakale. Zina zonse ndi mawu a chigawo ndi manyuzipepala: tsamba lobiriwira la emerald, kununkhira koyera, kukoma kofewa kopanda kuwawa, ndi nthano ya tiyi wa msonkho yomwe sinatsimikizidwebe.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero