I-Hongya Lücha (Hóngyá lǜchá, 洪雅绿茶) — itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni saseHongya (洪雅县) esifundazweni saseMeishan esifundazweni saseSichuan, emaphethelweni aseningizimu-ntshonalanga eSichuan Basin. Ngokomthetho wophawu, lena yindawo enamafu, ilanga eliphansi kanye nomswakama ophezulu, kanti itiye ngokwalo liyisicaba futhi liqondile, linombala ophuzi-oluhlaza ogqamile kanye nokunambitheka okusha okuthambile. Igama livikelwe uphawu lwendawo yezolimo kusukela ngo-2011 kanye nokuqashelwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) ngo-2025.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Lapha izinhlamvu zegama zibeka ngempela isigaba: 绿茶 — isigaba sobuchwepheshe, futhi umthetho wophawu uchaza ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza — ukulungisa, ukusonga kanye nokomisa.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), isifunda saseMeishan (眉山, Méishān), isifunda saseHongya (洪雅, Hóngyá).
- Indawo evikelwe — izinhlu ezimbili:
- Isithasiselo se-CNIPA (2025) sibala amadolobhana ayi-12: iZhi ge, iZhongshan, iJiangjun, iLiujiang, iCaoyutan, iHongchuan, iGaomiao, iYuping, iDongyue, iZhongbao, iWawushan neQiliping.
- Umthetho wophawu lwezolimo (2011) wawubala amadolobhana nezindawo eziyi-15; wawunazo iSanbao, iHanwang, iHuaxi neTaoyuan, kodwa wawungenalo iQiliping. Ukuthi kungani izinhlu zahluka, imithombo ayikuchazi. Indawo evikelwe ngokomthetho ka-2011 — amahektha ayi-14 378, umkhiqizo wonyaka — amathani ayi-13 000.
- Kuzo zombili izinhlu kukhona idolobhana laseWawushan (瓦屋山, Wǎwūshān) eduze kwentaba eyithebhula enegama elifanayo — indawo ihlanganisa nengxenye ephezulu yesifunda, hhayi izigodi kuphela.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 102°49′–103°32′ E, 29°24′–30°00′ N — ziyefana kuyo yomibili imibhalo.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
Ngezansi kukhona izingcaphuno zomlando ovela embhalweni oyinhloko wenhlangano yezindawo. Mina ngokwami le mibhalo emidala angizange ngiyihlole.
- Umlando:
- Endulo. Ngokombhalo, ngesikhathi sikaHan izwe lamanje laseHongya laliyingxenye yesifunda saseNan’an esifundeni saseQianwei, kanti «Imibhalo Yezwe LaseHuayang» (华阳国志) yekhulu lesi-4 ithi eNan’an naseWuyang «kwakukhiqizwa itiye elidumile». Isifunda saseHongya ngokwaso sasungulwa ngo-593.
- Tang. Umbhalo uxhumanisa neHongya ukukhulunywa kwesifunda saseMeizhou ku-«Canon of Tea» (茶经) kaLu Yu futhi uveza irekhodi lango-813 lesiteshi sokuthenga itiye eHongya edolobhaneni lamanje laseHuaxi.
- AmaDynasties amahlanu. Ku-«Registry of Tea» (茶谱) kaMao Wenxi, ngokucaphuna kombhalo, kuthiwa: «眉州洪雅、昌阖、丹棱，其茶如蒙顶制法» — itiye laseHongya nezifunda ezingomakhelwane lalenziwa «ngendlela yaseMengding».
- Song. Ngokombhalo, ku-«Ode to Tea» (茶赋) kaWu Shu iHongya ibalwa phakathi kwezindawo zetiye.
- Qing. Umbhalo, ucaphuna i-«General Chronicle of Sichuan» yeminyaka yeJiaqing, uthi ukuhweba kwetiye eHongya kwakunikeza amalayisense angu-6456 ngonyaka — indawo yokuqala esifundazweni.
- 2011. Uphawu lwendawo yezolimo, inombolo i-AGI00821. Umthetho ushicilelwe ngesaziso soMnyango Wezolimo No. 1699 sangoDisemba 20, 2011 — embhalweni ophenjiwe wengosi.
- 2025. Ukuqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ngokwesaziso se-CNIPA No. 646.
- Igama: «Hongya» — igama lesifunda; «lücha» — itiye eliluhlaza.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombhalo, ngeminyaka yawo-2000 isifunda saba isizinda setiye eliluhlaza ngaphandle kwezinsalela eziyingozi futhi sathumela e-European Union, e-Afrika naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia amatiye aluhlaza okuthumela angaphandle «珠茶» kanye ne-«眉茶».
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: Umthetho wophawu ubala izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu neziqinile, ezifanele ukukhiqizwa: iMingshan 131 (名山131), iMingshan 311 (名山311) kanye neFuding Dabai (福鼎大白).
- Izikhathi zokuvuna: Ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming.
- Izinga lokuvuna ngezinhlobo zomthetho:
- ibanga lokuqala — ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka, ihlumela lide kuneqabunga;
- ibanga lesibili — ihlumela elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili noma elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka, ihlumela neqabunga cishe alingana ngobude;
- ibanga lesithathu — okufanayo, kodwa iqabunga lide kunehlumela.
4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Umkhawulo oseningizimu-ntshonalanga weSichuan Basin. Ngokomthetho, esifundeni kukhona indawo eyivelakancane ezweni — i-danxia (丹霞, dānxiá) — amadwala abomvu; indawo yehlela kusukela eningizimu-ntshonalanga kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga isuka ezintabeni eziphakeme iye emagqumeni, emathafeni nasezigodini zemifula iQingyijiang neHuaxi.
- Izintaba namahlathi: Ngokomthetho, cishe iziqongo ezingama-500 ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000, amahlathi — 67 % wendawo.
- Inhlabathi: I-acidic futhi i-acidic kancane, i-pH 5–6,5, ne-organic matter engaphezu kuka-3 %.
- Isimo sezulu (ngokomthetho):
- izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi 16,8 °C, uJanuwari 6,6 °C, uJulayi 25,7 °C;
- imvula 1435 mm ngonyaka, izinsuku ezingenaqhwa 307;
- ukukhanya kwelanga kuphela amahora ayi-1080 ngonyaka — umthetho ubeka iHongya phakathi kwezindawo zezwe ezinemisebe yelanga ephansi;
- umswakama ohambisanayo 84 % (embhalweni ophenjiwe umugqa ubizwa ngephutha ngokuthi «izinga lokushisa lomoya», kodwa inombolo inikezwa ngamaphesenti).
- «Amahlumela asebusika». Isisho esithi «九月微微冷，十月小阳春» — enyangeni yesishiyagalolunye yenyanga kuyabanda kancane, kweyeshumi kuba «intwasahlobo encane» — sichaza, ngokomthetho, isici esiyinhloko sesifunda: amahlumela etiye lapha aqala ukukhula kusenesikhathi.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umthetho wophawu uchaza ubuchwepheshe ngokuningiliziwe — lena incazelo yaleli tiye ngokuqondile, hhayi uhlelo olujwayelekile:
- Ukuhlukanisa (摊晾, tānliàng): Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna amaqabunga ayahlukaniswa ukuze aphole futhi ome; entwasahlobo, emakhazeni, — amahora ayi-8–12.
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Emshinini ku-200–220 °C, ngokuvamile imizuzu emi-3–5.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Amaqabunga athambile asongwa kubanda futhi kancane ukuze kugcinwe umbala ophuzi-oluhlaza kanye nendawo ebunjiwe ethambile; amaqabunga amaholo — ashisayo, ukuze ukusonga kuqine.
- Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo): Ematiyeni ayisicaba nayinaliti esikhundleni sokusonga okuvamile — emshinini ku-60–90 °C, kuze kube 80–90 % wokoma, bese kuphola nokuqondisa umswakama amahora ama-5–8.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ngomoya oshisayo, ebhodweni noma ngenhlanganisela. Itiye elisicaba lomiswa ebhodweni, elinaliti — ngomoya oshisayo.
Ubuchwepheshe bomthetho buchaza kokubili isimo esisicaba nesinaliti, kanti incazelo yokubukeka ibala kuphela iqabunga elisicaba neliqondile; ukuthi lokhu kuvumelana kanjani, umbhalo awuchazi.
6. Izici Zokuzwa
Incazelo ngokomthetho wophawu (2011):
- Ukubukeka kwamaqabunga omile: Amahlumela amahle, iqabunga elisicaba futhi eliqondile, elilinganayo; umbala uluhlaza, ucwebezela (芽头秀雅、扁平直、匀整，色泽绿光润).
- Iphunga lamaqabunga omile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Lihlanzekile futhi liqinile (清香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuthambile futhi kuvuselela (鲜醇爽口).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Uphuzi-oluhlaza futhi uyakhanya (黄绿明亮).
- Amaqabunga aluhlaza (itiye eliphekiwe): Aluhlaza othambile, alinganayo futhi ayakhanya (嫩绿匀亮).
Umbhalo wengosi ubiza ukuphisa ngenye indlela — «kuhlanzekile-kuyi-emerald» (清碧明亮); ukuthi iyiphi incazelo eseduze nomkhiqizo wamanje, akukwazi ukuqonda ngemibhalo.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Umthetho wophawu ubeka imingcele ephansi yetiye eliqediwe:
| Isibonakaliso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | okungenani 40 % |
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 16 % |
| Ama-amino acid | «ukuqukethwe okucebile», ngaphandle kwenombolo |
Eminye imininingwane ye-physicochemical ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Inqubo yesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokuphisa.
- Ukuphisa kabusha kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcina
Inqubo yesigaba. Ephasakeni elivaleke ngokuphelele, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; phuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Nokukhohlisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani ukukhohlisa:
- Funa uphawu lwendawo: igama elithi «洪雅绿茶» kanye nophawu olujwayelekile lwendawo yezolimo.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseHongya.
- Amaqabunga — asicaba, aqondile, aluhlaza futhi acwebezelayo; ukuphisa — kuphuzi-oluhlaza futhi kuyakhanya.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ngokombhalo, ngo-2010 uphawu lwesifunda lwe-«雅茶» lwaqanjwa njengophawu olungcono kakhulu lwezingadi zemvelo embukisweni wetiye wezindlela zombili zeTaiwan Strait.
- Umthetho udinga ukuguqula kancane kancane ukufudumeza kube ngogesi, igesi kanye nama-infrared — ekukhiqizeni okungenantuthu.
- Uhlu lwamadolobhana endawo ezinyangeni eziyi-14 lushintshile: ngo-2011 ayeyi-15, ngo-2025 — ayi-12.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseSichuan
- Mengding Shihua (蒙顶石花): Itiye elisicaba lentaba iMengdingshan eYa’an engumakhelwane; «nendlela yaseMengding» incwadi endala yaqhathanisa itiye laseHongya.
- Mengding Ganlu (蒙顶甘露): Itiye elisongiwe lentaba efanayo, enye yezindawo ezindala zetiye eSichuan.
- Emei Zhuqing (峨眉竹叶青): Itiye elisicaba lentaba iEmei eLeshan engumakhelwane; eHongya Lücha ngokomthetho kuvunyelwe futhi isimo esinaliti.
- Guosheng Cha (国胜茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni laseningizimu yeSichuan, eligcizelela iphunga le-orchid.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Hongya Lücha — itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esinomswakama nesinamafu emaphethelweni eSichuan Basin, lapho amahlumela eqala khona kusenesikhathi. Umthetho wophawu ulichaza ngokuningiliziwe: ukuvuna ngaphambi kweQingming, ukulungisa ku-200–220 °C, amaqabunga asicaba noma analiti, ukuphisa okuphuzi-oluhlaza kanye nokunambitheka okusha okuthambile. Umlando omude wetiye waziwa ngokulandisa kombhalo, hhayi ngemibhalo eqinisekisiwe.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo