I-Changqing Cha (Chángqīng chá, 长清茶) itiye eliluhlaza lase-Changqing District (长清区) eJinan City esifundazweni sase-Shandong, emaphethelweni asentshonalanga e-Taishan. Isikhungo sezolimo sesifunda siyibiza ngokuthi elinye lamatiye akhiqizwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu enyakatho ye-China. Izidingo zokuvikela zinciphisa ukubukeka kwezimpawu ezine: umbala wokumnika onjengomhluzi wamabele, iphunga le-chestnut, inyama yamaqabunga ewugqinsi, nokumelana nokusakazwa okuningi. Esifundeni kukhona isigodlo sezindela sase-Lingyansi (灵岩寺), incwadi yaseTang esixhumanisa nayo ukufika kokuphuzwa kwetiye enyakatho. Kusukela ngo-2025 kungumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikela azisho isigaba, kodwa kuyabonakala ngokubukeka: iqabunga eliluhlaza elikhazimulayo, umbala wokumnika onjengomhluzi wamabele, iphunga le-chestnut. Ngokwe “Jinan Daily”, izinkampani zesifunda ngaphandle kwetiye eliluhlaza zikhiqiza namatiye abomvu namhlophe, kodwa izidingo zokuvikela zichaza kuphela iqabunga eliluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho lase-Shandong; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2025); i “Jinan Daily” iwubiza futhi ngokuthi umkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), idolobha lase-Jinan (济南, Jǐnán), isifunda sase-Changqing (长清, Chángqīng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Iziphazili ezinhlanu nemikhakha yomgwaqo yesifunda, imizana yokuphatha engama-32. Umfakisicelo yisikhungo sokuthuthukisa ezolimo sesifunda.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokombhalo 116°43′–117°03′ empumalanga nangama-36°23′–37°30′ enyakatho. Ngokobubanzi be-latitude ifreyimu idlulela ngaphezu kwe-degree elilodwa, cishe amakhilomitha angu-120, kuyilapho sonke isifunda sithatha cishe ama-1200 km² nesikhungo esiseduze nama-36°27′ enyakatho; umngcele osenyakatho mhlawumbe uyiphutha lokubhala. Ifreyimu efanayo iphindwa yi-specification yophawu lwezolimo ekulandiseni kwesayithi lesithenjwa.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ukuphuzwa kwetiye ngaphambi kwetiye. I “Jinan Daily” (2024) iqala indaba nge “Notes on Things Seen and Heard by Master Feng” (封氏闻见记) yaseTang: abantu baseningizimu babekuthanda itiye, abasenyakatho ekuqaleni babephuza kancane, kanti ngeminyaka ye-Kaiyuan (713–741) esigodlweni sezindela sase-Lingyansi e-Taishan umfundisi wesikole se-Chan waphakamisa imfundiso, futhi ukuphuzwa kwetiye kwasabalala enyakatho. Isigodlo sezindela sisesifundeni sase-Changqing. Lokhu kungumlando wokuphuzwa kwetiye, hhayi wokutshalwa kwetiye.
- Unyaka wama-824. Iphephandaba licaphuna incwadi yenhlangano yetiye yesifunda, linikeza umbhalo oseceleni osekona lasenyakatho-mpumalanga lwehhala lase-Banzhou (般舟殿): «天蓼茶院到此，长庆四年正月十五日题» — “sivela egcekeni letiye lase-Tianliao safika lapha”, umbhalo wabhalwa ngosuku lwe-15 lwenyanga yokuqala yonyaka wesine we-era ye-Changqing. Intatheli icabanga ngokuqapha ukuthi igceke le-Tianliao kungenzeka laliyinsimu encane yetiye yesigodlo sezindela.
- Izinkondlo ezitsheni. Iphephandaba elifanayo licaphuna imigqa evela etsheni lesigodlo sezindela: «身在净土上方界，闲观野鸟鸣幽谷，顿觉超俗话新茶，再整衣冠拜佛牙» — kuyo umbhali, “eshiya izinto zasemhlabeni”, ukhuluma “nge-tiye elisha”. Umbhali nesikhathi iphephandaba alisasho. Iphephandaba, njengezincazelo ezijwayelekile, libheka “itiye elisha” njengeletiye lase-Changqing; emigqeni ngokwayo akukho igama letiye.
- I-Tang yakamuva. Ngokwephephandaba, izinsimu ngaleso sikhathi zavela e-Wuliang, e-Jiaonan, e-Tai’an nase-Lingyansi, kanti kamuva itiye latshalwa kancane e-Wande, e-Wufeng, e-Zhangxia nase-Shuangquan. Ukuthi lokhu kusekelwe kuyiphi imibhalo akushiwongo.
- Unyaka wowe-1998. Ngokwephephandaba elifanayo, kuphela ngaleso sikhathi lapho i-Changqing yaqala ukuzama ukutshala itiye ngohlelo “南茶北引” — “itiye laseningizimu liya enyakatho”; cishe ngo-2008 isifunda sase sikhuthaza ukutshalwa okukhulu. Isayithi lesithenjwa licaphuna isikhungo sezolimo sesifunda, libhala ngokuvuselelwa kokutshalwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950 nangama-2000 mu ensimu ekupheleni kuka-2011; ukungqubuzana nosuku lwephephandaba akukaxazululwa.
- Unyaka wowe-2022. I “Qilu Evening News” yabika nge-athikili yeqembu lesayensi lesifunda ngokunambitheka kwetiye lase-Changqing kujenali i-Foods; iphephandaba alinikezi imininingwane yokushicilelwa.
- Unyaka wowe-2023. Ngokwe “Jinan Daily”, izinsimu zendabuko zathatha ama-11,040 mu, inani lokukhiqizwa kwetiye elomile lalicishe libe yizigidi ezingama-201 zama-yuan; ekuhlolweni kwenani lemikhiqizo yetiye yesifunda yase-China ngonyaka wezi-2023, uphawu lwalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-499 zama-yuan.
- Unyaka wowe-2025. Ngesaziso se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 646 sangoSepthemba 23, 2025, i-Changqing Cha yamukelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Isaziso sezolimo. I “Jinan Daily” (2024) ibiza i-Changqing Cha ngokuthi umkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo; ingosi yetiye ibeka ukuqashelwa nguMnyango Wezolimo ngonyaka we-2012. Umbhalo ngokwawo awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Igama: “Changqing” (长清) yigama lesifunda. Isidlaliso sokukhangisa — “江北第一茶”, “itiye lokuqala enyakatho ye-Yangtze”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Inhlangano yetiye yesifunda, ixhaswe isikhungo sezolimo sesifunda, yakhipha incwadi «珠树莲台北茶之祖 — 长清茶与北方茶文化之变迁»; kakade esihlokweni i-Changqing ibizwa ngokuthi “ukhokho wetiye lasenyakatho”.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo: Izidingo zokuvikela zibala 鸠坑种 (Jiūkēng zhǒng), 黄山种 (Huángshān zhǒng), 福鼎大白茶 (Fúdǐng dàbáichá), 舒茶早 (Shūcházǎo) nochungechunge lwe-Longjing (龙井系列) — “nabanye”.
- Imvelaphi yezinhlobo: Ngokwe “Qilu Evening News”, iningi lezinhlobo zesifunda lithunyelwa livela eningizimu; okuvame kakhulu i-Fuding Dabai, kanti eminyakeni yokujwayela ikhwalithi yayo ishintshile ngokusobala uma iqhathaniswa nezalwa khona.
- Ukuvunwa: Kuphela ngesandla (人工采摘) — okuwukuphela kwemfuneko yokuvuna. Izinga lehlumela alikho embhalweni.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Isikhungo sesifunda sibiza isikhathi esingcono kakhulu setiye elisha ngenkathi ye-Guyu (谷雨, gǔyǔ) nangemuva: ngemuva kokuthuthela enyakatho i-biology yesihlahla ishintshile, inkathi seyiphuzile. Kuyo isifunda sakha uphawu 长清谷雨茶.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Emaphethelweni asentshonalanga e-Taishan (泰山西麓), eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Jinan; ngokwesikhungo sesifunda, izinsimu ikakhulukazi zizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu.
- Isimo sezulu: Isifunda esise-latitude ephezulu esinomehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku (“Qilu Evening News”). Imininingwane yamazinga okushisa, imvula nobude abukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ensundu (棕壤), ecebile nge-organic matter, i-zinc, i-iron, i-boron, i-calcium, i-magnesium ne-molybdenum.
- Ukunakekelwa ngokwezidingo zokuvikela: ukuchelela ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwamahlumela nangemuva kokufaka umquba; ukuchelela okuphoqelekile kokugcwalisa amanzi ekuqaleni kobusika (越冬水); ukuthenwa kwezihlahla ngenjongo yokuvuna; ukuvikela izinambuzane ngezindlela zezandla, ezingokoqobo nezebhayoloji, izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi obuphezulu nezingapheli zinqatshelwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikela azichazi ukucutshungulwa, azikho ezinye izincazelo zobuchwepheshe baleli tiye emithonjeni etholakele. Ngezansi kukhona uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo ye-Changqing Cha:
- Ukwandlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukuqedwa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukugoqeka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào).
6. Izimpawu Zokunambitheka
Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela zika-2025; kubakaki kukhona imisho yombhalo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ligoqiwe, licinene (条索卷曲紧结); liluhlaza, linokukhanya okumanzi (色泽绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile: iphunga eliphezulu (香高) umbhalo ulibhekisela “ekhwalithini yangaphakathi” (内质), okungukuthi ekumnikeni.
- Iphunga lomnikelo: Liphezulu, linenothi le-chestnut (板栗香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kugcwele (味醇).
- Umbala womnikelo: Umbala womhluzi wamabele (小米汤色).
- Phansi kwetiye (iqabunga eliphekwe): Inyama yeqabunga iwugqinsi (叶肉厚); itiye limelana nokusakazwa okuningi (耐冲泡).
Isikhungo sesifunda sifinyeza ukubukeka ngefomula ethi «小米汤、板栗香、叶肥厚、味悠长» — “umhluzi wamabele, iphunga le-chestnut, iqabunga elinamanzi, ukunambitheka okude”.
Izincazelo zesimo ziyahlukana: ingosi yetiye (2022) ibiza itiye eliluhlaza lase-Changqing ngokuthi liqondile, licinene futhi linoboya obubonakalayo (外形挺直，条紧显毫), hhayi ukuthi ligojiwe.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zokuvikela zibeka imingcele: izinto ezikhishwayo — okungenani 38.0%, ama-polyphenol — okungenani 14.0%, i-caffeine — okungenani 4.0%, isamba sama-amino acid — okungenani 23.0%, amaprotheni — okungenani 30.0%.
Imingcele emibili yokugcina iphakamisa umbuzo. Isamba sama-amino acid esingu-23% etiyeni eliqediwe asikholakali: amagama ase-Shandong aseduze esaziso esifanayo adinga okungenani 2.0% (Haiqing Cha) nangu-3.0% (Jiaonan Lücha), kanti amahlumela asentwasahlobo ohlobo “lwama-amino acid” olukhethekile lwe-Jinyun Huangcha anikeza 6.8–8.3%. Ezidingweni zamanye amatiye esaziso esifanayo akukho mkhawulo wamaprotheni. Izinombolo zinikezwe njengoba zibhaliwe; kungenzeka kube nephutha embhalweni ngokwawo.
Ngokocwaningo lweqembu lesifunda (ekulandiseni kwe “Qilu Evening News”), entwasahlobo kune-amino acid amaningi amahhala kanye nama-catechin ambalwa kunasehlobo nasekwindla, cishe okuqukethwe kwama-polyphenol kungashintshiwe, kanti itiye lase-Changqing lasentwasahlobo licebe ngama-amino acid kunezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga akhanyayo i-小雪芽, i-白叶1号 ne-黄山白茶.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g nge-150 ml, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan. Fudumeza isitsha, thela amanzi odongeni, ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60; phuza, ushiye ingxenye yokumnika, bese wenza ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ingosi yetiye (2022) ibiza intengo yebhokisi ikakhulukazi phakathi kwama-yuan angu-200–500, ingasho isisindo; ayikho eminye imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela esifundeni sase-Changqing.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Taishan Lücha (泰山绿茶) — igama elihlukile lesaziso esifanayo elinendawo e-Taian eseduze.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Maoshan Changqing (茅山长青): ngesi-Russian igama lizwakala elifanayo, kodwa leli yitiye eliluhlaza lase-Jiangsu elinama-hieroglyphs ahlukile.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- I-era ye-Changqing (长庆, Chángqìng) evela embhalweni wama-824 nesifunda sase-Changqing (长清, Chángqīng) ngesi-Russian kubhalwa ngokufanayo, kodwa ama-hieroglyphs namathoni ahlukile.
- Ohlwini lwesaziso No. 646 i-Changqing Cha ne-Taishan Lücha zimile zilandelana — ngaphansi kwezinombolo 258 no-259.
- Izincwadi zezentengiso zifanisa i-Changqing ne-Hangzhou: «南有虎跑泉、西湖龙井，北有趵突泉、长清名茶» — eningizimu kukhona umthombo wase-Hupao ne-Longjing yase-West Lake, enyakatho umthombo wase-Jinan i-Baotu netiye lase-Changqing.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Shandong
- I-Taishan Lücha (泰山绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esiseduze sase-Tai’an entabeni efanayo yase-Taishan, umakhelwane esazisweni.
- I-Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe, nalo elikhule ekuthuthelweni kwetiye enyakatho.
- I-Jiaonan Lücha (胶南绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseningizimu ye-Qingdao esazisweni esifanayo, nalo elinephunga le-chestnut encazelweni.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Changqing Cha itiye eliluhlaza lasenyakatho emaphethelweni e-Taishan: iqabunga eliluhlaza eligojiwe, umbala wokumnika onjengomhluzi wamabele, iphunga le-chestnut neqabunga elinamanzi elimelana nokusakazwa okuningi. Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 zaqinisa ukubukeka, kodwa hhayi ubuchwepheshe, kanti ingxenye yemingcele yazo yamakhemikhali idinga ukuhlolwa.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo