Yúnnán Xiàguān tuóchá

I-Yunnan Xiaguan Tuocha (Yúnnán Xiàguān tuóchá, 云南下关沱茶) ipuerh elicindezelwe esesimweni sendishi enezindonga eziwugqinsi evela eXiaguan, idolobha laseDali entshonalanga yesifundazwe saseYunnan. Ngasohlangothini olucwile ibukeka njengendishi encane, ngasohlangothini oluqhumile ibukeka njengebhanisi eliyindilinga. Isimo senziwa saba yindinganiso yizindlu zohwebo zaseXiaguan ngo-1902, kusukela kumabhola etiye amadala aseYunnan, futhi kusukela lapho ibizwa ngegama lendawo yokuzalwa. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza bufakwe ohlwini lukahulumeni lwamagugu angenampahla, kanti iXiaguan tuo yohlobo lwe «松鹤» kusukela ngo-2002 inophawu lwemvelaphi.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elicindezelwe (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá) lesimo se «tuo»: ngaphandle liyindilinga, ngaphakathi licwile, njengendishi yokugaya. Isithako — itiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu elomiswe elangeni (晒青毛茶); izincazelo zomkhiqizi kanye nabezindaba zibeka iXiaguan tuo kupuerh elicindezelwe. Kukhiqizwa kokubili isheng kanye neshu; umthethonqubo wokuvikela awucacisi uhlobo.
Isigaba: Ipuerh elicindezelwe lomlando waseYunnan; uphawu lwemvelaphi lomlando lohlelo lokuhlola kanye nokuhlolwa kwezifo; ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza — amagugu kazwelonke angenampahla.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda esizimele sase-Dali-Bai (大理白族自治州), idolobha lase-Dali, i-Xiaguan (下关, Xiàguān).
Indawo yokuvikela: Irejista ikhomba idolobha lase-Dali; umngcele wezomthetho wophawu angiwutholanga emibhalweni etholakele.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: I-Xiaguan icishe ibe ngu-25.6° N no-100.2° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Okhokho besimo. Ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizi, i-tuo yakhula kusukela ku «puerh ball» yesikhathi seMing (普洱团茶) kanye namabhola e-Qing — «itiye lentombazane» (女儿茶, libizwa nangokuthi 姑娘茶) kanye netiye «elisesimweni sekhekhe lenyanga».
- 1902 — indinganiso. Izindlu zohwebo zase-Xiaguan «永昌祥» kanye ne «茂恒» kusukela kumabolangqamula zakha indinganiso yesimo «ngaphandle okuyindilinga, ngaphakathi okucwile» — indishi yokugaya. Umsunguli we «永昌祥» u-Yan Zizhen (严子珍) — inhloko yokuqala ye «mikhaya emine» yohwebo yomndeni wakwa-Xizhou. Izitolo zase-Xiaguan zaqala ngokushesha ukwenza i-tuo ngamaqoqo futhi zazithumela eSichuan. Ngo-1908 i «永昌祥» yavula ifektri yayo yokuqala yokucubungula itiye eXiaguan.
- Isizinda sohwebo. Ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizi, amakharavani ayeletha itiye lisuka e-Xishuangbanna, e-Lincang nase-Puer liya e-Xiaguan, futhi kusukela lapho, selicindezelwe, liya e-Sichuan, eTibet nangaphezulu. Eminyakeni emihle kunazo zonke e-Xiaguan kwakusebenza izindlu zohwebo zetiye ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane.
- 1941 — ifektri. Ngo-Mashi ikhomishana yaseMongolia-Tibet kanye nenkampani yohwebo yetiye yaseYunnan bavula e-Xiaguan ifektri yetiye yase-Kang-Zang (康藏茶厂) — eyandulela ifektri yamanje yetiye yase-Xiaguan. Yayenza itiye elicindezelwe leTibet kanye ne-tuo yeSichuan.
- 1950s. Ifektri yaba ngekahulumeni futhi yamukela izindlu zetiye ezizimele zase-Xiaguan — kanye nabachwepheshe bazo, izindlela zazo kanye nezimpawu zazo.
- Ngemva kwezinguquko. I «Yunnan tuo» yathunyelwa ngaphandle — eFrance, eSpain, eNetherlands, e-Italy, eBrithani, eJapan, eHong Kong, sezizonke emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
- 2002. I-Xiaguan tuo yohlobo lwe «松鹤» yabhaliswa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwemvelaphi lukazwelonke. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe saseYunnan lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 lolu phawu lubhalwe ngenombolo 7; ukuthi lusasebenza yini njengamanje, akuqinisekisiwe.
- 2011. NgoMeyi uMkhandlu KaZwelonke wafaka ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-Xiaguan tuo ohlwini lukahulumeni lwamagugu angenampahla.
- 2022. Ubuchwepheshe bafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-120. NgoNovemba baba yingxenye yento efakwe ohlwini lwe-UNESCO «Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokucubungula itiye eChina kanye nemikhuba ehambisana nakho».
Igama:
- I «Xiaguan» (下关) — «indawo ephansi yokugada», idolobha eDali.
- I «Tuo» (沱, tuó) — igama lesimo; izincazelo zegama ngokwalo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Xiaguan tuo iyisibonelo sokuthi idolobha lohwebo, hhayi ingadi yetiye, lanikeza itiye igama. Izindlu zohwebo zase-Xiaguan zazithumela i-tuo e-Sichuan (kuhlanganise ne-Chongqing), eTibet nasemazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia; ngemva kwezinguquko yaqala ukuthunyelwa naseYurophu.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezithako

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Itiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyè zhǒng). Izinhlobo ezithile azibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
Ukuvuna: Izikhathi zokuvuna izithako azibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ayibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
Izidingo zezithako: Itiye laseYunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu elikhethiwe elomiswe elangeni. Ngokwencazelo yabezindaba, kusukela ngo-1902 kwa-tuo kwakuthathwa izithako zamazinga aphezulu.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: I-Xiaguan ayiyona ingadi yetiye, kodwa idolobha lokucubungula kanye nohwebo emizileni emidala yamakharavani. Izithako zivela ezifundeni zetiye zaseYunnan.
Ukuphakama, inhlabathi, isimo sezulu: Akubhalwanga ngezithako emithonjeni etholakele.
Izici: Ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezithako kanye netiye eliqediwe e «nqolobaneni yasezintabeni» (高原仓, gāoyuán cāng) — umkhiqizi ubiza kanjalo izinqolobane zawo zokugcina.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokwencazelo yobuchwepheshe obufakwe ohlwini lwamagugu, — imisebenzi engaphezu kweshumi:

Ukugcinwa kwezithako enqolobaneni yasezintabeni (高原仓陈化).
Ukuhlunga (筛分 — shāifēn) kanye nokukhetha (拣剔 — jiǎntī).
Ukuxuba (拼配 — pīnpèi).
Ukukala (称茶 — chēngchá): Isilinganiso se-tuo eyodwa.
Ukubila (蒸茶 — zhēngchá): Izithako zithanjiswa ngomusi.
Ukubumba (揉茶 — róuchá).
Ukucindezela (压制 — yāzhì) kanye nokususa isikhwama (解袋 — jiědài).
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).
Ukupakisha kanye nokugcinwa enqolobaneni yasezintabeni (高原仓陈储).

Ukucindezela kwenziwa ngomshini ngezinyathelo: ngo-1954 onjiniyela befektri benza umshini wokucindezela wokhuni osebenza nge-lever, owakhuphula umkhiqizo ngokuphindwe kane; ngo-1959 — umshini wokuqala wokucindezela we-tuo onendlela ye-eccentric; ngo-2017 — umshini wokucindezela olawulwa uhlelo.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Indishi enezindonga eziwugqinsi: ngasohlangothini olucwile — njengendishi encane, ngasohlangothini oluqhumile — njengebhanisi eliyindilinga.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Ayikho incazelo emithonjeni etholakele; lincike ohlotsheni — isheng noma ishu — kanye nokuguga.
Ukunambitheka: Ayikho incazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Umbala wokuphisa: Ayikho incazelo emithonjeni etholakele; uncike ohlotsheni.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Ayikho incazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane ngokuqondene ne-Xiaguan tuo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokuvamile isheng iyashintsha ngeminyaka, kanti ishu, edlule ekugugeni okumanzi, ihluke ku-sheng ngokwakheka kwama-polyphenol; lezi yizici zezinhlobo zepuerh, hhayi isilinganiso saleli tiye.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba sepuerh elicindezelwe.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Qhephula ucezu lwe-tuo ngommese noma nge-awl, uzame ukungagqobhozi iqabunga.
2. Fudumeza isitsha.
3. Geza itiye ngamanzi abilayo kanye noma kabili: ucezu oluminyene aluvuleki ngokushesha.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
5. Khipha ngokuphelele.
6. Yandisa isikhathi ngokutheleka ngakunye.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba sepuerh. Endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, engenisa umoya ngaphandle kokukhanya kanye namaphunga angaphandle, emaphepheni okupakisha. Isheng iyashintsha ngeminyaka, futhi ivame ukugcinwa isikhathi eside; ishu iphuzwa ngisho nangokushesha.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele; intengo incike ohlotsheni, ukuguga kanye nonyaka.

Ukwenza kanjani ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizi kanye nophawu lwemvelaphi.
- Hlola indawo yokukhiqiza: i-Xiaguan, idolobha lase-Dali.
- Khumbula ukuthi igama elithi «沱茶» ngokwalo liyigama lesimo: i-tuo yenziwa namanye amafektri aseYunnan, futhi ngokomlando naseChongqing.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

I-Xiaguan tuo kusukela ngo-1902 yayithunyelwa ngamaqoqo eSichuan.
Ngo-1941 ifektri e-Xiaguan yasungulwa yikomishana yaseMongolia-Tibet.
Umshini wokuqala wokucindezela we-tuo one-lever wokhuni ifektri yawenza ngo-1954.
Ngo-2024 ifektri yetiye yase-Xiaguan yangena ohlwini lwesithupha lwamagugu ezimboni kazwelonke.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Xiaguan tuo buyingxenye yento ye-UNESCO ngobuchwepheshe bendabuko bokucubungula itiye eChina.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amapuerh kanye namatiye acindezelwe

I-Chongqing Tuocha (重庆沱茶): I-tuo yefektri yetiye yase-Chongqing, evela ezithakweni zase-Chongqing naseningizimu ye-Sichuan; i-Xiaguan ingumsuka wesimo waseYunnan.
I-Xiaofa Tuo (销法沱): Umkhiqizo ohlukile wefektri efanayo yase-Xiaguan — i-tuo eyayikhiqizelwa ukuthengiswa eFrance.
I-Puerh emakhekheni (普洱饼茶): Isimo esivame kakhulu sepuerh elicindezelwe — ikhekhe eliyisicaba eliyindilinga; i-tuo iyindishi enomgodi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Yunnan Xiaguan Tuocha itiye lapho okubalulekile khona isimo kanye nobuciko. Izithako ezikhethiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu, ukuxuba, umusi, ukucindezela kanye nokugcinwa enqolobaneni yasezintabeni kunikeza indishi eminyene enezindonga eziwugqinsi, izindlu zohwebo zase-Xiaguan ezayenza yaba yindinganiso ngo-1902. Ngemuva kwayo kuneminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amabili yokusebenza kwe-Xiaguan njengedolobha letiye emizileni yamakharavani yaseYunnan.