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Ikhaya · Itiye eliluhlaza · I-Naxi Tezaocha

Nàxī tèzǎochá

Nàxī tèzǎochá · 纳溪特早茶

I-Naxi Tezaocha (Nàxī tèzǎochá, 纳溪特早茶) iwukuthi “itiye lase-Naxi elisheshe kakhulu”: itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Naxi (纳溪区) emkhandlwini wedolobha wase-Luzhou eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Sichuan. Lonke udumo lwalo lusesikhathini sokuvuna: ukuvuna ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari, futhi izincazelo zendawo zibiza itiye ngokuthi “itiye loNyaka Omusha” (除夕茶, chúxī chá) - iqabunga lokuqala linganambithwa kakade ngobusuku bangaphambi koNyaka Omusha ngokwekhalenda lenyanga. Igama livikelwa njengophawu lwendawo lwezolimo (2011), libhalwe esivumelwaneni phakathi kweChina ne-European Union, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 laziwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yi-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA).

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

  • Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izimfuneko zokuvikela zika-2025 zichaza izinhlobo ezimbili - okwesicaba (扁形茶) kanye ne-maofeng (毛峰茶), futhi zombili ziqala ngokubuna nokulungisa ngokushisa (杀青), ngaphandle kwe-oxidation.
  • Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasentwasahlobo lokuqala leningizimu ye-Sichuan; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
  • Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umkhandlu wedolobha wase-Luzhou (泸州, Lúzhōu), isifunda sase-Naxi (纳溪, Nàxī).
  • Indawo yokuvikela: Imizana engu-176 emalokishini angu-12 esifundeni: i-Dadukou (大渡口), i-Huguo (护国), i-Dagu (打古), i-Shangma (上马), i-Hemian (合面), i-Fengle (丰乐), i-Baijie (白节), i-Tianxian (天仙), i-Mianhuapo (棉花坡), i-Xinle (新乐), i-Quba (渠坝) kanye ne-Longche (龙车). Umfakisicelo ngo-2025 uhulumeni wesifunda sase-Naxi.
  • Izixhumanisi zendawo: 105°09′–105°37′ empumalanga, 28°02′14″–28°26′53″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

  • Umlando:
    • Izinkomba zasendulo. Incazelo yophawu icaphuna i-”Huayang guozhi” (华阳国志) mayelana nokukhokhiswa kwentela ngetiye noju ezindaweni zase-Ba nase-Shu ngesikhathi sika-Wuwang wase-Zhou - ubufakazi besifunda jikelele, hhayi nge-Naxi ngokuqondile.
    • “Chajing”. Izinto zendawo zithi i-”Chajing” ka-Lu Yu ikhuluma ngetiye lase-Naxi nelase-Meiling (梅岭), kodwa zikudlulisa ngezindlela ezahlukene: “纳溪、梅岭产茶” noma “纳溪梅岭茶”. Asikwazanga ukuqinisekisa lo musho nombhalo we-treatise ngemithombo etholakele.
    • Umbhalo ka-Huang Tingjian. Ngokwencazelo efanayo, imbongi yaseSong ne-calligrapher u-Huang Tingjian (黄庭坚) washiya edwaleni eduze komfula i-Qingxihe (清溪河) esifundeni sase-Naxi umbhalo othi “二月茶” - “itiye lenyanga yesibili”. Umbiko ka-2013 (owaphinde washicilelwa ngo-2019) ubeka umbhalo e-Qingxihe e-Shaiyutan (晒鱼滩) edolobhaneni lase-Dadukou futhi uthi ukubhala kufana nesandla sika-Huang Tingjian, kodwa ubuqiniso kwakusamele buqinisekiswe ngochwepheshe; umphumela wokuhlolwa awuzange ushiwo emithonjeni etholakele.
    • 2011. Ngo-20 Disemba uMnyango Wezolimo wagunyaza ukubhaliswa kophawu lwendawo lwezolimo (iphephandaba lesifunda libiza u-2017, eliphikisana neminye imithombo). Ngokwencazelo yophawu, ngaleso sikhathi indawo evikelwe yayingu-20,000 ha, ukukhiqizwa kwakungu-25,000 t ngonyaka.
    • Isivumelwano ne-European Union. Ngokwesizindalwazi soMnyango Wezohwebo, itiye lifakwe ku-Annex III yesivumelwano se-China ne-EU ngezimpawu zendawo (i-PGI “Naxi Te Zao Cha”, idokodo le-PGI-CN-2754; isisekelo uphawu lwezolimo lwaseChina, umfakisicelo umnyango wezolimo wesifunda sase-Naxi). Izincwadi zithi ukufakwa kwenzeka ngo-20 Julayi 2020; u-2014, obizwa yi-website yezimpawu zendawo, akuqinisekiswanga ngamadokhumenti esivumelwano.
    • 2018–2021 - izinga leqembu. Ngokombiko we-”Sichuan online” (2025), kusukela ngo-2018 umnyango wezolimo wesifunda kanye nenhlangano yetiye basebenza iminyaka emithathu belungisa izinga leqembu elithi “纳溪特早茶”, eliqinisekisa imigqa emithathu yetiye eliluhlaza lesigaba esiphakathi nesiphezulu - i-yusun (玉笋, yùsǔn), i-yuya (玉芽, yùyá) kanye ne-yuzhen (玉针, yùzhēn).
    • 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 625 (esayinwe ngo-1 Ephreli, sishicilelwe ngo-14 Ephreli) itiye laziwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
  • Igama: 纳溪 - isifunda sase-Naxi; 特早 - “oshesha kakhulu”, “oshesha ngokwedlulele”; 茶 - itiye.
  • Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sinesihloko esithi “ikhaya letiye laseChina elishesha kakhulu” (中国特早茶之乡), futhi izinto zendawo ziyibiza ngokuthi “elishesha kakhulu kule latitude emhlabeni” - le yifomula yokukhangisa yemithombo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

  • Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025 - izinhlobo ezishesha kakhulu: 乌牛早 (Wūniú zǎo), 福选9号 (Fúxuǎn 9), 福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái), 中黄2号 (Zhōnghuáng 2), 黄金芽 (Huángjīn yá) kanye nezinye. Incazelo yereferensi kanye nolwazi lomnyango wezolimo wesifunda kwengeza i-平阳特早 ne-巴渝特早; ngokwemibiko ka-2023, isisekelo sezingadi siyizinhlobo 乌牛早, 福选9号 kanye ne-峨眉问春 (Éméi wènchūn).
  • Ukuvuna: Kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.
  • Izinga lokuvuna: Kusukela ebudlotheni obubodwa kuya ebudlotheni obunamahlamvu amabili; ukuvuna “ngokuphakamisa” (提采), ubudloti neqabunga kufanele kuhlale kuphelele, kusha futhi kulingana.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

  • Isifunda: Iningizimu ye-Sichuan basin, amagquma nezintaba eziphansi eduze ne-Yangtze nomfula wayo i-Yongninghe (永宁河).
  • Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025 - 230–960 m. Incazelo ka-2011 icacisa ukuthi izingadi zitholakala ikakhulu ezintabeni eziphansi ku-400–700 m.
  • Inhlabathi: Ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025 - i-yellow soil ne-yellow-brown soil (黄壤、黄棕壤), ungqimba olungaphezu kuka-60 cm, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1.5 %, i-pH 4.5–6.5. Incazelo ka-2011 yayisho okuhlukile: esifundeni kukhona i-acidic purple soil (酸性紫色土) emadwaleni e-purple sandstone agugulekile. Umehluko awuchazwanga.
  • Isimo sezulu (ngokwencazelo yophawu): i-subtropical monsoon efumile; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo 18.3 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa cishe izinsuku ezingu-350, imvula engu-1184.9 mm, umswakama ohlobene 83 %.
  • Kungani kusheshe: Ngokombiko ka-2025, ezigodini eziphambili zetiye izinga lokushisa lansuku zonke elingu-10 °C, lapho amabudloti aqala khona, lifika ngaphambi komkhosi woMvundla - ngezinsuku ezingu-7–10 ngaphambili kunaseNtshonalanga ye-Sichuan, futhi ngaphezu kwenyanga ngaphambili kunase-Jiangsu nase-Zhejiang.
  • Ubukhulu: Ngokombiko we-”Sichuan online” (2025), ekupheleni kuka-2024 - kwamakhulu amathathu nanhlanu ezinkulungwane zama-mu wezingadi kanye namathani angu-24,000 etiye eliluhlaza ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izimfuneko zokuvikela zika-2025 zibeka izikimu ezimbili.

Itiye elisicaba (扁形茶):

  1. Ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng): Ungqimba 2–3 cm, amahora 4–8, kuze kuphele iphunga lotshani; umswakama cishe 70 %.
  2. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 120–130 °C, kuze kube yiqabunga elithambile elingacwebezeli; umswakama cishe 65 %.
  3. Ukomisa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng): 90–110 °C, cishe imizuzu engu-20; umswakama 50–58 %.
  4. Ukuqondisa nokubumba (理条、做形, lǐtiáo, zuòxíng): 110–120 °C, imizuzu 5–8; umswakama cishe 45 %.
  5. Ukususa uboya (脱毫, tuōháo): 110–130 °C, imizuzu 50–70 - kuze kube yiqabunga eliqondile elingenabo uboya obumhlophe.
  6. Ukomisa kwesibili (二烘, èrhōng): Cishe 90 °C.
  7. Ukuqeda ebhodweni (辉锅, huīguō): 80–100 °C, kuze kube nokucwebezela okuphuzi nokuluhlaza kanye nomswakama ongekho ngaphezu kuka-6 %.

I-Maofeng (毛峰茶): ukubuna amahora 4–10 kuze kube umswakama 65–70 %; ukulungisa cishe 120 °C, imizuzu 1–1.5; ukusonga okulula imizuzu 5–7; ukomisa kokuqala ku-90–110 °C; ukusonga kabusha imizuzu 25–30; ukuqondisa nokubonisa uboya ku-70–80 °C, imizuzu 10–15; ukomisa kokugcina ku-90–100 °C kuze kube umswakama 5–6 %.

Umbhalo wezinga leqembu awuvulekanga emithonjeni etholakele.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela zika-2025:

  • Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisicaba futhi liqondile (扁平挺直), liphuzi ngokuluhlaza noboya obufihlekile (黄绿隐毫), lilingana futhi lihlanzekile.
  • Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
  • Iphunga lomhluzo: I-castnut, ligcwele futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (栗香浓郁持久).
  • Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile nokuqabulayo (鲜醇爽口).
  • Umbala womhluzo: Ophuzi ngokuluhlaza, ogqamile.
  • Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Liphuzi ngokuluhlaza, lilingana, licwebezela.

Incazelo yokubukeka ibhekisele esimweni esisicaba, nakuba ukuvikelwa okufanayo kuchaza nobuchwepheshe be-maofeng; ayikho incazelo ehlukile yayo edokhumentini. Izincazelo zereferensi zibiza umbala wetiye elisicaba ngokuthi yi-emerald (色泽翠绿).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

InkombaIzinga
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanziniokungenani 42 %
Ama-polyphenol etiyeokungenani 16 %

Mayelana nama-amino acid, izimfuneko zithi kuphela ukuthi “maningi”; akukho mkhawulo wezinombolo.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Amanzi 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe. Thela amanzi odongeni, umhluzo wokuqala - ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60; phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomhluzo, bese uthelela futhi - ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi

  • Intengo: Akukho datha ehlelekile. Ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi embikweni ka-2025, amaqoqo okuqala kakhulu ohlobo 中黄2号 adayiswa ngaphezu kuka-3000 yuan nge-jin (500 g), futhi lapho itiye lifika emakethe ngobuningi, intengo yehla ngesigamu noma ngokuthathu.
  • Ukwenza kanjani ukugwema imikhohlisi:
    • Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lokulusebenzisa umkhiqizi osendaweni linikezwa yi-CNIPA ngokwethulwa isifunda nesifundazwe.
    • Ngokombiko ka-2025, abasebenzisi bophawu kufanele balandele “ukuhlangana okune” - imvume eyodwa, ukupakisha okukodwa, ukucaciswa okukodwa kanye nomkhiqizo owodwa.
    • Iqabunga - lisicaba, liqondile, liphuzi ngokuluhlaza noboya obufihlekile; iphunga - le-castnut.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

  • Ukuvuna ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela kuvulwa ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari; iviki lokuvula lesifundazwe lesizini ka-2025, ngokombiko, labekwa esifundeni ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi “inkomishi yokuqala yentwasahlobo yaseChina”.
  • Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivunyelwe kukhona izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu aphuzi 中黄2号 kanye ne-黄金芽.
  • Ngokombiko ka-2025, esifundeni uqobo kucutshungulwa kuphela cishe 60 % wamaqabunga avuniwe: okunye kuyiswa e-Yibin, e-Leshan nase-Ya’an, futhi itiye eliluhlaza lithengwa abahwebi abafikayo.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

  • I-Wuniu Zao (乌牛早): Itiye lokuqala lesifunda sase-Yongjia e-Zhejiang; uhlobo olufanayo - ohlwini lwezinhlobo zase-Naxi.
  • I-Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Isibonelo setiye eliluhlaza elisicaba; uhlobo oluyinhloko oluvikelwe lwe-Naxi Tezaocha nalo luyisicaba.
  • I-Jinyun Huangcha (缙云黄茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lohlobo 中黄2号, oluvunyelwe nase-Naxi.
  • I-Gulin Niupi Cha (古蔺牛皮茶): Itiye lesifunda sase-Gulin emkhandlwini wedolobha ofanayo wase-Luzhou.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Naxi Tezaocha itiye elidayisa isikhathi: ukuvuna kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaJanuwari, iqabunga elisicaba eliphuzi ngokuluhlaza noboya obufihlekile kanye nephunga le-castnut elihlala isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuqala kukhona ubusika obufudumele besigodi sase-Yongninghe nezinhlobo ezishesha kakhulu, futhi ngemuva kwegama kukhona amazinga amathathu okuvikela kanye nezimfuneko eziningiliziwe zezinhlobo ezimbili zeqabunga.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo