I-Haiqing Cha (Hǎiqīng chá, 海青茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobhaneni lase-Haiqing (海青镇) esifundeni sase-Huangdao (黄岛区) edolobheni lase-Qingdao, esifundazweni sase-Shandong; abezindaba bendawo balibiza ngokuqondile nangokuthi “itiye eliluhlaza lase-Haiqing” (海青绿茶). Leli itiye lasenyakatho elivela emkhankasweni othi «南茶北引» — “itiye laseningizimu liya enyakatho”: ngo-1966 idolobhana lafaka izihlahla zetiye ezivela e-Anhui. Izidingo zokuvikela zilichaza ngokuqhathanisa neningizimu: iqabunga likhulu, liminyene futhi linesisindo ukwedlula elaseningizimu. Igama livikelwa njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo futhi, kusukela ngo-2025, ngesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 646.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikela zibala imigqa ekhishiwe — i-longjing, i-yinzhen, i-biluochun, i-maofeng, i-chaoqing (炒青) kanye ne-hongqing (烘青), “uchungechunge olukhulu oluyi-12, amagama angaphezu kwama-30”. I-Chaoqing ne-hongqing amagama etiye eliluhlaza ngokwendlela yokomisa; ukubukeka ezidingweni nakho kuluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho lase-Shandong.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), idolobha lase-Qingdao (青岛, Qīngdǎo), isifunda sase-Huangdao (isifunda esisha sase-Xihai’an), idolobhana lase-Haiqing (海青, Hǎiqīng). Ngo-1966 idolobhana lalingaphansi kwesifunda sase-Jiaonan (胶南).
- Indawo evikelwe: Imizana yokuphatha engama-43 yedolobhana, okuhlanganisa i-Houhexi (后河西村), i-Houhedong (后河东村), i-Dongjiawa (董家洼村), i-Dongcaijia (东蔡家村) kanye ne-Hongyangou (鸿雁沟村). Umfakisicelo yisikhungo sezolimo sedolobhana.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 119°31′–119°37′ empumalanga, 35°35′–35°43′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ama-1950, icebo. Ngokwengosi yezinkomba zendawo, umqondo we-«南茶北引» e-Shandong usukela kuma-1950: ngaphambi kokuba u-Tan Qilong (谭启龙) aqokwe njengombusi wesifundazwe, u-Mao Zedong wakhuluma naye ngokudlulisela itiye enyakatho.
- Ngo-1966. Isifunda sase-Jiaonan saqala umklamo we-«南茶北移、南竹北引» — “itiye laseningizimu noqalo lwaseningizimu ziye enyakatho”. Ngokwengosi yezinkomba zendawo, idolobhana lafaka izihlahla ezivela e-Anhui futhi lazitshala entabeni esenyakatho yomzana wase-Houhexi; insimu yokuhlola engama-42 mu yaqanjwa ngokuthi «海青茶». Ngo-1972 ukutshala kwakhula kwafinyelela kuma-220 mu, kanti i-Houhexi ibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa kwaleli tiye. Umbhali wendawo ephephandabeni i-«Qingdao Xihai’an Bao» (2025) uhlukanisa lawo ma-42 mu emizaneni emithathu: i-Houhexi — 25, i-Houhedong — 7, i-Dongjiawa — 10.
- Ngo-1968. Ngokwengosi yezinkomba zendawo, e-Haiqing kwakhiwa ifektri yetiye yokuqala e-Shandong — i-海青河西茶厂 — futhi kwakhishwa iqoqo lokuqala letiye. Ngokombhalo ka-2025, ifektri yakhiwa imizana emihlanu, kanti iqoqo lokuqala lenziwa ngo-1969.
- Ukuhlolwa. Ngokwengosi nangokombhalo, i-Tea Research Institute ye-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences yaphawula etiyeni lokuqala iphunga elihlanzekile, ukunambitheka okugcwele, ukumelana nokuphuzwa kaningi kanye nekhwalithi ephakeme kunelaseningizimu.
- Ngo-2008. Ngokwengosi yezohwebo ye-产地宝, itiye eliluhlaza lase-Haiqing lafakwa ohlwini lwesifunda lwamagugu angaphatheki e-Huangdao. I-«Dazhong Daily» (2025) ibiza leli phuzu ngokuthi — «海青绿茶种植加工技艺», ubuchwepheshe bokutshala nokucubungula, — futhi ikhuluma ngabaphathi balo abamele.
- Ukubalwa kweminyaka. I-«Dazhong Daily» yaphawula u-2025 njengeminyaka engama-60 ye-«南茶北引» edolobhaneni, kanti i-«Qingdao Daily» (2026) ibhala ukuthi isithombo sokuqala safika “eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa edlule”. Insimu yokuqala nayo ikalwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: ama-42 mu ngokwengosi yezinkomba, ama-26 mu ngokwengosi ye-产地宝, “amashumi amabili nambalwa mu” ekwakhiweni kwefektri yokuqala — ngokwamazwi omphathi wefa e-«Dazhong Daily».
- Ngo-2021. Kwakhishwa indinganiso yeqembu i-T/CAI 145-2021 «农产品地理标志 海青茶»; ngomhla ka-24 Disemba 2024 yachithwa.
- Inkomba yezolimo. I-Haiqing Cha ibhalisiwe njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo; ingosi yezinkomba inikeza inombolo yokubhalisa i-AGI01621, unyaka wokubhalisa awukho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngo-April 2020 i-«Jingji Ribao» isivele ibhala ngokubhaliswa njengokuthi sekwenzekile. Iwebhusayithi yephephandaba i-«Dazhong Daily» (2024) yengeza ukuthi itiye lafakwa kukhathalogi kazwelonke wemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile nemisha, kanti i-China Tea Society yanikeza idolobhana isiqu sokuthi “izwe letiye elidumile lase-China” (中国名茶之乡); izinsuku zalezi zigameko iphephandaba alizisho.
- Ngo-2025. Ngesimemezelo No. 646 somhla ka-23 Septhemba 2025, i-Haiqing Cha yaqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Igama: «Haiqing» (海青) yigama ledolobhana. Igama elithi «海青茶» lanikezwa insimu yokuqala yokuhlola yango-1966. Ngokwenganekwane, ebalulwa yingosi ye-产地宝, «Haiqing» yisiteshi esidala sendlela esuka e-Haizhou (海州) siya e-Qingzhou (青州); lapha kwadlula u-Su Shi ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili wenkathi ye-Xining (熙宁), futhi kuye kuhlanganiswa nokufika kwetiye. Awekho amadokhumenti asekela le nganekwane.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda ekupheleni kuka-2024, edolobhaneni kunama-35 000 mu ezingadi zetiye, imizana engama-57 etshala itiye kanye namabhizinisi etiye angaphezu kwama-200; umkhiqizo ungaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ezingamakhulu ayisithupha zama-jin etiye elomile ngenani elingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-373 zama-yuan, inani lomkhiqizo wesifunda lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-883 zama-yuan.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo ngokwezidingo zokuvikela: Izinhlobo zendawo ezikhethwe futhi ezijwayeza isimo sezulu — i-胶南春 (Jiāonánchūn), i-海青锋 (Hǎiqīngfēng), i-海北春 (Hǎiběichūn) kanye ne-海青翡翠 (Hǎiqīng fěicuì).
- Umthombo wokuqala: Izincazelo eziyisethenjwa kanye nejenali yezimboni (2017) zihlobanisa itiye lase-Haiqing nenani lembewu yase-Anhui i-祁门槠叶群体 (Qímén zhūyè qúntǐ); ngokwejenali, yafakwa yisifunda sase-Jiaonan ngo-1966. Okuvela kuyo, ngokombiko wesifunda, ngokukhetha isihlahla esisodwa kwasungulwa uhlobo i-北茶寒春.
- Izinhlobo ezintsha: Ngokombiko wesifunda (2024), izinhlobo ezine zendawo zibhaliswe nguMnyango Wezolimo — i-北茶36, i-东方紫婵, i-北茶红蕊 kanye ne-北茶寒春; eyokugcina ifanele kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
- Emasimini: I-«Qingdao Daily» (2026) ichaza ipulazi lomndeni lapho kukhule khona eduze izinhlobo i-中茶108 ne-黄金芽, inani lembewu kanye nokutshala ngama-clone.
- Ukuvuna: Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-April noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Entwasahlobo kuqala kushiywa esihlahleni iqabunga le-钱叶, kamuva — iqabunga elilodwa; ehlobo nasekwindla kushiywa kuphela iqabunga le-”fish” (鱼叶); amaqabunga amabili angenaso ihlumela (对夹叶) asuswa ngokuphelele. Kuvunwa kaningi, ngamaqoqo.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Amagquma aseningizimu ye-Qingdao ngasogwini loLwandle Oluphuzi.
- Indawo: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — amathambeka abheke emini, avaleleke emoyeni, kanye namathafa anamagquma anomthambeka ongeqi ku-25°.
- Inhlabathi: I-acidic noma i-acidic kancane, i-pH 4,5–6,5; kungcono inhlabathi yesihlabathi evundile; ungqimba lwenhlabathi lungama-80–100 cm nangaphezulu, ngaphandle kongqimba ophansi oqinile, nonogqimba ophilayo olungekho ngaphansi kwama-40 cm.
- Ukuphakama nesimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane yezinombolo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukutshala nokunakekela ngokwezidingo: ukumba okujulile ngaphezu kwama-80 cm; ukutshala kwentwasahlobo ngemigqa emibili emigudwini ejulile (凹田双行密植); kuwo wonke ama-100 kg etiye elomile nge-mu — ama-12–15 kg e-nitrogen emsulwa ngesilinganiso se-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium esingu-3,5 : 1 : 1; ukuchelela okuphoqelekile kathathu ngonyaka — ukuvusa amahlumela, ngemva komanyolo nangaphambi kobusika; ukuthena phakathi kwezinkathi ze-Chunfen ne-Qingming ngama-3–5 cm.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikela azikuchazi ukucubungula, futhi umbhalo wendinganiso yeqembu echithiwe awuvulekile emithonjeni etholakele. Ngezansi kunesikimu esijwayelekile setiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo ye-Haiqing Cha:
- Ukwandlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukusonga noma ukunikeza umumo (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomisa: Ebhodweni (炒青) noma ngomoya oshisayo (烘青) — yomibili imigqa ibalulwe ezidingweni.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka Nokubukeka
Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela zika-2025; kubakaki kukhona izincazelo zombhalo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Likhulu, liminyene futhi linesisindo ukwedlula itiye laseningizimu (较南茶硕壮重实); luhlaza okotshani onsundu, kucwebezela okunamafutha (墨绿油润). Iwebhusayithi ye-«Dazhong Daily» yengeza ukuthi imithambo yeqabunga ibonakala kahle.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Liminyene, liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (香浓郁高长). Iwebhusayithi ye-«Dazhong Daily» (2024) nezincazelo eziyisethenjwa zibiza uphawu lwalesi sitayela ngephunga le-”pea” (豌豆香); ezidingweni zokuvikela leli gama alikho.
- Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene, kugcwele, kuqabulayo (浓醇爽口).
- Umbala wotshwala: Uphuzi oluhlaza, ucwebezela (黄绿明亮).
- Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Liphuzi oluhlaza, lilingana, licwebezela (黄绿匀亮).
Ngokwe-«Qingdao Daily» (2026), e-Haiqing wonke umuntu uyayazi ifomula ethi «叶片厚、滋味浓、香气高、耐冲泡»: iqabunga eliwugqinsi, ukunambitheka okuminyene, iphunga eliphezulu, ukumelana nokuphuzwa kaningi.
Ikhadi lomkhiqizo engosini yezinkomba zendawo ligxilisa ngendlela ehlukile: iphunga eliminyene le-chestnut (栗香浓郁), ukunambitheka okuqabulayo (鲜爽), iqabunga eliphuziwe eliluhlaza elicwebezelayo.
Ingosi yezohwebo ye-产地宝 (2019) ihlukanisa itiye ngomumo ngezinhlobo ezimbili. Oluyisicaba (扁平形) — bushelelezi futhi buqondile, “njengengcambu yenkemba”, luhlaza okucwebezelayo; ukunambitheka kuthambile futhi kugcwele, utshwala buphuzi oluhlaza. Olusongekile (卷曲条形) — luhlaza okwesimaragidu, luzacile futhi luminyene, lunoboya obubonakalayo; iphunga liphezulu futhi lizinze, ukunambitheka kuqabulayo. Imikhiqizo ephezulu yomugqa — «海青峰».
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
| Isibonakaliso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6,0 % |
| Imvuthuluka | ingabi ngaphezu kuka-4,0 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6,0 % |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | zingabi ngaphansi kuka-37,0 % |
| I-fiber eluhlaza | ingabi ngaphezu kuka-16,0 % |
| I-Selenium | ingabi ngaphansi kuka-25 mg/kg |
| Isamba sama-amino acid | singabi ngaphansi kuka-2,0 % |
Umkhawulo we-selenium ongu-25 mg/kg uphakeme ngokungavamile: nge-Enshi Xicha, itiye eline-selenium egameni laso uqobo, kubikwa isilinganiso esingaba ngu-0,21 mg/kg, kanti ezindaweni ezine-selenium ephezulu — cishe u-6,4 mg/kg. Umkhawulo ofanayo usezidingweni zesimemezelo esifanayo ku-Jiaonan Lücha nasezinhlotsheni eziphezulu ze-Rizhao Lü Cha, ngakho iphutha lamayunithi alinakwenzeka. Emgqeni wama-amino acid kushoda uhlamvu lokuqala lwegama elithi «氨基酸».
Iwebhusayithi ye-«Dazhong Daily» (2024) nezincazelo eziyisethenjwa zibhala ukuthi ama-catechin etiyeni lase-Haiqing makhulu ngo-13,7 % kanye nama-amino acid ngo-5,3% kunamatiye aseningizimu ohlobo olufanayo. Ucwaningo lokuqala alukho emithonjeni etholakele, futhi lezi zinombolo ezifanayo ziyavela nasezincazelweni ze-Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶).
Ngokwekhadi lomkhiqizo engosini yezinkomba zendawo, izinto ezikhishwayo etiyeni lase-Haiqing ngokuvamile zingama-42–46 %.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan. Thela amanzi odongeni, ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, bese kuba ukuphisa okubili noma kuthathu, kushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Namanga
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungawagwema kanjani amanga:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela edolobhaneni lase-Haiqing.
- Khumbula ukuthi idolobhana lase-Haiqing liyabalwa nasezindaweni ze-Jiaonan Lücha: amanye amadolobhana e-Jiaonan yakudala angena endaweni ye-胶南绿茶, kodwa hhayi endaweni ye-海青茶.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Izindawo zamagama amabili esimemezelo esifanayo ziyahlangana: i-Haiqing Cha ivikelwa emizaneni engama-43 yedolobhana, kanti idolobhana uqobo lingena nasezindaweni ze-Jiaonan Lücha zemizana engama-163.
- Indinganiso yeqembu ye-Haiqing Cha yasebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye ase-Shandong
- IJiaonan Lücha (胶南绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sakudala sase-Jiaonan, indawo yalo ihlanganisa i-Haiqing; ukubukeka kuchazwa ngamagama afanayo mayelana netiye laseningizimu.
- IRizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elingasogwini elingaphesheya, nalo elivela ku-«南茶北引».
- I-Changqing Cha (长清茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho eduze kwe-Taishan kusukela esimemezelweni esifanayo esingu-No. 646.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Haiqing Cha itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana lapho ngo-1966 kwahlala khona izihlahla ezivela eningizimu: iqabunga elikhulu elinesisindo eliluhlaza onsundu, iphunga eliminyene neliphezulu kanye notshwala obuphuzi oluhlaza, obumelana nokuphuzwa kaningi. Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 zilichaza ngokuningiliziwe ingadi, kodwa hhayi ukucubungula, kanti ingxenye yezinkambiso zazo zamakhemikhali idinga ukuhlolwa.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo