Hóngyá lǜchá

Hongya Lücha (Hóngyá lǜchá, 洪雅绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Hongya (洪雅县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Meishan m’chigawo cha Sichuan, kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Sichuan. Malinga ndi malamulo a chizindikiro, kuno ndi malo a mitambo, dzuwa lochepa komanso chinyezi chambiri, ndipo tiyi yemweyo ndi yophwanyika komanso yowongoka, ndi mtundu wonyezimira wachikasu wobiriwira komanso kukoma kwatsopano kofewa. Dzinali latetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi kuyambira 2011 komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi CNIPA mu 2025.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Pano zilembo za Chitchaina m’dzinali zimatanthauzadi gulu: 绿茶 ndi gulu laukadaulo, ndipo malamulo a chizindikiro amafotokoza njira yobiriwira: kukhazikitsa, kupotoza, ndi kuumitsa.
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma; mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), mzinda wa Meishan (眉山, Méishān), boma la Hongya (洪雅, Hóngyá).
• Malo otetezedwa, mindandanda iwiri:
  • Zowonjezera za CNIPA (2025) zimalemba matauni 12: Zhige, Zhongshan, Jiangjun, Liujiang, Caoyutan, Hongchuan, Gaomiao, Yuping, Dongyue, Zhongbao, Wawushan, ndi Qiliping.
  • Malamulo a chizindikiro chaulimi (2011) adatchula matauni ndi mafumu 15; m’menemo munalinso Sanbao, Hanwang, Huaxi ndi Taoyuan, koma kunalibe Qiliping. Chifukwa chake mindandanda idasiyana, magwero sakufotokoza. Malo otetezedwa malinga ndi malamulo a 2011 ndi mahekitala 14 378, ndipo pachaka amatulutsa matani 13 000.
  • M’mindandanda yonse iwiri muli tawuni ya Wawushan (瓦屋山, Wǎwūshān) pafupi ndi phiri lomwelo, motero malowa amaphatikizanso mbali yamapiri a boma, osati zigwa zokha.
• Malo ogwirizira: 102°49′–103°32′ kum’mawa, 29°24′–30°00′ kumpoto, mofanana m’malamulo onse awiri.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Zotsatira ndi zolemba zochokera m’mbiri yolembedwa ndi tsamba la geographical indications. Ine sindinadziyang’anire ndekha zolemba zakalezi.

• Mbiri:
  • Nthawi zakale. Malinga ndi zolemba, m’nthawi ya Han madera a Hongya amasiku ano anali m’boma la Nan’an m’chigawo cha Qianwei, ndipo “Huayang Guo Zhi” (华阳国志) ya m’zaka za zana la 4 imalemba kuti ku Nan’an ndi Wuyang “ankapanga tiyi wodziwika”. Boma la Hongya lenileni linakhazikitsidwa mu 593.
  • Tang. Zolemba zimagwirizanitsa Hongya ndi kutchulidwa kwa dera la Meizhou mu “Chajing” (茶经) cha Lu Yu ndipo zimapereka cholembedwa cha 813 chokhudza malo ogulira tiyi a Hongya ku tawuni ya Huaxi yamakono.
  • Mafumu Asanu. Mu “Chapu” (茶谱) cha Mao Wenxi, monga momwe zolemba zikunenera, kunanenedwa: “眉州洪雅、昌阖、丹棱，其茶如蒙顶制法”, kutanthauza kuti tiyi wa Hongya ndi maboma oyandikana nawo ankapangidwa “monga njira ya Mengding”.
  • Song. Malinga ndi zolemba, mu “Chafu” (茶赋) cha Wu Shu, Hongya adatchulidwa pakati pa malo a tiyi.
  • Qing. Zolemba, poyankhula za “Sichuan Tongzhi” ya zaka za Jiaqing, zimalemba kuti malonda a tiyi ku Hongya ankapereka ziphaso 6456 pachaka, kukhala malo oyamba m’chigawo chonse.
  • 2011. Chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi, nambala AGI00821. Malamulo adasindikizidwa ndi chilengezo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi nambala 1699 cha pa 20 December 2011, monga momwe tsamba linasindikizira.
  • 2025. Kuvomerezedwa ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication malinga ndi chilengezo cha CNIPA nambala 646.
• Dzina: “Hongya” ndi dzina la boma; “lücha” ndi tiyi wobiriwira.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi zolemba, m’zaka za m’ma 2000 boma lidakhala malo opangira tiyi wobiriwira wopanda zotsalira zovulaza ndipo linkatumiza ku European Union, Africa, ndi Southeast Asia mitundu ya tiyi wobiriwira yotumiza kunja yotchedwa “珠茶” ndi “眉茶”.

3. Kufotokozera Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu: Malamulo a chizindikiro amatchula mitundu yokolola bwino ndi yolimba, yoyenera kupanga: Mingshan 131 (名山131), Mingshan 311 (名山311), ndi Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白).
• Nthawi yotuta: Isanafike phwando la Qingming.
• Mulingo wotuta malinga ndi mitundu ya malamulo:
  • gulu loyamba: mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi lomwe langotuluka kumene, mphukira lalitali kuposa tsamba;
  • gulu lachiwiri: mphukira imodzi ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri omwe angotuluka kumene, mphukira ndi tsamba pafupifupi ofanana kutalika;
  • gulu lachitatu: chimodzimodzi, koma tsamba lalitali kuposa mphukira.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Sichuan. Malinga ndi malamulo, m’bomali muli mtundu wa danxia (丹霞, dānxiá) wosowa m’dzikolo, miyala yofiira; malowa amatsika kuchokera kumwera chakumadzulo kupita kumpoto chakum’mawa, kuchokera kumapiri ataliatali kupita ku mapiri, mabwalo, ndi zigwa za mitsinje ya Qingyijiang ndi Huaxi.
• Mapiri ndi nkhalango: Malinga ndi malamulo, pali nsonga za mapiri pafupifupi 500 pamwamba pa 1000 m, nkhalango ndi 67% ya dera lonse.
• Nthaka: Za acidi ndi pang’ono acidi, pH 5–6,5, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zoposa 3%.
• Nyengo (malinga ndi malamulo):
  • kutentha kwapakati pachaka 16,8 °C, Januware 6,6 °C, Julayi 25,7 °C;
  • mvula 1435 mm pachaka, masiku opanda chisanu 307;
  • kuwala kwa dzuwa maola 1080 okha pachaka, malamulo amaika Hongya m’madera a dziko omwe ali ndi kuwala kochepa kwa dzuwa;
  • chinyezi chachibale 84% (pa kusindikizidwako mzerewu walembedwa molakwika ngati “kutentha kwa mpweya”, koma nambala yaperekedwa ngati peresenti).
• “Mphukira za m’nyengo yozizira”. Mwambi wakuti “九月微微冷，十月小阳春” womwe umatanthauza kuti m’mwezi wachisanu ndi chinayi wa kalendala ya mwezi kumazizira pang’ono, m’mwezi wakhumi kumakhala “kasupe wamng’ono”, malinga ndi malamulo, umafotokoza mfunso yaikulu ya boma: mphukira za tiyi pano zimayamba msanga.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Malamulo a chizindikiro amafotokoza ukadaulo mwatsatanitsatane, ndipo kufotokozaku ndi kwa tiyi yemweyu, osati ndondomeko yodziwika wamba:

1. Kufalalitsa (摊晾, tānliàng): Msanga pambuyo pa kututa, masamba amafalikira kuti azizire ndi kufota; m’nyengo yachisanu, m’kuzizira, kwa maola 8–12.
2. Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Mu makina pa 200–220 °C, nthawi zambiri mphindi 3–5.
3. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Masamba ofewa amapotozedwa mozizira komanso mopepuka kuti asunge mtundu wachikasu wobiriwira ndi pansi pofewa pambuyo pomwetsa; masamba okhwima kwambiri amapotozedwa motentha kuti kupotozako kukhale kolimba.
4. Kuwongola (理条, lǐtiáo): Kwa tiyi wophwanyika ndi wa singano m’malo mwa kupotoza wamba, mu makina pa 60–90 °C, mpaka 80–90% zouma, kenako kuzizira ndi kuwongola chinyezi kwa maola 5–8.
5. Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào): Ndi mpweya wotentha, mu m’phika, kapena kuphatikiza. Tiyi wophwanyika amuumitsa mu m’phika, wa singano ndi mpweya wotentha.

Ukadaulo mu malamulo umafotokoza mawonekedwe onse awiri, ophwanyika ndi a singano, koma kufotokozera maonekedwe kumatulapo tsamba lophwanyika lowongoka lokha; mmene zinthu ziŵirizi zimagwirizanira, chikalatacho sichifotokoza.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kuwona

Kufotokozera malinga ndi malamulo a chizindikiro (2011):

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mphukira zokongola, tsamba lophwanyika ndi lowongoka, lofanana; mtundu wobiriwira, wonyezimira (芽头秀雅、扁平直、匀整，色泽绿光润).
• Funiro la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’m magwero opezeka.
• Funiro la madzi a tiyi: Loyera komanso lokhalitsa (清香持久).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kofewa komanso kotsitsimula (鲜醇爽口).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Wachikasu wobiriwira ndi wowala (黄绿明亮).
• Pansi pa kapu (masamba opangidwa): Wobiriwira wofewa, wofanana ndi wowala (嫩绿匀亮).

Zolemba za tsambalo zimatchula mtundu wa madzi mosiyana: “woyera ngati emerald” (清碧明亮); kufotokozera kuti ndi kotani komwe kuli pafupi ndi mankhwala amasiku ano, sikutheka kudziwa kuchokera m’zikalata.

7. Zomwe Zili M’mankhwala

Malamulo a chizindikiro amaika malire apansi a tiyi womalizidwa:

Chizindikiro	Chofunika
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 40%
Ma polyphenols a tiyi	osachepera 16%
Ma amino acid	”zambiri”, popanda nambala

Palibe zina zokhudza fizikia ndi mankhwala m’m magwero opezeka.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Njira yachikhalidwe ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa zida.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete mwa chidebe.
  3. Kupanga koyamba pakatha masekondi 40–60.
  4. Imwani, kusiya gawo lina la madziwo.
  5. Bwerezani kutulutsa kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yachikhalidwe. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; imwani mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.

10. Mitengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’m magwero opezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical indication: dzina “洪雅绿茶” limodzi ndi chizindikiro chodziwika cha geographical indication chaulimi.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga akuchokera m’boma la Hongya.
  • Masamba ndi ophwanyika, owongoka, obiriwira ndi onyezimira; madzi ndi achikasu wobiriwira ndi owala.

11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa

• Malinga ndi zolemba, mu 2010 mtundu wa boma “雅茶” udatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wabwino kwambiri wa minda yachilengedwe pa chiwonetsero cha tiyi cha mbali zonse za Taiwan Strait.
• Malamulo amafuna kuti pang’onopang’ono kutentha kusamutsidwe ku magetsi, gasi, ndi zipangizo za infrared, kupita ku kupanga kopanda utsi.
• Mndandanda wa matauni a malowa unasintha m’zaka 14: mu 2011 kunali 15, mu 2025 kuli 12.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriwira wa ku Sichuan

• Mengding Shihua (蒙顶石花): Tiyi wophwanyika wa phiri la Mengdingshan ku Ya’an yoyandikana naye; ndi “njira ya Mengding” yomwe buku lakale linkayerekezera nayo tiyi wa Hongya.
• Mengding Gan Lu (蒙顶甘露): Tiyi wopotoza wa phiri lomwelo, limodzi mwa madera akale kwambiri a tiyi ku Sichuan.
• Emei Zhu Ye Qing (峨眉竹叶青): Tiyi wophwanyika wa phiri la Emei ku Leshan yoyandikana naye; malinga ndi malamulo, Hongya Lücha amaloledwanso kukhala wa singano.
• Guosheng Cha (国胜茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wamapiri wa kumwera kwa Sichuan, wokhazikika pa funiro la orchid.

Pomaliza:

Hongya Lücha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa boma lachinyezi ndi lamitambo m’mphepete mwa chigwa cha Sichuan, kumene mphukira zimayamba msanga. Malamulo a chizindikiro amamufotokoza mwatsatanitsatane: kututa isanafike Qingming, kukhazikitsa pa 200–220 °C, tsamba lophwanyika kapena la singano, madzi achikasu wobiriwira, ndi kukoma kwatsopano kofewa. Mbiri yayitali ya tiyi imadziwika kudzera m’kunenedwanso kwa zolemba, osati kudzera m’zolemba zotsimikiziridwa ndekha.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №646

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero