Dúshān Gāozhài chá

Dushan Gaozhai Cha (Dúshān Gāozhài chá, 独山高寨茶) ndi tiyi wa ku Dushan County (独山县) m’chigawo cha Qiannan Buyei ndi Miao Autonomous Prefecture kumwera kwa Guizhou. Manyuzipepala a m’deralo amamuika m’gulu la “tiyi atatu otchuka a Qiannan” pamodzi ndi Duyun Maojian ndi Guiding Yunwu. Zofunika za chitetezo cha 2025 zimalongosola kupanga malinga ndi dongosolo la tiyi wofiira: kufota, kukulunga, kuthira chisanu, ndi kuyanika, komanso maonekedwe ogwirizana nawo: masamba opyapyala okulungidwa ndi ubweya, fungo lokoma lokhalitsa, ndi mtundu wa lalanje wofiira. Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chinthu chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (geographical indication) komanso malinga ndi chidziwitso cha National Intellectual Property Administration No. 646 (2025).

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá) malinga ndi ukadaulo. Mfundo zofunika za chitetezo sizigwiritsa ntchito liwu loti “wofiira”, koma zimalongosola ndondomeko yake: kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo), kukulunga ndi makina (机揉, jīróu), kuthira chisanu (发酵, fājiào), ndi kuyanika (干燥, gānzào). Mtundu wa lalanje wofiira ndi fungo lokoma mu zofunikira zomwezo zimagwirizana ndi izi.
Gulu: Tiyi wa m’chigawo chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; mu dongosolo la mtundu wa chigawo, ndi “chizindikiro chapadera cha dera” pansi pa Duyun Maojian.
Chiyambi: China, Guizhou Province (贵州, Guìzhōu), Qiannan Buyei ndi Miao Autonomous Prefecture (黔南, Qiánnán), Dushan County (独山, Dúshān).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2025, matauni asanu ndi atatu a m’chigawochi: Baiquan (百泉镇), Mawan (麻万镇), Shangsi (上司镇), Xiasi (下司镇), Jichang (基长镇), Yushui (玉水镇), Yingshan (影山镇), ndi Mawei (麻尾镇), okwana midzi yoyang’anira 64. Malo akutali kwambiri ndi mudzi wa Heli m’tauni ya Yushui kummawa, Xintong m’tauni ya Xiasi kumadzulo, Siting m’tauni ya Mawei kumwera, ndi Wengqi m’tauni ya Yingshan kumpoto. Tsamba la geographical indications limalemba mosiyana “dera lonse lamakono la chigawo”; kusiyana kumeneku sikunafotokozedwe m’magwero opezeka.
Magawo a malo: 107°41’–107°55’ E, 25°04’–25°31’ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Dzina lakale. “Renmin Ribao” mu kope la Guizhou (April 2020) limalemba kuti tiyi wa Gaozhai amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, khalidwe lamkati, ndi mbiri yayitali, ndipo pamodzi ndi Duyun Maojian (都匀毛尖) ndi Guiding Yunwu (贵定云雾茶) amatchedwa “tiyi atatu otchuka a Qiannan” (黔南三大名茶). Kope la 2024 limatchula “独山高寨贡茶” (tiyi wa msonkho wa Gaozhai) ndi “独山沟山茶” monga zizindikiro za mbiri yayitali. Palibe masiku, zolemba zakale, kapena zikalata za msonkho zomwe zinapezeka m’magwero, ndipo gulu la tiyi wakale wa Gaozhai silinatchulidwe.
- Chizindikiro chaulimi. Tiyiyu adalembetsedwa ngati chinthu chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; tsamba la zizindikiro limatchula nambala ya satifiketi AGI03049. Chaka cholembedwera sichinapezeke m’magwero.
- 2024. China National Radio imalongosola dongosolo la mtundu wa chigawo m’magawo atatu: Duyun Maojian monga chizindikiro cha “mayi”, Dushan Gaozhai Cha monga chizindikiro chapadera cha dera chokhala ndi chizindikiro chaulimi, ndi zizindikiro za makampani ena. Chaka chomwecho, ofesi ya zaulimi ya chigawo idatchula “沟山茶” ndi “高寨茶” monga zizindikiro za dera zomwe ikufuna kukweza pa ziwonetsero ndi zikondwerero.
- 2025. Ndi chidziwitso cha National Intellectual Property Administration No. 646 cha pa 23 September 2025, tiyiyu adavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Wopempha malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo ndi station ya zachuma chakumidzi pansi pa ofesi ya zaulimi ya chigawo.
Dzina: “Dushan” (独山) ndi dzina la chigawo; “Gaozhai” (高寨) kumatanthauza “mudzi wapamwamba”. Malo enieni okhudzana ndi dzinali sanatchulidwe m’magwero opezeka.
Chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi China National Radio (2024), chigawochi chili ndi 136.7 zikwi mu za minda ya tiyi, mwa izo 113 zikwi mu ndi zobala, ndipo 6 zikwi mu zili ndi satifiketi ya organic; mtengo wa zinthu za tiyi mu 2023 ndi 793.6 miliyoni yuan. “Renmin Ribao” (2024) imatchula kutulutsa kwa 4886 matani ndi mabizinesi ndi mabungwe 163 a tiyi olembetsedwa. Izi ndi ziwerengero za tiyi wa chigawo chonse, osati za Gaozhai yekha.

3. Mafotokozedwe a Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo: Mugawo la “mtundu”, chikalatacho chimabwereza dzina lachinthu chomwecho “独山高寨茶”. Kaya ndi mtundu wamba wakumaloko kapena mtundu wosankhidwa, zofunikira sizimalongosola.
Kufalitsa: Ndi cuttings; kubzala m’nyengo ya mvula, kuyambira September mpaka February, mitengo 37,500-60,000 pa hekitala, mumzere umodzi ndi chitsamba chimodzi kapena mizere iwiri ndi zitsamba ziwiri.
Zopangira: Kamphuno kamodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka pang’ono, ndi awiri otseguka pang’ono, ndi awiri, atatu kapena anayi, komanso masamba awiri opanda kamphuno (对夹叶) ndi kukhwima kofanana.
Nthawi yotuta: Kuyambira February mpaka kumapeto kwa September.
Chigawo: Malipoti a 2024 amatchula mtundu wa 福云六号 (Fúyún liù hào) ndi Anji Baicha (安吉白茶) m’minda ya chigawo; sakulongosola kuti ndi zopangira za chizindikiro ichi.

4. Malo ndi Njira Zolimira

Dera: Kumwera kwa Guizhou. “Renmin Ribao” (2024) imalongosola chigawochi ngati kusintha kuchokera ku Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau kupita ku mapiri a Guangxi.
Kutalika: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo, kuyambira 850 m.
Nthaka: Yellow kapena yellow-brown, pH 5.0-7.0, organic matter osachepera 1.0%, wosanjikiza wa nthaka osachepera 40 cm.
Nyengo malinga ndi zofunikira: Maola a dzuwa: 1100-1300 pachaka; kutentha kwapakati pachaka: 15 °C, kutentha kwakukulu: 35.5 °C, kotsika: -4.0 °C; mvula: pafupifupi 1430 mm; nyengo yopanda chisanu: masiku 297.
Madzi: Zofunikira zimalongosola kuti ndi oyera, opanda mtundu wachilendo, fungo kapena kukoma.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025 zimapereka ndondomeko iyi:

Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): M’chikalatacho muli cholakwika cholembedwa “萎调”. Zofotokozera sizinaperekedwe.
Kukulunga ndi makina (机揉, jīróu).
Kuthira chisanu (发酵, fājiào): Zofotokozera sizinaperekedwe.
Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Pambuyo pa mndandanda wa magawo, chikalatacho chimapereka ndondomeko zokhudzana ndi kuyanika: 125-145 °C, masamba osanjidwa mofanana popanda kukwererana, mphindi 12-15; kenako kuyanika komaliza kokweza fungo pa 90-110 °C, mphindi 30. Ngati tiyi akadali ndi fungo laudzu, tsiku lotsatira amawotcha mphindi 15 pa 90-100 °C.

Mwachidule, iyi ndi ndondomeko ya tiyi wofiira: kufota kumachotsa chinyezi, kukulunga kumawononga maselo a tsamba, kuthira chisanu kumafewetsa tsambalo kuti likhale lalanje wofiira, kuyanika kumakhazikitsa zotsatira.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025; m’mabulaketi muli mawu a chikalatacho.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Ulusi wothina, wokulungidwa bwino, wopyapyala wokhala ndi ubweya wowoneka bwino (条索紧结纤细卷曲、显毫).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero opezeka.
Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lokoma, lokwanira, ndi lokhalitsa (甜香浓郁持久).
Kukoma: Kofewa komanso kokwanira (滋味醇厚).
Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Lalanje wofiira, lowala (汤色橙红，明亮).
Masamba pambuyo kuphika: Olingana komanso owala (叶底匀亮).

7. Zopangidwa ndi Mankhwala

Chizindikiro	Zofunikira za chitetezo
Extractives	osachepera 34.0%
Zidutswa zazing’ono	osapitirira 2.0%
Crude fiber	osapitirira 15.0%
Phulusa	osapitirira 6.0 g pa 100 g

Palibe zambiri za polyphenols, amino acids, ndi caffeine m’magwero opezeka.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira yamtundu wa tiyi wofiira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90-95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zinthu: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsani zinthu.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi.
3. Kupanga koyamba: pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
4. Kubwereza kangapo ndikuwonjezera nthawi pang’onopang’ono.

9. Kusunga

Njira yamtundu. M’zotengera zothina zosawonekera, pamalo owuma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, kutali ndi fungo.

10. Mitengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe zambiri za mitengo m’magwero opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication ndi wopanga kuchokera ku Dushan County.
- Kumbukirani kuti zinthu za chigawo zimagulitsidwa pansi pa chizindikiro cha Duyun Maojian: dzina limodzi pa paketi silikutanthauza mtundu wa tiyi.
- Masamba ndi ulusi wothina wokulungidwa ndi ubweya, madzi ndi lalanje wofiira ndi owala, fungo ndi lokoma.
- M’makampani akuluakulu a tiyi a chigawo, malipoti amatchula 中缦, 邦朵, 云山, ndi 绿欣, koma palibe mndandanda wa omwe aloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro m’magwero opezeka.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Tiyi wa Gaozhai ali m’gulu la “tiyi atatu otchuka a Qiannan” pamodzi ndi awiri obiriwira: Duyun Maojian ndi Guiding Yunwu.
Kututa malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi itatu, kuyambira February mpaka kumapeto kwa September.
Mugawo la “mtundu”, chikalatacho chimabwereza dzina la tiyi weniweniyo.

12. Kufanizira ndi Tiyi Ena a ku Guizhou

Duyun Maojian (都匀毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Duyun woyandikana naye ndi chizindikiro cha “mayi” chomwe zinthu za Dushan zimagulitsidwa pansi pake; wachiwiri mwa “tiyi atatu otchuka a Qiannan”.
Yunwu Gong Cha (云雾贡茶): Guiding Yunwu ndi wachitatu mwa atatu, tiyi wobiriwira wa mbiri yakale wa Guiding County.
Zunyi Hongcha (遵义红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa gongfu wa kumpoto kwa chigawo.
Pu’an Hongcha (普安红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa Qianxinan Prefecture kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Guizhou.

Pomaliza:

Dushan Gaozhai Cha ndi tiyi wa m’chigawo cha kumwera kwa Guizhou wokhala ndi dzina lakale lochokera ku “atatu a Qiannan” ndi malongosoledwe atsopano, atsatanetsatane mu zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025: kufota, kukulunga, kuthira chisanu, masamba opyapyala okulungidwa ndi ubweya, ndi mtundu wa lalanje wofiira wokoma. Mbiri yake imadziwikabe mwachidule, koma maonekedwe ndi malamulo a kulima alembedwa molondola.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

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Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero