Xiàogǎn lóngjiàn chá

Xiaogan Longjian Cha (Xiàogǎn lóngjiàn chá, 孝感龙剑茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wophikidwa m’potulo (炒青, chǎoqīng) wochokera ku mzinda wa Xiaogan (孝感市) m’chigawo cha Hubei, kuchokera ku mapiri otsika ndi zitunda za Dabe Shan kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Dzinalo limatanthauza “lupanga la chinjoka,” ndipo malamulo amafotokoza tsamba momwe lilili: lathyathyathya ndi lowongoka ngati lupanga. Nthano imati tiyi wa Xiaogan unayamba nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing, ndipo akatswiri amanena kuti mtunduwu unachokera ku kuyesa ukadaulo wa Xi Hu Long Jing kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1980. Chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi chinalipo kuyambira 2012, ndipo chizindikiro cha geographical indication chazinthu chinalipo kuyambira 2025.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) wophikidwa m’potulo (炒青, chǎoqīng). Malamulo amatcha “工艺绿茶” (gongyi lücha), tiyi wobiriwira wopangidwa mwanjira yapadera, wokhala ndi zofunikira zolimba pakupanga, makina ndi manja.
Gulu: Chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi (2012, satifiketi AGI01032); chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication (2025).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), mzinda wa Xiaogan (孝感, Xiàogǎn).
Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi malamulo ndi chidziwitso № 640, malowa ndi maboma asanu ndi limodzi, mizinda ndi zigawo za Xiaogan: Dawu (大悟), Xiaochang (孝昌), Xiaonan (孝南), Yingcheng (应城), Anlu (安陆) ndi Shuangfeng (双峰), ndipo mkati mwake muli matauni khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi otchulidwa — monga Sanlicheng, Xuanhua, Zhouxiang, Yangdian ndi Zougang — “ndi ena.” Kum’mwera chakum’mawa malowa amalire ndi Wuhan, kumpoto ndi Xinyang.
Ma coordinates: 113°19′–114°06′ E, 30°42′–31°29′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Nthano. Malinga ndi malamulo, mfumu Qianlong paulendo wake wakumwera adamwa tiyi wa Xiaogan ndipo adalemba mzere uwu: «今日采茶我爱观，吴民生计勤自然». Mzere womwewo umanena za “anthu a Wu” (吴民), osati Xiaogan; momwe nthanoyi idalumikizira mzerewu ndi tiyi wakomweko, magwero safotokoza.
- Mbiri yolembedwa. Malinga ndi malamulo, mbiri ya m’boma (孝感县志) ya chaka chachisanu ndi chitatu cha Guangxu (1882) imanena kuti tiyi anabzala kuno kuyambira nthawi ya Ming.
- Ndakatulo za Cheng Liangshou. Malamulo amatchula ndakatulo ya mbadwa ya komweko Cheng Liangshou (程良寿) yotchedwa «Kuyesa tiyi ku Gucheng’an» (古城俺试茶), yolembedwa atayenda ndi kumwa tiyi ku Gucheng’an pa phiri la Shuangfengshan: «穿云寻古寺，带露摘新茶» — «kudutsa mitambo ndikufunafuna kachisi wakale, m’mame ndikuthyola tiyi watsopano». «Kuyambira pamenepo,» malinga ndi malamulo, panabwera Xiaogan Longjian Cha «wosayerekezeka padziko lonse» (天下一绝).
- Nkhani ya akatswiri. Malemba ochokera kwa akatswiri am’deralo, otengedwa ndi tsamba la zinthu zakomweko (2023), akupereka chithunzi china. Pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1980 pa famu ya tiyi ya Fenghuangshan (凤凰山茶场) adayesa ukadaulo wa Xi Hu Long Jing; “Xiaogan Longjing” (孝感龙井茶) wopangidwa ndi manja anali wabwino kumwa, koma pamipikisano ya chigawo sanapeze mphotho zazikulu. Kenako akatswiri adaganiza zosakopera ukadaulo wachilendo, koma kupanga wawo pa maziko ake. Malinga ndi malemba omwewo, chifukwa chachikulu chinali zachuma: mpaka zaka za m’ma 1990, boma limapanga makamaka tiyi wobiriwira wamba wokazinga, ndipo umenewu unkagonjetsedwa ndi tiyi wochokera ku Yichang — kutolera kumodzi ndi manja ku Xiaogan kunkawononga ndalama zambiri kuposa tiyi wa Yichang pamsika wakomweko; minda inkasiyidwa, kwina inkazulidwa kuti abzale zipatso ndi mbewu. Kenako, malinga ndi akatswiri, kufunikira kunachoka ku tiyi wochuluka wopangidwa ndi makina kupita ku Longjian Cha wopangidwa ndi manja, ndipo kenako ku tiyi wokwera mtengo wopangidwa mosakaniza, makina ndi manja. Ngati titsatira nkhaniyi, “lupanga la chinjoka” linapangidwa pambuyo pa pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1980, ndipo nthano ya Ming ndi Qing imanena za tiyi wa Xiaogan mwachisawawa.
- 2012. Kulembetsa chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi, satifiketi AGI01032 — chaka malinga ndi database ya zizindikiro zaulimi; mwiniwake ndi siteshoni ya boma yofalitsa ukadaulo waulimi (孝感市农业技术推广总站). Chidziwitso cha kulembetsa — № 1870 cha pa 7 December 2012.
- 2025. Ndi chidziwitso № 640 (chosainidwa pa 16 July, chofalitsidwa pa 13 August), National Intellectual Property Administration idavomereza zinthu 1409 zokhala ndi geographical indication; Xiaogan Longjian Cha ndi mzere 745, wopempha ndi Xiaogan Agricultural Technology Extension Center.
Dzina: «Xiaogan» (孝感) ndi dzina la boma; «longjian» (龙剑) ndi «lupanga la chinjoka». Chifukwa chomwe dzinali linasankhidwa, malamulo safotokoza, koma tsamba louma amalifanizira ndi lupanga (似刀剑).
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi malamulo, mumzindamu muli malo mazanamazana ogulitsa tiyi, ndipo chikhalidwe cha tiyi chalumikizana ndi kulemekeza makolo (孝, xiào).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mitundu: Palibe mtundu wamba. Malamulo amafuna mitundu yokhazikika, yabwino komanso yobala zipatso zambiri, yovomerezedwa osachepera pamlingo wa chigawo; pakali pano makamaka ndi 福鼎大白茶 (Fúdǐng dàbáichá), 鄂茶1号 (Èchá 1) ndi 中茶108 (Zhōngchá 108).
Mfundo za kutolera: Malamulo amagawa kutolera kukhala kwamasika ndi kwa autumn ndipo amafuna kutolera ndi manja “pokweza dzanja” (提手采): bud ndi tsamba zosweka, zopanda mamba, zipatso kapena mphukira zakale. Malinga ndi nkhani ya akatswiri, amatenga bud ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka, ndikuchotsa mabud ofiirira, masamba “ophatikizana” (对夹叶) ndi mapesi.
Nthawi ya kutolera: Malinga ndi nkhani ya akatswiri — pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Qingming (清明).

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Hubei, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Wuhan ndi kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze: mapiri otsika ndi zitunda za Dabe Shan (大别山).
Kutalika kwa kulima: Pafupifupi 380 m (malinga ndi malamulo).
Malo: Chifunga, maukonde a mitsinje; minda ili kutali ndi mizinda ndi mafakitale. Nkhalango pa malo opangira ndi 71–80 %.
** Nthaka:** Nthaka ya mchenga wachikasu-wa bulauni (黄棕砂壤土), pH 4.5–6; minda nthawi zonse imathiridwa manyowa a khasu ndi ndowe, kotero kuti organic matter m’nthaka ndi yochuluka.
Nyengo: Subtropical continental. Kutentha kwapachaka — 15.8 °C, chinyezi — 65–85 %, nthawi yopanda chisanu — masiku 260, kuwala kwa dzuwa — 1996.7 h, mvula — 1112 mm. Kusiyana kwa kutentha kwatsiku ndi usiku m’madera a tiyi — pafupifupi 10.6 °C.
Kukula: Malinga ndi malamulo, malo onse a dera ndi 8910 km², pomwe 3 miliyoni mu ndi yoyenera kulima tiyi; minda ndi 370 masauzande mu, zokolola — 7124 t; chaka cha deta sichinatchulidwe.
Kubzala: Malinga ndi malamulo, munda umakhazikitsidwa pamapiri otsetsereka mpaka 15°: m’mbali mwa phiri amakumba ngalande 70×60 cm ndikubzala mizere iwiri — mzere waukulu pakati pa mizere 1.0 m, wochepa 0.3 m, pakati pa mitengo 0.2 m, mbande zitatu pamunda uliwonse, pafupifupi mitengo 5500 pa mu. M’mphepete mwa munda ndi malo amphepo amabzala mitengo yoteteza kapena yothandiza.
Agrotechnics: Mafuta awiri pachaka: masiku 25–30 asanakolole ndi kumayambiriro kwa October — 200 kg ya khasu ndi 1500 kg ya ndowe pa mu. Kudula — kamodzi pachaka, pambuyo pa kukolola kwamasika. Polimbana ndi tizilombo — magetsi otchera ndi mankhwala achilengedwe; mwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi makampani malamulo amatchula imidacloprid polimbana ndi cicada. Kumapeto kwa June nthaka imakutidwa ndi udzu — pafupifupi 1000 kg pa mu; chonde ndi zitsulo zolemera m’nthaka zimayesedwa kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri. Malo, manyowa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo — molingana ndi mfundo za “green product” NY/T 391-2000, NY/T 394-2000 ndi NY/T 393-2000.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Malamulo amapereka ndondomeko iyi: kutolera → kuyala (摊青, tānqīng) → kuletsa kutentha (杀青, shāqīng) → kuwongola (理条, lǐtiáo) → kupanga mawonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng) → kuyanika koyamba → kumaliza m’potulo (辉锅, huīguō) → kusankha → kulongedza. Palibe magawo ofotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane; njira yamanja — malinga ndi nkhani ya akatswiri:

Kuyala: Tsamba 3–5 maola limafowoketsedwa pang’ono.
Potulo yoyamba (青锅): Pafupifupi 150 °C, 500 g pa potulo; 1–2 miniti amagwedeza, kenako kutentha kumachepetsedwa kufika 80–90 °C ndipo tsamba limayendetsedwa mpaka litakhala lofewa ndipo fungo la udzu lisintha kukhala fungo loyera. Kupanga mawonekedwe kumachitika pa 80 °C; pamene tsamba latenga mawonekedwe a lupanga ndi kuyanika pafupifupi magawo asanu ndi awiri mwa khumi, limachotsedwa.
Kupumula: Mphindi 30–40 wosanjikiza wochepa pansi pa nsalu yoyera, kuti chinyezi chigawikane mofanana.
Kumaliza (辉锅): Pafupifupi 80 °C, 300 g pa potulo, mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 6 %, pamene tsamba likusweka kukhala ufa pakati pa zala.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Zofunikira za malamulo a chizindikiro.

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lathyathyathya, lowongoka ngati lupanga, la mtundu wa emerald, loyera komanso lofanana (扁平挺直似刀剑，色泽翠绿，干净匀齐).
Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero opezeka.
Fungo la madzi: Fungo lokhazikika la mtedza wa chestnut (栗香持久).
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kofewa komanso kotsitsimula (鲜醇爽口).
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowonekera komanso wowala (嫩绿清澈明亮).
Masamba otayira: Obiriwira ofewa, owala, bud ndi tsamba zimatseguka ngati “duwa” (芽叶成朵).

Mu gawo la ukadaulo malamulo omwewo amalemba mosiyana: tsamba ndi lobiriwira, ndi mawonekedwe owoneka a ubweya, fungo ndi lofewa kapena loyera (嫩香或清香), osati la chestnut. Chifukwa chomwe mafotokozedwe amasiyana, chikalatacho sichifotokoza.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zofunikira za physicochemical za malamulo:

Chizindikiro	Muyezo
Ma amino acid	osachepera 2.5 %
Zinthu zotulutsidwa	osachepera 36.0 %
Phulusa lonse	osapitirira 6.5 %
Zing’onozing’ono	osapitirira 5.0 %
Fiber yosaphika	osapitirira 14.0 %
Chinyezi	osapitirira 6.0 %

Malamulo amatchula selenium ndi zinc mu tiyi popanda manambala. Chitetezo — molingana ndi muyezo wa “green product” NY/T 288-2002. Izi ndi mfundo, osati miyeso ya batch.

8. Kuphika

Njira yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Njira: Choyamba kuphika — pakatha masekondi 40–60; mwani, kusiya gawo la madzi, ndikuwonjezera — kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yodziwika bwino. M’paketi yotseka bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical indication pamodzi ndi dzina la chinthu; malinga ndi malamulo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga ochokera m’derali pansi pa mgwirizano wapachaka ndi mwiniwake.
- Kuyambira 2025 palinso chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication: wopanga wochokera m’derali amapereka pempho ku ofesi ya boma ya intellectual property, imayesedwa ndi administration ya chigawo cha Hubei, ndipo imavomerezedwa ndikufalitsidwa ndi National Intellectual Property Administration.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku maboma asanu ndi limodzi, mizinda ndi zigawo za dera.
- Tsamba — lathyathyathya, lowongoka, la mtundu wa emerald.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Malinga ndi nkhani ya akatswiri, mtundu woyamba wa mtunduwu unali “Xiaogan Longjing” wopangidwa ndi manja (孝感龙井茶).
Mu tauni ya Yangdian mkati mwa dera, famu ya Chanchuan (浐川茶场), malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2024, imapanga «浐川龙剑茶»; ngati ndi ya chizindikiro, magwero satchula.
Malamulo amaletsa mwini chizindikiro kutenga malipiro pakugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Zina

Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wathyathyathya wa Hangzhou; malinga ndi nkhani ya akatswiri, ukadaulo wake unali chiyambi.
Xiaochang Fenghuangshan Cha (孝昌凤凰山茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wathyathyathya wa tauni ya Zhouxiang, yomwe ili mkati mwa dera la chizindikiro.
Zhouxiang Fenghuang Cha (周巷凤凰茶): Dzina lotetezedwa la tauni yomweyo.
Dawu Lücha (大悟绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Dawu, womwenso uli m’dera.
Xiaogan Hong (孝感红): Tiyi wofiira wa boma lomwelo.

Pomaliza:

Xiaogan Longjian Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wathyathyathya wa Xiaogan, wotchulidwa chifukwa cha tsamba, lowongoka ngati lupanga. Kumbuyo kwake kuli nkhani ziwiri — yakale, ya tiyi wa boma kuyambira nthawi ya Ming, ndi yatsopano, ya akatswiri omwe adapanga ukadaulo wawo pa maziko a Longjing. Malamulo amafotokoza bwino: mitundu itatu, nthaka ya mchenga wachikasu-wa bulauni pafupi ndi Dabe Shan, tsamba la emerald, fungo la chestnut ndi madzi obiriwira ofewa.