Běiyuàn gòngchá

Běiyuàn Gòngchá (Běiyuàn gòngchá, 北苑贡茶) usho “itiye laseNingizimu Garden elinikelwe enkantolo”: igama linezincazelo ezimbili, futhi azikwazi ukuhlanganiswa. Ngokomlando, kwakubizwa kanjalo itiye laseJianzhou elalisetshenziswa enkantolo: itiye elishiswe ngomusi, ligaywe laba inhlama, bese licindezelwa libe amaqebelengwane anodrako nefeniksi, okwathi, ngokwemithombo yendawo, iminyaka engu-458 lahamba laya enkantolo, kusukela embusweni waseMin kuze kufike kubukhosi bakwaMing. Namuhla lokhu kuwuphawu lwendawo (geographical indication) lwedolobha laseJian’ou (建瓯市) enyakatho yeFujian kanye nomkhiqizo ojwayelekile wamatiye alo; umbhalo wophawu lwendawo uchaza iwulong “eneqabunga eliluhlaza elinomphetho obomvu”.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Iwulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) ngokombhalo wophawu lwendawo: izinhlobo zeShuixian neAijiao Iwulong, i-oxidation ngokunyakazisa (做青). I-Běiyuàn Gòngchá yomlando yayiyitiye elicindezelwe elishiswe ngomusi (蒸青研膏团饼茶), hhayi iwulong.
• Isigaba: Uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo (2012), kusukela ngo-2025 umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (product with geographical indication); ngesikhathi esifanayo umkhiqizo ojwayelekile wesifunda.
• Okuhlanganisa umkhiqizo: Ngokwe-Central People’s Radio (2024), ikakhulukazi i-Aijiao Iwulong exutshwe kancane, i-Shuixian, i-Maozhan, i-Rougui kanye ne-Shuixian Bai emhlophe, kanye namaqebelengwane acindezelwe akhiwe kabusha.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda saseNanping (南平, Nánpíng), idolobha laseJian’ou (建瓯, Jiàn’ōu), iJianzhou yasendulo (建州).
• Indawo evikelwe: Isifunda sonke samadolobha angu-14 kanye nezigodi (phakathi kwazo i-Xudun, i-Jiyang, i-Fangdao, i-Nan’ya) kanye namakomidi emigwaqo angu-4, amakhilomitha-skwele angu-4233.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 117°58′45″–118°57′11″ E, 26°38′54″–27°20′26″ N.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Iminyaka yeZhenyuan (785–805). Ngokwerediyo, umbusi waseFujian u-Chang Gun (常衮) waqala ukwenza eJianzhou itiye elishiswe ngomusi elivela kunhlama egayiwe (研膏茶). I “Hua man lu” nayo ibeka lokhu eminyakeni yeZhenyuan futhi ibiza u-Chang Gun ngombusi wesifunda saseJianzhou; ingosi yetiye kanye nencwadi yezomnotho kuhlobanisa indlela entsha yokwenza nokuqokwa kwakhe eFujian eminyakeni yeJianzhong (780–783). U-Xiong Fan uqala umlando ngandlela thize ehlukile: ngesikhathi seSouthern Tang, ekupheleni kwe-Five Dynasties, izakhamuzi zezifunda zaziqoqwa ukuze zikhe e-Beiyuan, lapho kwaqala khona ukwenziwa itiye elivela kunhlama egayiwe (研膏), kwase kuba “ubuso obunengcina” (蜡面, làmiàn).
  • 933. Umhlali waseJianzhou u-Zhang Tinghui (张廷晖) wanikela ngamagquma etiye e-Fenghuangshan (凤凰山) embusini waseMin: amamayela angamashumi amathathu endaweni eyindilinga, abe yingadi yombusi. Yabizwa ngokuthi “iNgadi yaseNyakatho” ngoba yayisendaweni esenyakatho yombuso (ngokwencwadi yezomnotho, enyakatho yenhloko-dolobha yaseMin i-Fuzhou).
  • 977. Inkantolo yakwaSong yathatha ingadi yaba ngaphansi kokuphatha kwayo, yathumela izikhulu ukuba zengamele ukukhiqizwa, futhi yakha amafomu anodrako nefeniksi ukuze “ihlukanise nokuphuzwayo kwabantu abavamile” (以别庶饮). Kanjalo kwavela amaqebelengwane 龙团凤饼 (lóngtuán fèngbǐng). Ngo-985, lapho kusungulwa isifunda saseFujian, ukuphathwa kwezokuthutha kwaso, ngokwengosi yetiye, kwamiswa eJianzhou ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa nokulethwa kwala maqebelengwane.
  • U-Ding Wei no-Cai Xiang. Ngokwe “Minbei ribao” (okuphinde kwashicilelwa yiXinhua, 2025), eminyakeni yeXianping u-Ding Wei (丁谓) wenza iqebelengwane lefeniksi, kwase kuba elodrako, kanti eminyakeni yeQingli u-Cai Xiang (蔡襄) wenza iqebelengwane elincane lodrako (小龙团). I “Hua man lu” ibeka amaqebelengwane amancane eminyakeni yeTiansheng.
  • Isisindo nentengo yamaqebelengwane. U-Ouyang Xiu (欧阳修) encwadini ethi “Amarekodi Ngokubuyela Emasimini” (《归田录》) ubhala ukuthi amaqebelengwane amakhulu kadrako nefeniksi ayengama-8 ngejin ngalinye, kanti amancane, u-Cai Xiang aqala ukuwenza eminyakeni yeQingli, ayengama-20 ngejin ngalinye, futhi elincane lalibiza amaliang amabili egolide: “igolide lingatholakala, kodwa leli tiye alitholakali” (金可有而茶不可得). Ngezinsuku zomhlatshelo endaweni eseningizimu yedolobha, ngokusho kwakhe, i-Secretariat kanye ne-Privy Council bathola iqebelengwane elilodwa elincane futhi babelana ngalo phakathi kwabane; i “Hua man lu” ithi abayisishiyagalombili ngeqebelengwane elilodwa.
  • I-Miyunlong. Ngomthetho kaShenzong, eJianzhou kwaqala ukwenziwa “ifu eliminyene lodrako” (密云龙, mìyúnlóng) futhi labekwa ngaphezu kwamaqebelengwane amancane. I “Hua man lu” ibeka lo mthetho ekupheleni kweminyaka yeXining, u-Xiong Fan eminyakeni yeYuanfeng; eminyakeni yeShaosheng, ngokukaXiong Fan, leli tiye laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi “ifu elihle lodrako onyukayo” (瑞云翔龙).
  • Ubuningi. U-Xiong Fan (熊蕃) encwadini ethi “Amarekodi Etiye LaseBeiyuan Elinikelwe NgeMinyaka YeXuanhe” (《宣和北苑贡茶录》) ubhala: ekuqaleni kweminyaka yeTaiping Xingguo kwakunikelwa amaqebelengwane angu-50, ngeminyaka yeYuanfu kwase kungu-18,000, kanti ngesikhathi sakhe kwakungaphezu kuka-47,100. Ngokuqala kwentela, ukubalwa kwehlukile: i “Hua man lu” ithi ngesikhathi sikaDing Wei ngonyaka kwakunikelwa amaqebelengwane angengaphezu kuka-40, ingosi yetiye ithi ngaphezu kwamajin angu-50, ngeqebelengwane eliyisishiyagalombili ngejin ngalinye.
  • 1048. Umphathi wezokuthutha waseFujian (转运使) u-Ke Shi (柯适) washiya edwaleni umbhalo wezinhlamvu ezingama-80 mayelana nesikhathi sokusungulwa, indawo kanye nezakhiwo zasengadini, enezindawo zokomisa ezingama-32, “Ihholo Letiye Lombusi” kanye “Nomthombo Wombusi”.
  • Ububanzi. Ngesikhathi sokuchuma eJianzhou kwakunezindawo zokomisa zikahulumeni ezingu-32 kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela ezizimele ezingu-1304.
  • Ukuphela kwentela. Intela yaqhubeka ngeSong, Yuan noMing; incwadi yezomnotho kanye ne-China News Service bathi unyaka wama-24 weHongwu (1391), lapho ukwenziwa kwamaqebelengwane kwamiswa. Lapho eminyakeni yeMing amaqebelengwane eshiya indawo yetiye elixutshwe kancane, itiye eligaywayo 点茶 (diǎnchá) eChina, ngokwamazwi omcwaningi wendawo, laphela kancane kancane.
  • Iminyaka emingaki intela yahlala. Irediyo kanye nabezindaba besifundazwe bathi iminyaka engu-458, kubalwa kusukela embusweni waseMin kanye nonyaka wama-933. Ingosi kahulumeni wesifundazwe ngo-2023 yanikeza ukubalwa okuhlukile ngokwamazwi omcwaningi wendawo: kusukela ngo-946 (保大四年, isikhathi seSouthern Tang) nokuyiminyaka engu-445.
  • Itshe lesikhumbuzo. Ngo-1995 iMnyuziyamu Yesifundazwe saseFujian yenza imivubukulo eduze kombhalo. Ububanzi betshe lesikhumbuzo, ngokwencwadi yezomnotho, bungamamitha-skwele angaba ngu-20,000; phakathi kokutholakele kukhona izitsha zokugaya ezenziwe ngobumba obuhlanganisiwe kanye neziko lokomisa. Kusukela ngo-2006 kuyitshe lesikhumbuzo lesizwe; ngoJanuwari 2, 2025 isifundazwe sagunyaza uhlelo lokulivikela.
  • 2012. UMnyango Wezolimo ngesimemezelo esinguNombolo 1813 sango-Agasti 3 wabhalisa uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo; umnikazi wesitifiketi yi-Jian’ou Agricultural Technology Extension Center (建瓯市农业技术推广中心).
  • 2025. Ikhathalogi yezimpawu zendawo ihlobanisa igama nesimemezelo se-CNIPA esinguNombolo 640 mayelana nokuqashelwa kwemikhiqizo enezimpawu zendawo.
• Igama: 北苑 “iNgadi yaseNyakatho”, 贡茶 “itiye elinikelwe”, okusho itiye elethwa enkantolo.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbhali wakwaSong u-Zhou Jiang (周绛) wabhala: “天下之茶建为最，建之北苑又为最” itiye elingcono kakhulu emhlabeni livela eJian, kanti elingcono kakhulu eJian livela eBeiyuan. IBeiyuan inikezelwe incwadi kaXiong Fan, “Amarekodi Akhethekile EBeiyuan” kaZhao Ruli (赵汝砺), kanye namakhasi e “Zingxoxo Ngetiye” zombusi uHuizong. U-Zhang Tinghui uhlonishwa njengonkulunkulu wetiye; itempeli lakhe limi entabeni iFenghuangshan esigodini saseDongfeng. Isifunda sinesimiso sokuvuselela iBeiyuan esithi “1+5” ukuvuselela amanxiwa, ukuxoxa umlando, ukuthuthukisa imboni yetiye, ezokuvakasha kwetiye kanye nobudlelwano bangaphandle futhi senza imikhuba yetiye yendabuko: “ukumemeza intaba” (北苑喊山), “imiqhudelwano yetiye” (北苑茗战), umhlatshelo konkulunkulu wetiye. NgokweCentral People’s Radio (2024), eJian’ou kunezinto eziyisikhombisa zamagugu angaphatheki ahlobene netiye emazingeni ahlukene kanye nabathwali bamakhono etiye abangama-59 abaqashelwe.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo: Ngokombhalo wophawu lwendawo, “iShuixian, iAijiao Iwulong nezinye izinhlobo ezinhle” (水仙、矮脚乌龙等优良品种); izinto zokutshala ngokwezinga likazwelonke leGB 11767.
• Ukuvuna: Ngesandla noma ngomshini, ngokomthethonqubo wemboni wokuvuna ngomshini weNY/T 225. Imingcele yokuvuna nezikhathi ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: INyakatho yeFujian, indawo ephezulu yoMfula iMinjiang. UZhao Ruli wabeka iBeiyuan entabeni iFenghuangshan futhi wathi umhlabathi wendawo ubomvu (赤壤). Ngokombhalo wophawu lwendawo, isifunda sisendaweni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yoKhahlamba lweWuyishan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yoKhahlamba lweJiufengshan (鹫峰山) futhi sinomngcele neJianyang enyakatho, neNanping kanye nesifunda saseGutian eningizimu, neZhenghe nePingnan empumalanga, neShunchang entshonalanga.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izingadi zisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-300–1280.
• Ubunjalo bendawo: Indawo ephakeme kakhulu intaba iChenshan (辰山, 1822.2 m), ephansi kakhulu idolobhana laseFangcun esigodini saseNan’ya (68 m); amagquma nezintaba kwakha u-57.34% wendawo.
• Inhlabathi: Ebomvu-ephuzi, enoqweqwe olujulile nokuhlanganiswa kwetshe; ungqimba olungaphezulu lunsundu, luphuzi-bomvu noma luphuzi-mpunga; i-pH 5.5–6.5.
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical maritime monsoon emaphakathi, enezinkathi zonyaka ezicacile; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo li-14–20 °C, imvula ingu-1600–1800 mm, umswakama cishe u-80%, amahora okukhanya kwelanga angu-1600 ngonyaka, izinsuku ezingenamakhaza zingu-280, isamba sokushisa okusebenzayo ngaphezu kwe-10 °C singu-6500 °C.
• Ubukhulu: Ngokwe “Minbei ribao” (2025), esifundeni kunezingadi ezingama-141,000 mu kanye namathani angama-20,600 etiye eliluhlaza ngonyaka; cishe u-80% wezinto zokusetshenziswa, ngokwerediyo, uthengwa izinkampani zasesigodini saseXiaoqiao.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokombhalo wophawu lwendawo iBěiyuàn Gòngchá yamanje yenziwa kanje:

1. Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo).
2. Ukupholisa iqabunga (凉青, liángqīng).
3. Ukunyakazisa nokwenza i-oxidation (做青, zuòqīng).
4. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng).
5. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
6. Ukomisa kokuqala (初焙, chūbèi).
7. Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng).
8. Ukomisa okuphindaphindiwe (复焙, fùbèi).

Imibandela namazinga okushisa awunikwanga embhalweni. Ubuchwepheshe bakwaSong babuhlukile: “Amarekodi Akhethekile EBeiyuan” abala ukuvuna, ukukhetha, ukushisa ngomusi, ukukhama, ukugaya, ukubumba nokomisa (采茶、拣茶、蒸茶、榨茶、研茶、造茶、过黄). Isifunda siyabuvuselela: ngokwerediyo, amaqebelengwane acindezelwe aphinde enziwe ngendlela yakudala, futhi umshini wokwenza itiye eligaywayo wadalwa.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Incazelo engezansi ivela embhalweni wophawu lwendawo lwezolimo; iphathelene newulong exutshwe kancane.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisongekile ngokuqinile, lisinda; umbala uluhlaza-nsundu, unamafutha (条索紧结重实，色泽青褐油润).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lokuthelela: Limnandi futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, linephunga lezimbali nezithelo (香气浓郁持久，具有花果香).
• Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, nobumnandi obubuyayo (滋味醇厚回甘).
• Umbala wokuthelela: Ocacile, osawolintshi-ophuzi (汤色清澈橙黄).
• Amacembe asetshenzisiwe (iqabunga elithelelwe): Awugqinsi, athambile futhi acwebezelayo, “iqabunga eliluhlaza elinomphetho obomvu” (叶底肥厚软亮，绿叶红镶边).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Umbhalo ubala amapolyphenol etiye, i-caffeine nama-amino acid, kodwa awunikezi izinombolo. Ngokuphepha, umkhiqizo kufanele uhambisane nezinga lemikhiqizo “eluhlaza” leNY/T 288-2002.

8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye

Umkhuba wekilasi lewulong evela ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
• Inani letiye: 7–8 g ngegaiwan engu-110 ml.
• Isitsha: Igaiwan noma imbiza yobumba.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha bese ugeza iqabunga kafushane.
  2. Ukuthelela kokuqala imizuzwana engu-15–30.
  3. Ngesikhathi ngasinye sokuthelela okusha, engeza isikhathi.
  4. Ukuthelela okuphindwe kahlanu noma okuyisikhombisa.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Kufanele kugcinwe endaweni evalekile, eyomile, epholile, ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgun gunqa

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele. Abaphathi besigodi saseXiaoqiao, ngokwerediyo, bathi itiye eliqediwe laseJian’ou libiza kancane kakhulu kunelaseWuyishan.

• Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Bheka uphawu lwendawo: lusetshenziswa ngemvume yomnikazi wesitifiketi; ngokwe “Minbei ribao”, ohlelweni lomkhiqizo ojwayelekile, ilungelo lophawu lokuhweba “北苑贡茶” liqinisekisiwe ezinkampanini ezingama-26.
  • Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye likhiqizwe eJian’ou.
  • Bheka isigaba emaphaketheni: ngaphansi kwaleli gama kuthengiswa kokubili iwulong, itiye elimhlophe, kanye namaqebelengwane acindezelwe. Ngokwerediyo, igama “北苑贡茶” lifakwa emaphaketheni awo wonke amatiye aqediwe iJian’ou ewadayisayo, futhi lisho indawo, hhayi uhlobo.
  • Ngewulong, inkombandlela iqabunga eliluhlaza-nsundu elinamafutha, ukuthelela okuwolintshi-ophuzi kanye nomphetho obomvu eqabungeni elithelelwe.
  • Ungadidanisi ne “北苑贡茶（延平焙）” yesifunda esingumakhelwane saseYanping: iYanping ayikho endaweni yophawu lwendawo.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Umbhalo kaKe Shi iphephandaba liwubiza ngowukuphela kombhalo otholakele eChina mayelana nentela yetiye laseNkantolo.
• Ekuhlukanisweni kwemikhiqizo yezifunda yango-2024, i “Dongfeng Aijiao Iwulong” (东峰矮脚乌龙) ikleliswe endaweni yama-61, kanti iBěiyuàn Gòngchá ngokwayo ikleliswe endaweni yama-73.
• Amaqebelengwane “北苑贡茶·龙团凤饼” athathwe agcinwa unomphela kuNational Archives of Publications (国家版本馆).

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

• Aijiao Iwulong (矮脚乌龙): Enye yezinhlobo ezimbili ezibalulwe embhalweni wophawu lwendawo.
• Jian’ou Shuixian Cha (建瓯水仙茶): Uphawu lwango-2019 lwewulong evela kuShuixian endaweni efanayo.
• Nanlu Shuixian (南路水仙): Uphawu lwesigodi lweShuixian evela eNan’ya ngaphakathi kwendawo efanayo.
• Yanping Gongcha (延平贡茶): “Itiye elinikelwe” elingumakhelwane elinophawu lwalo.
• Shuixian Bai (水仙白): Itiye elimhlophe elivela kuShuixian, nalo ngaphansi komkhiqizo waseJian’ou.

Ekuphetheni:

IBěiyuàn Gòngchá yigama elinezimpilo ezimbili: amaqebelengwane akwaSong anodrako nefeniksi, umbhalo wonyaka we-1048 kanye namakhulu eminyaka entela, kanye nophawu lwendawo lwango-2012 lwewulong yaseJian’ou evela kuShuixian naseAijiao Iwulong eneqabunga eliluhlaza-nsundu, iphunga lezimbali nezithelo kanye nomphetho obomvu. Uma uthenga itiye ngaphansi kwaleli gama, kufanelekile ukubheka isigaba, hhayi inganekwane.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo