Haiqing Cha (Hǎiqīng chá, 海青茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Haiqing (海青镇) m’boma la Huangdao (黄岛区) mumzinda wa Qingdao, m’chigawo cha Shandong; atolankhani a komweko amangomutcha kuti “tiyi wobiriwira wa Haiqing” (海青绿茶). Uwu ndi tiyi wa kumpoto wochokera ku kampeni ya “南茶北引” yaani “tiyi wakumwera kupita kumpoto”: mu 1966 tauniyo inabweretsa tchire kuchokera ku Anhui. Zofunikira za chitetezo zimamufotokoza poyerekezera ndi kumwera: tsamba ndi lalikulu, lolimba komanso lolemera kuposa la kumwera. Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chuma chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (geographical indication) ndipo, kuyambira 2025, malinga ndi chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office № 646.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Zofunikira za chitetezo zimalemba mizere yomwe imapangidwa yaani longjing, yinzhen, biluochun, maofeng, chaoqing (炒青) ndi hongqing (烘青), “mndandanda waukulu wa 12, mayina opitilira 30”. Chaoqing ndi hongqing ndi mayina a tiyi wobiriwira malinga ndi njira yowumitsira; maonekedwe m’zofunikira nawonso ndi obiriwira.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumpoto wa Shandong.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shandong (山东, Shāndōng), mzinda wa Qingdao (青岛, Qīngdǎo), boma la Huangdao (new district Xihai’an), tauni ya Haiqing (海青, Hǎiqīng). Mu 1966 tauniyi inali m’boma la Jiaonan (胶南).
- Malo otetezedwa: Midzi 43 ya tauniyi, kuphatikizapo Houhexi (后河西村), Houhedong (后河东村), Dongjiawa (董家洼村), Dongcaijia (东蔡家村) ndi Hongyangou (鸿雁沟村). Wopempha ndi agricultural center ya tauniyi.
- Malo ogwirira ntchito: 119°31′–119°37′ E, 35°35′–35°43′ N.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Zaka za m’ma 1950, lingaliro. Malinga ndi portal ya geographical indications, lingaliro la “南茶北引” ku Shandong linachokera ku zaka za m’ma 1950: asanasankhidwe Tan Qilong (谭启龙) kukhala kazembe wa chigawochi, Mao Zedong analankhula naye za kusamutsa tiyi kupita kumpoto.
- 1966. Boma la Jiaonan linayambitsa polojekiti ya “南茶北移、南竹北引” yaani “tiyi wakumwera ndi nsungwi wakumwera kupita kumpoto”. Malinga ndi portal ya geographical indications, tauniyi inabweretsa tchire kuchokera ku Anhui ndikulidzala pa phiri lakumpoto la mudzi wa Houhexi; malo oyeserera a 42 mu anapatsidwa dzina lakuti “海青茶”. Pofika 1972 minda inakula kufika 220 mu, ndipo Houhexi amaonedwa ngati kwawo kwa tiyi amene. Nkhani ya wolemba wa komweko mu nyuzipepala ya “Qingdao Xihai’an bao” (2025) imagawa 42 mu zomwezo m’midzi itatu: Houhexi — 25, Houhedong — 7, Dongjiawa — 10.
- 1968. Malinga ndi portal ya geographical indications, ku Haiqing anamanga fakitale yoyamba ya tiyi ku Shandong — 海青河西茶厂 — ndipo anatulutsa tiyi woyamba. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2025, fakitale inamangidwa ndi midzi isanu, ndipo tiyi woyamba anapangidwa mu 1969.
- Kuwunika. Malinga ndi portal ndi nkhaniyo, Tea Research Institute ya Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences inati tiyi woyamba anali ndi fungo loyera, kukoma kokwanira, kupirira kuthira madzi ndipo khalidwe lake linali lapamwamba kuposa la kumwera.
- 2008. Malinga ndi portal ya malonda chandibwe, tiyi wobiriwira wa Haiqing analembedwa m’ndandanda wa zolowa za chigawo cha Huangdao. “Dazhong ribao” (2025) imatchula mfundo iyi — “海青绿茶种植加工技艺”, luso la kulima ndi kukonza, ndipo imatchula amene amalitsogolera.
- Kuwerengera zaka. “Dazhong ribao” inati 2025 ndi chaka cha 60 cha “南茶北引” m’tauniyi, ndipo “Qingdao ribao” (2026) inalemba kuti mbande yoyamba inabwera “zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo”. Munda woyamba umayezedwa mosiyanasiyana: 42 mu pa portal ya geographical indications, 26 mu pa portal ya chandibwe, “m’ma 20 mu” pomanga fakitale yoyamba — malinga ndi mawu a wolowa m’malo mwa osunga mwambo mu “Dazhong ribao”.
- 2021. Panatuluka standard ya gulu T/CAI 145-2021 “农产品地理标志 海青茶”; pa 24 December 2024 inachotsedwa.
- Chizindikiro chaulimi. Haiqing Cha ndi olembedwa ngati chuma chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; portal ya geographical indications imapereka nambala ya registration AGI01621, chaka cha registration sichikupezeka m’magwero opezeka. Mu April 2020 “Jingji ribao” inalemba kale za registration ngati yomwe inachitika. Webusaiti ya “Dazhong ribao” (2024) imawonjezera kuti tiyiyo inalowa m’ndandanda wa dziko lonse wa zokolola zodziwika, zapadera ndi zatsopano, ndipo China Tea Society inapatsa tauniyi dzina lakuti “dziko la tiyi wodziwika ku China” (中国名茶之乡); masiku a zochitika izi nyuzipepala sinatchule.
- 2025. Mwa chilengezo № 646 cha pa 23 September 2025, Haiqing Cha anavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
- Dzina: “Haiqing” (海青) ndi dzina la tauniyi. Dzina lakuti “海青茶” linapatsidwa munda woyamba woyeserera wa 1966. Malinga ndi nthano yomwe portal ya chandibwe imanena, “Haiqing” ndi siteshoni yakale panjira yochokera ku Haizhou (海州) kupita ku Qingzhou (青州); Su Shi anadutsa kuno m’chaka chachisanu ndi chitatu cha mfumu Xining (熙宁), ndipo amamugwirizanitsa ndi kubwera kwa tiyi. Palibe zolemba zotsimikizira nthanoyi.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi boma kumapeto kwa 2024, m’tauniyi muli 35,000 mu ya minda ya tiyi, midzi 57 yolima tiyi ndi mabizinesi opitilira 200 a tiyi; zokolola ndi zopitilira 2.6 miliyoni jin za tiyi wouma pa mtengo wopitilira 373 miliyoni yuan, mtengo wa chizindikiro cha chigawo ukuyezedwa pa 883 miliyoni yuan.
3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo: Mitundu ya m’deralo yosankhidwa ndi kuzolowera — 胶南春 (Jiāonánchūn), 海青锋 (Hǎiqīngfēng), 海北春 (Hǎiběichūn) ndi 海青翡翠 (Hǎiqīng fěicuì).
- Zoyambira: Mafotokozedwe a mabuku ndi magazini ya mafakitale (2017) amaika tiyi wa Haiqing ku gulu la mbewu la Anhui la 祁门槠叶群体 (Qímén zhūyè qúntǐ); malinga ndi magaziniyo, boma la Jiaonan linabweretsa mu 1966. Kuchokera mmenemo, malinga ndi boma, kusankha tchire limodzi kunabweretsa mtundu wa 北茶寒春.
- Mitundu yatsopano: Malinga ndi boma (2024), mitundu inayi ya m’deralo inalembetsedwa ndi Ministry of Agriculture — 北茶36, 东方紫婵, 北茶红蕊 ndi 北茶寒春; womalizayo amagwiranso ntchito pa tiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira.
- M’minda: “Qingdao ribao” (2026) imafotokoza famu ya banja pomwe pamodzi pali mitundu ya 中茶108 ndi 黄金芽, gulu la mbewu ndi kubzala kwa clone.
- Kututa: Kuyambira kumapeto kwa April kapena koyambirira kwa May. M’nyengo ya masika choyamba amasiya tsamba la 钱叶 pa tchire, kenako tsamba limodzi; m’nyengo yachilimwe ndi yophukira amasiya tsamba la “nsomba” lokha (鱼叶); masamba awiri opanda mphukira (对夹叶) amatengedwa kwathunthu. Amatuta kawirikawiri, m’magulu.
4. Malo ndi Kadyedwe
- Dera: Mapiri akumwera kwa Qingdao pafupi ndi gombe la Yellow Sea.
- Malo: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo — mapiri oyang’anira dzuwa, otetezedwa ku mphepo, ndi zigwa za mapiri zotsetsereka zosapitirira 25°.
- Nthaka: Ya acidic kapena yochepa acidic, pH 4.5–6.5; yabwino kwambiri ndi ya mchenga wachonde; nthaka yayitali 80–100 cm kapena kuposerapo, yopanda wosanjikiza wolimba pansi, yokhala ndi wosanjikiza wamoyo wosachepera 40 cm.
- Kutalika ndi nyengo: Palibe ziwerengero zomwe zikupezeka m’magwero opezeka.
- Kukhazikitsa ndi kusamalira malinga ndi zofunikira: kukumba mozama kupitirira 80 cm; kubzala m’nyengo ya masika m’mizere iwiri m’mizere yakuya (凹田双行密植); pa kilogalamu 100 iliyonse ya tiyi wouma pa mu — 12–15 kg ya nitrogen yoyera pa chiŵerengero cha nitrogen, phosphorus ndi potassium 3.5 : 1 : 1; kuthirira katatu kokakamizika pachaka — pakudzutsa mphukira, pambuyo pa feteleza ndi asanafike nyengo yozizira; kudula pakati pa nyengo za Chunfen ndi Qingming ndi 3–5 cm.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Zofunikira za chitetezo sizifotokoza kukonza, ndipo malemba a standard ya gulu yomwe inachotsedwa satsegulidwa m’magwero opezeka. Pansipa pali ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wobiriwira, osati kufotokoza kwa Haiqing Cha:
- Kuyala masamba atsopano (摊放, tānfàng).
- Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha kumaletsa oxidation.
- Kupotoza kapena kupanga maonekedwe (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuwumitsa: Mu mphika (炒青) kapena ndi mpweya wotentha (烘青) — mizere yonse iwiri yatchulidwa m’zofunikira.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo za 2025; m’mabokosi muli mawu a chikalatacho.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lalikulu, lolimba komanso lolemera kuposa tiyi wakumwera (较南茶硕壮重实); wobiriwira wakuda, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (墨绿油润). Webusaiti ya “Dazhong ribao” imawonjezera kuti mitsempha ya tsamba imaoneka bwino.
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera.
- Fungo la madzi: Lokhuthala, lalitali ndi lokhalitsa (香浓郁高长). Webusaiti ya “Dazhong ribao” (2024) ndi mafotokozedwe a mabuku amatchula kuti chizindikiro chake ndi fungo la “nandolo” (豌豆香); m’zofunikira za chitetezo liwu ili kulibe.
- Kukoma: Kokhuthala, kodzaza, kotsitsimula (浓醇爽口).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wachikasu, wowala (黄绿明亮).
- Masamba otayidwa: Obiriwira achikasu, ofanana, owala (黄绿匀亮).
Malinga ndi “Qingdao ribao” (2026), ku Haiqing onse amadziwa mwambi wakuti “叶片厚、滋味浓、香气高、耐冲泡”: tsamba lokhuthala, kukoma kokhuthala, fungo lalitali, kupirira kuthira madzi.
Khadi la chinthu pa portal ya geographical indications limapereka zofunikira mosiyana: fungo lokhuthala la mtedza (栗香浓郁), kukoma kwatsopano (鲜爽), masamba obiriwira owala otayidwa.
Portal ya malonda chandibwe (2019) imagawa tiyi m’mitundu iwiri malinga ndi maonekedwe. Wophwanyika (扁平形) — wosalala ndi wowongoka, “ngati nsonga ya lupanga”, wobiriwira ndi wonyezimira; kukoma kofewa ndi kodzaza, madzi obiriwira achikasu. Wopindika (卷曲条形) — wobiriwira wa emerald, wochepa ndi wolimba, wokhala ndi ubweya wooneka; fungo lalitali ndi lokhalitsa, kukoma kwatsopano. Mtundu wapamwamba wa mzerewu ndi “海青峰”.
7. Zomwe Zili M’kati
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | osapitirira 6.0 % |
| Zing’onozing’ono | osapitirira 4.0 % |
| Phulusa lonse | osapitirira 6.0 % |
| Zotulutsa | osachepera 37.0 % |
| Fiber yaiwisi | osapitirira 16.0 % |
| Selenium | osachepera 25 mg/kg |
| Aminosidi onse | osachepera 2.0 % |
Mlingo wa selenium wa 25 mg/kg ndi wokwera modabwitsa: kwa Enshi Xicha, tiyi wokhala ndi selenium m’dzina lomwe, amapereka pafupifupi 0.21 mg/kg, ndipo m’madera okhala ndi selenium yambiri — pafupifupi 6.4 mg/kg. Mlingo womwewu ulinso m’zofunikira za chilengezo chomwecho kwa Jiaonan Lücha ndi ku mitundu yapamwamba ya Rizhao Lü Cha, kotero kuti kulakwitsa kwa mayunitsi sikungatheke. Pa mzere wa aminosidi pali chilembo choyamba cha liwu lakuti “氨基酸” chosowa.
Webusaiti ya “Dazhong ribao” (2024) ndi mafotokozedwe a mabuku amalemba kuti catechins mu tiyi wa Haiqing ndi 13.7% ochulukirapo ndipo aminosidi ndi 5.3% ochulukirapo kuposa tiyi wakumwera wa mtundu womwewo. Kafukufuku woyambirira sapezeka m’magwero opezeka, ndipo ziŵerengero zomwezozi zimapezekanso m’mafotokozedwe a Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶).
Malinga ndi khadi la chinthu pa portal ya geographical indications, zotulutsa mu tiyi wa Haiqing nthawi zambiri ndi 42–46 %.
8. Kuthira Madzi
Njira yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wobiriwira: 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan. Thirani madzi m’mphepete mwa kapu, kuthira koyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60, kenako kuthira kawiri kapena katatu, kusiya gawo la madzi.
9. Kusunga
Njira yodziwika bwino. M’paketi yotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Palibe zolemba za mitengo m’magwero opezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication ndi wopanga wochokera ku tauni ya Haiqing.
- Kumbukirani kuti tauni ya Haiqing yatchulidwanso m’dera la Jiaonan Lücha: matauni ena a Jiaonan wakale ali m’dera la 胶南绿茶, koma osati m’dera la 海青茶.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Madera a mayina awiri a chilengezo chimodzi amaphatikizana: Haiqing Cha imatetezedwa m’midzi 43 ya tauniyi, ndipo tauniyi yomweyi ilinso m’dera la Jiaonan Lücha la midzi 163.
- Standard ya gulu ya Haiqing Cha inagwira ntchito kwa zaka zopitirira pang’ono zitatu.
12. Kuyerekezera ndi Tiyi Wina wa Shandong
- Jiaonan Lücha (胶南绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma lakale la Jiaonan, lomwe dera lake limaphatikizapo Haiqing; maonekedwe afotokozedwa ndi mawu omwewo okhudza tiyi wakumwera.
- Rizhao Lü Cha (日照绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira woyandikana naye wa m’mphepete mwa nyanja, womwe unachokeranso ku “南茶北引”.
- Changqing Cha (长清茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumpoto pafupi ndi Taishan wochokera m’chilengezo chomwecho № 646.
Pomaliza:
Haiqing Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa tauni yomwe mu 1966 mitengo yakumwera inakhazikika: tsamba lalikulu ndi lolemera lobiriwira lakuda, fungo lokhuthala lalitali ndi madzi obiriwira achikasu, opirira kuthira madzi kambiri. Zofunikira za chitetezo za 2025 zimafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane munda, koma osati kukonza, ndipo zina mwa zofunikira zawo za mankhwala zikufunika kutsimikiziridwa.
Magwero
Miyezo
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero