Chenzhou Fucha (Chēnzhōu fúchá, 郴州福茶) ndi “tchayi la mtsango wa Chenzhou”, chizindikiro cha boma la mzinda wa Chenzhou kumwera kwa chigawo cha Hunan komanso chizindikiro cha certification ya geographical. Uwu si tchayi umodzi, koma chizindikiro chokhudza magulu anayi: miyezo yamagulu ya bungwe la tchayi la chigawo cha 2018 imafotokoza pansi pa dzina ili tchayi lobiriwira, lofiira, loyera ndi oolong. Chihongole 福 (fú) chimatanthauza “mtsango, ubwino” ndipo sichitchula kalasi. Pansi pa chizindikirochi palinso mayina a maboma ang’onoang’ono, mwachitsanzo, “Linglong Cha” wa ku Guidong ndi “Gounao Gong Cha” wa ku Zixing.
1. Kugawa ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Palibe kalasi imodzi. Miyezo inayi ya malonda (T/CZSCYXH 006–009—2018) imafotokoza tchayi lobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), tchayi lofiira la mizere (条形红茶, tiáoxíng hóngchá), tchayi loyera (白茶, báichá) ndi oolong (青茶, qīngchá).
- Gulu: Chizindikiro cha boma la chigawo ndi chizindikiro cha certification ya geographical; chili pamndandanda wa zizindikiro za geographical wa boma la Hunan.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán), mzinda wa Chenzhou (郴州, Chēnzhōu).
- Dera: Miyezo ya chizindikiro imakhudza tchayi lopangidwa mkati mwa mzinda wa Chenzhou; malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito chizindikirocho sindinawaone. Minda yaikulu, malinga ndi muyezo wa kulima, ili pakati pa 112°13′ ndi 114°14′ kummawa ndi 24°53′ ndi 26°50′ kumpoto.
- Mwini: Malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa, mu 2017 boma la chigawo linapatsa bungwe la tchayi la Chenzhou (郴州市茶叶协会) ntchito yolembera chizindikiro, ndipo bungweli ndi lomwe limayang’anira chizindikirocho. Nambala ya chizindikiro sindinaipeze.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- 2015. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Hunan Daily” ya 2020, chigawo chinayamba kupanga chizindikiro cha anthu onse “郴州福茶”.
- 2018. Pa 20 November bungwe linatulutsa miyezo yamagulu ya chizindikiro, yoyambira pa 1 Januware 2019, yokhudza kulima, kukonza oolong ndi malonda a magulu anayi; malinga ndi nkhani yomweyo, miyezo yonse ndi isanu ndi inayi.
- 2019. Chizindikiro chinalembedwa ngati certification ya geographical; makampani 25 oyamba a tchayi analandira ufulu wochigwiritsa ntchito.
- 2020 ndi 2024. Kalozera wa chigawo “Hunan Mwachidule” (湖南简况) amatchula “郴州福茶” pakati pa zizindikiro za geographical.
- 2022. Malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa, pachaka chimenechi chiwerengero cha makampani okhala ndi ufulu pa chizindikiro chinakwera kuchokera ku 24 mpaka 36, ndipo mndandanda wawo unaperekedwa ku State Intellectual Property Office. Kufotokozera kwina kumati chiwerengero cha 36 ndi cha 2023.
- 2023. Malinga ndi “Hunan Daily”, chizindikirocho chinalowa m’gulu la zitsanzo zabwino za pulogalamu ya “tchayi atatu” (三茶统筹); kupereka kunakonzedwa pa Chiwonetsero cha Tchayi cha XV cha Hunan.
- Dongosolo la zizindikiro: Malinga ndi zomwe zalembedwa, uwu ndi dongosolo la “1+2”: chizindikiro cha boma lalikulu kuphatikiza zizindikiro za maboma ang’onoang’ono ndi zizindikiro za makampani. Nkhani ya 2020 imatchula pakati pa zizindikiro pansi pa “郴州福茶” zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za China kuyambira 2014 ndi 2015, monga “Gounao Gong Cha” wa ku Zixing ndi “Linglong Cha” wa ku Guidong.
- Dzina: Nthano yomwe imafotokozedwa ndi nkhani zakomweko imati Shennong anapeza tchayi ku Zixing, ndipo chifukwa cha ubwino umenewu tchayi linayamba kutchedwa “tsiku lachisangalalo”. Kufotokozera kwachiwiri ndi dzina lotchuka la mzindawu “mzinda wa mtsango” (福城), logwirizana ndi phiri la Suxianling (苏仙岭).
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Nkhani ya 2020 imatchula chikho cha “tchayi lachisangalalo” monga mwambo wa kuchereza alendo wa chigawo ndipo imati Lu Yu, podutsa Chenzhou, anatcha kasupe wa Yuanquan (圆泉) wa kumeneko kasupe wa khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu wapadziko lonse lapansi.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Cultivars: Muyeso wa kulima umafuna mitundu yosankhidwa ya clonal yoyenera nyengo ndi kalasi ya tchayi, koma sutanthauza mitundu. Muyeso wa tchayi loyera wa Bai Mu Dan umatchula mitundu yokhala ndi ubweya wambiri, monga 福丁大白 (monga zalembedwera), 福鼎大毫 ndi 福云六号.
- Miyeso ya kusonkha: Kwa mtundu wapamwamba wa tchayi lobiriwira, makamaka mphukira imodzi yokha; kwa mtundu wachitatu, mphukira ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu; kwa tchayi lofiira, kuchokera ku mphukira imodzi ndi mphukira ndi tsamba mpaka mphukira ndi masamba atatu; kwa Bai Hao Yin Zhen, mphukira imodzi yokha; kwa Bai Mu Dan ndi Gong Mei, mphukira ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri; kwa oolong, mphukira yokhala ndi masamba awiri kapena anayi ndi mphukira yogona yopangidwa (开面采, kāimiàn cǎi).
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2020, nyengo ya subtropical monsoon, pamphambano za mapiri a Nanling ndi Luoxiao, magwero a mitsinje ya Xiangjiang, Zhujiang ndi Ganjiang.
- Kutalika: Muyeso wa kulima umalangiza minda yaikulu pakati pa 500 ndi 1500 m.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi muyeso womwewo, mvula ya pachaka 1380–1670 mm, kutentha kwapakati 15–18 °C, maola a dzuwa 1370–1500, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku, kuwala kochuluka kwambiri kofalikira; kutentha kotsika kwambiri −5…−7 °C.
- Dothi: Malinga ndi muyeso, pa granite, slate ndi sandstone zowonongeka komanso pa zinyalala za mitsinje; acidic pang’ono, pH 4.5–6.0, wosanjikiza wosachepera 30 cm; kutsetsereka 10–25°.
- Malo: Malinga ndi nkhani za “Hunan Daily”, kumapeto kwa 2019 chigawo chinali ndi minda 384.2 zikwi mu, kumapeto kwa 2022, minda 433.3 zikwi mu ndi matani 17.1 zikwi a tchayi pachaka.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Palibe ukadaulo umodzi wa chizindikirochi; miyezo imapereka ndondomeko ya kalasi iliyonse.
- Wobiriwira: kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng), kukulunga (揉捻, róuniǎn), kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào).
- Oolong: kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo), kugwedeza masamba (做青, zuòqīng), kukhazikitsa, kukulunga, kuumitsa; oolong alinso ndi muyeso wosiyana wa kukonza.
- Woyera: kufota, kuumitsa ndi kusankha (拣剔, jiǎntī).
- Wofiira: malinga ndi ndondomeko yosiyana ya kukonza, yomwe sindinaione; muyeso wa malonda suchula magawo.
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Malo ofotokoza chizindikiro amati “香气清悠高长，滋味浓醇甘爽”, kutanthauza fungo loyera lalitali komanso kukoma kolemera, kofewa, kotsekemera. Pansipa pali zofunika za miyezo kwa mtundu wapamwamba wa kalasi iliyonse.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Wobiriwira ndi mphukira zowongoka kapena zopindika zolimba, zobiriwira ngati emerald, ndi ubweya; wofiira ndi mizere yopyapyala ndi ubweya wagolide, yakuda ndi chonyezimira; Bai Hao Yin Zhen ndi mphukira zokhuthala ngati singano, zasiliva-imvi; oolong ndi mizere yolimba yopindika, yakuda ndi chonyezimira.
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Miyezo siyifotokoza; palibe deta.
- Fungo la madzi: Wobiriwira ndi lofewa, lapamwamba, lalitali; wofiira ndi lokoma lambiri; singano ndi loyera, ndi fungo la ubweya; oolong ndi lamaluwa lambiri.
- Kukoma: Wobiriwira ndi kwatsopano, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera; wofiira ndi kolemera, kotsekemera ndi kopatsa mphamvu; singano ndi kwatsopano, ndi kukoma kwa ubweya; oolong ndi kolemera ndi kofewa.
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira ndi wobiriwira wofewa; wofiira ndi wofiira wowala; singano ndi wapakati pa apricot wopepuka; oolong ndi wachikasu wagolide.
- Masamba otenthedwa: Wobiriwira ndi wobiriwira wofewa; wofiira ndi ndi mphukira, wofiira mofanana; singano ndi wokhuthala ndi wofewa; oolong ndi wofewa, ndi mzere wofiira wowoneka bwino.
7. Zomwe Zimapezeka mu Kukonza
Zofunika za physicochemical za miyezo (kusiyana kumadalira mitundu):
| Chizindikiro | Wobiriwira | Wofiira | Woyera | Oolong |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinyezi, % osapitirira | 6.0–7.0 | 6.0–7.0 | 7.0 | 6.0–7.0 |
| Zotulutsidwa m’madzi, % osachepera | 36.0–38.0 | 32.0–33.0 | palibe | 32–33 |
| Phulusa lonse, % osapitirira | 6.0–7.0 | 5.5–6.0 | 6.5 | 7.0–8.0 |
| Fiber yaiwisi, % osapitirira | 12–13 | 14–16 | palibe | palibe |
Polyphenols m’malemba omwe adasindikizidwa: 15% kwa wobiriwira ndi 8% kwa wofiira ndi chizindikiro “osapitirira”; mwina uku ndikulakwitsa kwa chizindikiro. Nkhani ya 2020 imati polyphenols ndi catechins mu tchayi la chigawo ndi ochuluka kuposa avareji ya chigawo ndi 10% kapena kuposerapo, osatchula njira.
8. Kupanga Tchayi
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Wobiriwira amafuna 80–85 °C, magalamu 3 pa 150 ml, masekondi 40–60; wofiira amafuna 90–95 °C, magalamu 3 pa 150 ml, pafupifupi mphindi imodzi; woyera amafuna 85–90 °C, magalamu 4–5 pa 150 ml, pafupifupi mphindi imodzi; oolong amafuna 95–100 °C, magalamu 6–7 pa 110 ml mu gaiwan, kutsanulira kwa masekondi 20–40.
9. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Wobiriwira amafunika kutsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, amwe mchaka; wofiira, woyera ndi oolong amafunika malo owuma, akuda ndi kutentha kwa chipinda. Onse amafunika kutsekedwa mwamphamvu ndipo asakhale ndi fungo lachilendo.
10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe adapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha certification ya geographical “郴州福茶”.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku mzinda wa Chenzhou ndipo ali m’gulu la makampani okhala ndi ufulu pa chizindikirocho.
- Yang’anani kalasi pa phukusi: pansi pa chizindikiro chimodzi pali tchayi zinayi zosiyana.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Mu muyeso wa tchayi lofiira, mawu otengera tebulo la organoleptic amatchula chizindikiro china, “潇湘红”; koma tebulo lenileni ndi malemba ena amanena za “郴州福茶”.
- Kupatula Bai Hao Yin Zhen, Bai Mu Dan ndi Gong Mei, muyeso wa tchayi loyera umafotokoza “tchayi loyera la ukadaulo watsopano” (新工艺白茶) lopindika.
- Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2020, singano zasiliva za Rucheng “汝白银针” mu 1997 zinalandira golide pachiwonetsero cha mayiko ku Paris.
12. Kufanizira ndi Tchayi Zina
- Linglong Lü Cha (玲珑绿茶): Tchayi lobiriwira la mzinda wa Guidong; nkhani ya 2020 imatchula “Linglong Cha” pakati pa zizindikiro pansi pa “郴州福茶”.
- Rucheng Bai Mao Cha (汝城白毛茶): Tchayi la mzinda wa Rucheng lochokera ku gwero lakutchire la tchayi laubweya; lili ndi chizindikiro chake pamndandanda wa Hunan.
- Chengbu Dongcha (城步峒茶): Tchayi la ku Hunan, lomwe nkhani ya 2020 imayika pafupi ndi Rucheng Bai Mao Cha pakati pa magwero atatu amtengo wapatali a tchayi lakutchire la chigawo.
- Enshi Xicha (恩施硒茶): Chizindikiro cha mzinda wa Hubei chokhudza tchayi zamagulu osiyanasiyana.
Pomaliza:
Chenzhou Fucha si mtundu wa tchayi, koma chizindikiro cha mzinda chokhudza magulu anayi a tchayi. Maziko ake ndi miyezo yamagulu ya 2018 yokhudza kutalika kwa minda, dothi, kusonkha, maonekedwe ndi miyeso ya kalasi iliyonse, pamene chizindikiro cha 2019 chimagwirizanitsa zonsezi ndi dera la mzindawo. Kuti mumve kukoma, mufunika kupita ku zizindikiro za maboma ang’onoang’ono pansi pa chizindikirochi, ndipo pa phukusi muyenera kuona zonse ziwiri: chizindikiro ndi kalasi.
Magwero
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