Tángyá chá

Tangya Cha (Tángyá chá, 唐崖茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Xianfeng (咸丰县) e-Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Igama linikezwa isigodi somfula i-Tangyahe (唐崖河), lapho kunengxenye enkulu yezingadi, kanye nemanxiwa endlu yobukhosi bakwa-Tusi yase-Tangya (唐崖土司城址) — indawo eyigugu lomhlaba. Ngaphansi kwegama elivikelwe kunezinhlobo ezimbili: itiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe elivela kuhlobo lwe-白叶一号 kanye netiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile; «okumhlophe» lapha umbala weqabunga lasentwasahlobo, hhayi isigaba. Kusukela ngo-2020 igama livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwezindawo, kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikela zinikeza incazelo eyodwa yokubukeka — iqabunga elimise okwensipho eliluhlaza okotshani — kanye namaqembu amabili ezinkambiso: okwetiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe (白叶茶, báiyèchá) kanye nokwetiye eliluhlaza.
• Ukudukisa kwegama: «唐崖白茶» akulona itiye elimhlophe ngokwesigaba. Incazelo yango-2021 kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya ibeka ngqo itiye elivela ku-白叶一号 kweliluhlaza, kanti iphephandaba i-«Hubei Daily» (2024) libiza itiye elimhlophe lase-Xianfeng ngohlobo oluzwela izinga lokushisa lwetiye eliluhlaza; indaba efanayo nge-Anji Bai Cha.
• Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba zase-Wulingshan kanye nomkhiqizo womphakathi wesifunda. Ngokwencazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango, ngaphansi kophawu lwe-«唐崖» kukhona netiye elibomvu, i-oolong, itiye elimnyama, kanye nelimhlophe elomiswe elangeni (晒白茶) — imigqa yophawu, hhayi umumo wokukhomba.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), i-Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (恩施, Ēnshī), isifunda sase-Xianfeng (咸丰, Xiánfēng).
• Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobha ase-Gaoleshan (高乐山镇), e-Qingping (清坪镇), e-Tangya (唐崖镇), e-Qujiang (曲江镇), e-Pingbaying (坪坝营镇) nase-Chaoyangsi (朝阳寺镇), izigodi zase-Huolongping (活龙坪乡), e-Xiaocun (小村乡) nase-Huangjindong (黄金洞乡), isifunda sase-Daluba (大路坝区工委). Umfakisicelo — inhlangano yetiye yesifunda sase-Xianfeng (咸丰县茶叶协会).
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 108°43′33.09″–109°0′9.89″ empumalanga, 29°19′28″–30°2′54″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Imibhalo emidala ngesifunda. Incazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango ilandelela ukutshalwa kwetiye e-Xianfeng kusukela enkathini ye-Three Kingdoms futhi icaphuna i-«Jingzhou Land Records» (《荆州土地记》): kuzo zonke izifunda eziyisikhombisa zase-Wuling kunetiye, futhi yilona elingcono kakhulu. I-Ming dynasty i-«Shiwu ganzhu» (《事物绀珠》) ibala itiye lesifunda sase-Shizhou (施州), lapho i-Xianfeng yayiyingxenye, phakathi kwamatiye angu-96 adumile. Le mibhalo ikhuluma ngesifunda, hhayi nge-Tangya Cha.
  • Abakwa-Tusi. Ngokwephephandaba i-«Farmers’ Daily» (2021), ukukhiqizwa kwetiye kwakuhlelwa abakwa-Tusi, kanti izindlela eziyishumi nantathu ezindala zetiye nosawoti zazithumela itiye futhi zilethe usawoti. Amanxiwa endlu yobukhosi bakwa-Tusi yase-Tangya kusukela ngo-2015 ayingxenye yendawo eyigugu lomhlaba «Tusi Sites». Ngokwe-Wikipedia yesiShayina, ubukhosi bomndeni wakwa-Qin (覃) babukhona kusukela ngo-1346 kuya ku-1735 — izizukulwane eziyishumi nesithupha eminyakeni engu-389 — futhi baphela ngokudluliselwa kwesifunda ekuphathweni okuqondile (改土归流, gǎitǔ guīliú). Umagazini i-«Agricultural Products Market» (2022) uthi emfuleni i-Tangyahe kwakunemibuso emithathu yama-Tusi — i-Tangya, i-Longtan ne-Jindong, — kanti itiye lalisebenza njengentela enkantolo kanye nempahla yokushintshanisa ngosawoti namahhashi empi.
  • 2014. Isifunda saqala ukungenisa ngobuningi uhlobo lwamaqabunga amhlophe lwe-白叶一号.
  • 2018. Kwakhiwa uhlelo lokuthuthukisa uphawu lwesifunda lwe-«唐崖茶»; ukuphathwa kophawu kwanikezwa inhlangano yetiye yesifunda.
  • 2019. Kwakhishwa amazinga eqembu e-«Tangya White Tea», e-«Tangya Green Tea» kanye ne-«Tangya Black Tea», afanayo ngokwezinga nangokupakisha. Ngo-26 Septemba igama laphumelela ekuhlolweni nguMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya, ngo-25 Disemba lafakwa ohlwini lokuxoxisana nomphakathi.
  • 2020. Ngo-30 Ephreli — isitifiketi sophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (inombolo AGI02943). Ngo-Ephreli kwavulwa imakethe yetiye yase-Tangya.
  • 2021. Uphawu lwe-«唐崖» lwafakwa isicelo sokuqashelwa njengophawu olwaziwayo kulo lonke elase-China; umphumela awushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ngokomagazini i-«Agricultural Products Market», isifunda sangena ezifundeni zokuqala eziyishumi nanye umnyango owazisiza ukwakha imikhiqizo yezolimo.
  • 2025. Ngesimemezelo № 640 sango-16 Julayi 2025 (sashicilelwa ngo-13 Agasti) i-State Intellectual Property Office yaqashela i-«唐崖茶» njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
• Igama: 唐崖 — umfula i-Tangyahe kanye nombuso wakwa-Tusi wase-Tangya; 茶 — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umkhiqizo wakhelwe efeni lama-Tusi; imininingwane ngetiye lama-Tusi emithonjeni etholakele ivela ezincwadini zanamuhla, imibhalo eyinhloko ayikho phakathi kwazo. Umagazini i-«Agricultural Products Market» uhlobanisa netiye isobho letiye elinamafutha lama-Tujia (油茶汤, yóuchátāng): iqabunga lithoswa emafutheni ashisayo lize libe crispy bese lithelwa kanye nommbila othosiwe, irayisi, i-tofu, i-sesame, amantongomane kanye ne-walnut. Ngokwenganekwane exoxwa umagazini, ama-Tusi ase-Tangya ayenatha leli sobho amasosha awo ngaphambi kwempi. Kukhona futhi lapho kukhunjulwa ingoma yomdabu yase-Enshi ethi «Six Sips of Tea» (六口茶).

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — 龙井43 (Lóngjǐng 43), 槠叶齐 (Zhūyèqí), 白叶一号 (Báiyè 1) kanye nezinye.
• Uhlobo lwamaqabunga amhlophe: Ngokwencazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango, iqabunga le-白叶一号 liba mhlophe lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-23 °C, kanti ngokufudumala ubumhlophe bunyamalala ngokwako; ngakho ukubukeka kubonisa ukuthi itiye lasentwasahlobo. I-«Hubei Daily» (2024) ibiza enye i-interval — 19–23 °C: kuleyo nkathi amahlumela amhlophe anemithambo eluhlaza okotshani, ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwalo iqabunga liba luhlaza. Ukungafani kuhlala kukhona. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ekupheleni kuka-2022 ngaphansi kwetiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe kwakunama-145 eyizinkulungwane mu (51.2 % wezingadi zesifunda), ngaphansi kwe-龙井43 — ama-30 eyizinkulungwane mu.
• Izinhlobo ezivela kwezinye izifundazwe: Ngokushicilelwe ku-«The Paper», esifundeni batshala imali izinkampani zetiye ezivela e-Taiwan nase-Fujian, futhi lapha kwahlangana izinhlobo namasu okucubungula ase-Hubei, e-Fujian nase-Taiwan. Amagama ezinhlobo awanikezwanga.
• Ukuvuna: Ngokwezidingo — ngokwezinga, ngamaqembu, izikhathi eziningi, kushiywe amaqabunga; ukuvuna ngokuphelele amaqabunga amabili abhanqiwe (对夹叶) wobumnene obufanayo.
• Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngokwencazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango, itiye lifika emakethe kusukela ngezinsuku eziyishumi zokugcina zika-March kuya ku-June.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

• Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango — ukujula kwezintaba zase-Wulingshan (武陵山), lapho kuhlangana khona i-Hubei, i-Chongqing, i-Hunan ne-Guizhou. Ukuphakama okuphakathi kwesifunda — cishe amamitha angu-800.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izingadi zisezigejini zomfula i-Tangyahe cishe ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-800.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwaleyo ncazelo — ubusika obupholile nehlobo elingashisi kakhulu, inkungu eningi nelanga elincane: 14–16 °C ngokwesilinganiso ngonyaka, imvula engu-1460 mm, amahora elanga angu-1062.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — inhlabathi enesihlabathi enokukhipha amanzi okuhle, ungqimba olimekayo lungaphezu kwama-50 cm, izinto eziphilayo zingaphezu kwe-1%, i-pH 4.5–6.5. Ngokwaleyo ncazelo, ekuhlolweni kwenhlabathi engxenyeni yesifunda bathola, ngaphandle kwe-selenium, ne-strontium.
• Ukunakekelwa ngokwezidingo: Inhlabathi iyavundululwa izikhathi ezine: ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo, ngemva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo, futhi kujule — ngaphambi kobusika (15–25 cm). Nge-mu kufakwa amakhilogremu angu-200 omanyolo wezinto eziphilayo noma we-cake kanye namakhilogremu angu-20 we-potassium compound.
• Isilinganiso: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda (2023), izingadi zingama-283 ezinkulungwane mu, umkhiqizo — 12.6 izinkulungwane zamathani kuzo zonke izigaba. Umagazini i-«Agricultural Products Market» (2022) ngend awo efanayo ubala abalimi abangu-149 bezinkulungwane ababambe iqhaza embonini, izimboni zokucubungula ezingu-106 kanye nenani lonyaka lomkhiqizo elingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zama-yuan; izitifiketi ze-organic noma ze-«green product» — kuma-120 ezinkulungwane mu, «selenium tea» — kuma-3.2 ezinkulungwane mu. Indiza yempahla yansuku zonke ithwala itiye lesifunda iye ezimakethe zaseningizimu ye-Zhejiang.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikela ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula azinikezi. Incazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango ibeka i-«唐崖白茶» etiyeni eliluhlaza. Ngezansi — uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye ngqo:

1. Ukwandlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
2. Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Izidingo zokuvikela zichaza kuphela iqabunga elomile; okunye — kusuka encazelweni yetiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe neliluhlaza kuwebhusayithi yomnyango (2021).

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokwezidingo — okumise okwensipho, okuncane futhi okuminyene, «njengoshiyeyo», okuluhlaza okotshani, okulinganayo futhi okuhlanzekile (外形针状细紧如眉，翠绿匀净). Incazelo yomnyango yetiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe — «njenge-orchid», eluhlaza okotshani, «njenge-jade»; okwetiye eliluhlaza — ukusonga okuncane okuyindilinga okuqondile, okuluhlaza okotshani, okucwebezelayo nokunoboya.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshala: Elinamaqabunga amhlophe — elintekenteke, eliphakeme neliqhubekayo (嫩香高悦持久); eliluhlaza — iphunga elintekenteke le-castnut, eliphakeme nelide (嫩栗香高长).
• Ukunambitheka: Elinamaqabunga amhlophe — kusha, kuthambile, kumnandi futhi kuqabulayo (鲜醇甘爽); eliluhlaza — kusha, kuthambile, nobumnandi obubuyayo (鲜醇爽口回甘).
• Umbala wotshala: Elinamaqabunga amhlophe — ocacile futhi okhanyayo (清澈明亮); eliluhlaza — oluhlaza okotshani obuntekenteke futhi okhanyayo (嫩绿明亮).
• Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Elinamaqabunga amhlophe — «izimbali» ezintekenteke ezilinganayo, iqabunga limhlophe, imithambo iluhlaza okotshani (叶白脉翠); eliluhlaza — elincane, elintekenteke, eliluhlaza okotshani nokhanyayo.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikela zika-2025:

Isinkomba	Itiye elinamaqabunga amhlophe	Itiye eliluhlaza
Ama-polyphenols etiye	okungenani 11%	okungenani 11%
Izinto ezincibilika emanzini	okungenani 36%	okungenani 36%
Ama-amino acid akhululekile (nge-glutamic acid)	okungenani 5%	awanqunyelwe
Umswakama	okungaphezu kwe-6.5%	okungaphezu kwe-6.5%

Incazelo yango-2021 kuwebhusayithi yomnyango yayinikeza womabili amaqembu okungenani u-40% wezinto ezincibilikayo; ezidingweni zika-2025 — 36%. Esigabeni ngesifunda sase-Enshi leyo ncazelo ibala isilinganiso se-selenium etiyeni esingu-1.068 mg/kg, ngaphandle kwendlela nesampula; iziphetho ngezempilo azilandelwa lapha.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan, ukuchithwa kokuqala imizuzwana engu-40–60, ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.

Incazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango yeluleka isilinganiso setiye namanzi esingu-1 ku-50, ukuchithwa imizuzu emi-2–3 enkomishini ye-porcelain ngaphandle kwesembozo; iqabunga liqale limanziswe ngekota yamanzi.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Epaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini, ngaphandle kokukhanya, komswakama nephunga. Incazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango yeluleka ukuphuza leli tiye ngokushesha nokuligcina esiqandisini esihlukile setiye: ku-2–8 °C — kuze kube yizinsuku ezingama-90, ngaphandle kokupholisa ku-8–20 °C — cishe izinsuku ezingama-60.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ugwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
  • Funa uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo noma uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo.
  • Hlola ukuthi itiye lenziwe kwelinye lamayunithi ayishumi endawo evikelwe esifundeni sase-Xianfeng.
  • Khumbula ukuthi i-«唐崖白茶» ngesigaba iluhlaza.
  • Ungathathi njengomumo ovikelwe eminye imigqa yophawu lwe-«唐崖»: itiye elibomvu, i-oolong, itiye elimnyama kanye nelimhlophe elomiswe elangeni akuchazwanga ngezidingo zokuvikela.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Ngokwencazelo yomnyango, iqabunga le-白叶一号 liba mhlophe lapho izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kuka-23 °C futhi liba luhlaza ngokufudumala, ngakho ubumhlophe bukhuluma ngokwako ngokuvuna kwentwasahlobo.
• Isifunda sineziqu ze-«hundred best tea counties of China», «main tea-producing county of the country» kanye ne-«model county for the development of white tea in China», kanti ukushicilelwa ku-«The Paper» kusibiza futhi nge-«first county in Hubei for oolong», ngesizinda setiye elimhlophe sama-3000 mu.
• Imigqa yomkhiqizo iqanjwe ngombala: «崖绿», «崖白», «崖黑» kanye ne-«崖红» — «idwala» eliluhlaza, elimhlophe, elimnyama nelibomvu; kanjalo ibalwa yileyona ncazelo.
• Ngokwencazelo yomnyango, ngaphansi kophawu lwe-«唐崖» kuthengiswa neziphuzo ezingaveli esihlahleni setiye: «藤茶» evela emvinini womndeni we-grape kanye ne-«老鹰红» evela emaqabungeni esitshalo somndeni we-laurel.

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye

• Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Zhejiang elivela ohlotsheni olufanayo lwe-白叶一号 futhi lokuduka kwegama okufanayo.
• Enshi Yu Lu (恩施玉露): Itiye eliluhlaza eliqiniswe ngesitimu elivela endaweni efanayo ezimele.
• Hefeng Cha (鹤峰茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Hefeng endaweni efanayo.
• Enshi Xi Cha (恩施硒茶): Uphawu lwesambulela sesifunda, ohlwini lwamagama alo kubalwa i-Tangya Cha.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tangya Cha itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Xianfeng, eliqanjwe ngomfula i-Tangyahe kanye nombuso wakwa-Tusi wase-Tangya. Isici sayo esiyinhloko — uhlobo lwamaqabunga amhlophe lwe-白叶一号, iqabunga lasentwasahlobo eliba mhlophe emakhazeni; ngesigaba leli tiye lihlala liluhlaza. Izidingo zokuvikela zilichaza kafushane — iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani elimise okwensipho kanye namaqembu amabili ezinkambiso, — kanti incazelo kuwebhusayithi yomnyango yengeza iphunga elintekenteke eliphakeme kanye neqabunga elimhlophe elinemithambo eluhlaza okotshani.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

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