I-Chenzhou Fucha (Chēnzhōu fúchá, 郴州福茶) — “itiye lenjabulo yaseChenzhou”, uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda sasedolobheni iChenzhou eningizimu yesifundazwe saseHunan kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo. Akulona itiye elilodwa, kodwa yisembozo sezigaba ezine: amazinga eqembu enhlangano yetiye yesifunda yango-2018 achaza ngaphansi kwaleli gama itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu, elimhlophe kanye ne-oolong. Uhlamvu 福 (fú) lusho “injabulo, inhlanhla” futhi alusho isigaba. Ngaphansi kwesembozo kuqoqwe nezimpawu zezifunda — ngokwesibonelo, i-Guidong “Linglong Cha” ne-Zixing “Gounao Gongcha”.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Asikho isigaba esisodwa. Amazinga amane omkhiqizo (T/CZSCYXH 006–009—2018) achaza itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), itiye elibomvu eliyizintambo (条形红茶, tiáoxíng hóngchá), itiye elimhlophe (白茶, báichá) kanye ne-oolong (青茶, qīngchá).
- Isigaba: Uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo; lufakwe ohlwini lwezinkomba zezindawo zikahulumeni waseHunan.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sedolobha i-Chenzhou (郴州, Chēnzhōu).
- Indawo: Amazinga ophawu abhekisele etiyeni elikhiqizwe ngaphakathi kwesifunda sedolobha i-Chenzhou; imithetho yokusebenzisa uphawu ngokwalo angizange ngiyibone. Izingadi eziyinhloko, ngokwezinga lokutshala, ziphakathi kuka-112°13′ no-114°14′ empumalanga no-24°53′ no-26°50′ enyakatho.
- Umnini: Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ngo-2017 uhulumeni wesifunda wabela inhlangano yetiye yesifunda (郴州市茶叶协会) ukuthi ifake isicelo sophawu, futhi yinhlangano eqhubeka nokuphatha uphawu. Izinombolo zophawu angizange ngizithole.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 2015. Ngokushicilelwe yi-”Hunan Ribao” ngo-2020, isifunda saqala ukwakha uphawu lomphakathi “郴州福茶”.
- 2018. Ngo-20 Novemba inhlangano yashicilela amazinga eqembu ophawu, aqala ukusebenza kusukela ngo-1 Januwari 2019 — mayelana nokutshala, ngokucubungula i-oolong kanye ngemikhiqizo yezigaba ezine; sekukonke, ngokwalokho kushicilelwe, ayisishiyagalolunye.
- 2019. Uphawu lwabhaliswa njengesitifiketi sezindawo; izinkampani zokuqala zetiye ezingama-25 zathola ilungelo lokulusebenzisa.
- 2020 no-2024. Incwadi yesifundazwe “Hunan kafushane” (湖南简况) ibala “郴州福茶” phakathi kwezimpawu ezinezinkomba zezindawo.
- 2022. Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ngonyaka inani lezinkampani ezinelungelo lophawu lakhula lisuka ku-24 laya ku-36, futhi uhlu lwazo lwahanjiswa ukuze lubhaliswe eHhovisi Likazwelonke Lezobunikazi Bamqondo. Okunye ukulandisa kubeka inani lama-36 ngo-2023.
- 2023. Ngokwe-”Hunan Ribao”, uphawu lwangena phakathi kweziyisibonelo ngohlelo “lwamatiye amathathu” (三茶统筹); ukunikezwa kwakuhlelelwe embukisweni wetiye we-15 waseHunan.
- Uhlelo lwezimpawu: Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, lolu wuhlelo “1+2”: uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kuhlanganiswa nezimpawu zezifunda kanye nezimpawu zezinkampani. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2020 kubala phakathi kwezimpawu ngaphansi kwesembozo “郴州福茶” i-Zixing “Gounao Gongcha” ne-Guidong “Linglong Cha” — izimpawu zokuhweba ezaziwayo zaseChina kusukela ngo-2014 no-2015.
- Igama: Inganekwane, ekulandiswa yizincwadi zendawo, ithi uShennong wathola itiye eZixing, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kuhlala itiye laqala ukubizwa ngokuthi “elinjabulo”. Incazelo yesibili — isidlaliso sesifunda “idolobha lenjabulo” (福城), elihlobene nentaba i-Suxianling (苏仙岭).
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ukushicilelwa kwango-2020 kubiza inkomishi “yetiye lenjabulo” ngesiko lokungenisa izihambi lesifunda futhi kubhala ukuthi uLu Yu, edlula eChenzhou, wabiza umthombo wendawo i-Yuanquan (圆泉) ngomthombo weshumi nesishiyagalombili wezwe laseChina.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izinga lokutshala lidiga izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe zama-clone, ezifanele izimo zendawo nesigaba setiye, kodwa alizibizi ngezinhlobo. Izinga letiye elimhlophe le-Bai Mu Dan libiza izinhlobo ezinoboya obuningi — 福丁大白 (kanjalo embhalweni), 福鼎大毫 kanye ne-福云六号.
- Amazinga okuvuna: Etiyeni eliluhlaza lezinga eliphezulu — ikakhulukazi ihlumela elilodwa, elesithathu — ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili amathathu; elibomvu — kusukela ehlumeleni elilodwa nehlumela elineqabunga kuya ehlumeleni elinamaqabunga amathathu; le-Bai Hao Yin Zhen — ihlumela elilodwa, le-Bai Mu Dan ne-Gong Mei — ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa amabili; i-oolong — ihlumela elinehlumela eselele ngenhla kanye namaqabunga amabili amane (开面采, kāimiàn cǎi).
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2020 — isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon, ukuhlangana kwezintaba i-Nanling ne-Luoxiao, imithombo yemifula i-Xiangjiang, i-Zhujiang ne-Ganjiang.
- Ukuphakama: Izinga lokutshala lilekelela ezingadini eziyinhloko 500–1500 m.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwaleso zinga — 1380–1670 mm imvula ngonyaka, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi 15–18 °C, 1370–1500 amahora elanga, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kosuku nobusuku, ukukhanya okuningi okuhlakazekile; ubuncane obuphelele −5…−7 °C.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezinga — emagranite agugulekile, emadwaleni nasematsheni esihlabathe nasemfuleni; i-acidic kancane, i-pH 4,5–6,0, ungqimba olungaphansi kuka-30 cm; umthambeka 10–25°.
- Indawo: Ngokwemibiko ye-”Hunan Ribao”, ekupheleni kuka-2019 esifundeni kwakukhona izinkulungwane ezingama-384,2 ze-mu zezingadi, ekupheleni kuka-2022 — izinkulungwane ezingama-433,3 ze-mu kanye namathani ayi-17,1 etiye ngonyaka.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo besambulela; amazinga abeka uhlaka lwesigaba ngasinye.
- Okuluhlaza: ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonta (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
- I-oolong: ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukunyakazisa iqabunga (做青, zuòqīng), ukulungisa, ukusonta, ukomisa; i-oolong inezinga layo elihlukile lokucubungula.
- Okumhlophe: ukubuna, ukomisa kanye nokukhetha (拣剔, jiǎntī).
- Okubomvu: ngokomthetho ohlukile wokucubungula, engingazange ngiwubone; izinga lomkhiqizo alizibali izigaba.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka
Indlela evamile yophawu ekushicilelweni ibizwa ngokuthi “香气清悠高长，滋味浓醇甘爽” — iphunga elihlanzekile eliphakeme elide kanye nokunambitheka okugcwele, okuthambile, okumnandi nokuvuselelayo. Ngezansi — izidingo zamazinga ezingeni eliphakeme lesigaba ngasinye.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Okuluhlaza — amahlumela aqonde noma ama-curls aqinile, aluhlaza okotshani, anoboya; okubomvu — izintambo ezincane ezinoboya begolide, zimnyama zicwebezela; i-Bai Hao Yin Zhen — amahlumela amakhulu ayizinaliti, ampunga asiliva; i-oolong — izintambo eziqinile eziqinile, zimnyama zicwebezela.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Amazinga awalichazi; akukho mininingwane.
- Iphunga lokudla: Okuluhlaza — okumnene, okuphakeme, okude; okubomvu — okumnandi okugcwele; izinaliti — okuhlanzekile, kunephunga loboya; i-oolong — okuqinile kwezimbali.
- Ukunambitheka: Okuluhlaza — okusha, nokubuya okumnandi; okubomvu — okugcwele, okumnandi nokuvuselelayo; izinaliti — okusha, nokunambitheka koboya; i-oolong — okuqinile nokuthambile.
- Umbala wokudla: Okuluhlaza — kuluhlaza okotshani okumnene; okubomvu — kubomvu ngokugqamile; izinaliti — kunsundu ngokukhanyayo; i-oolong — kusagolide.
- Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Okuluhlaza — eliluhlaza okotshani okumnene; okubomvu — elinamahlumela, libomvu ngokulinganayo; izinaliti — elikhulu nelithambile; i-oolong — elithambile, elinomngcele obomvu ogqamile.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo ze-physicochemical zamazinga (ukungafani — ngokwezigaba):
| Inkomba | Okuluhlaza | Okubomvu | Okumhlophe | I-Oolong |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umswakama, % hhayi ngaphezulu | 6,0–7,0 | 6,0–7,0 | 7,0 | 6,0–7,0 |
| Umsoco wamanzi, % hhayi ngaphansi | 36,0–38,0 | 32,0–33,0 | akukho | 32–33 |
| Umlotha ophelele, % hhayi ngaphezulu | 6,0–7,0 | 5,5–6,0 | 6,5 | 7,0–8,0 |
| Ifayibha eluhlaza, % hhayi ngaphezulu | 12–13 | 14–16 | akukho | akukho |
Ama-polyphenol emibhalweni eshicilelwe: 15 % kokuluhlaza kanye no-8 % kokubomvu anophawu “hhayi ngaphezulu” — mhlawumbe lokhu kuyiphutha lokubhala ophawini. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2020 kubhala ukuthi ama-polyphenol nama-catechin etiyeni lesifunda angaphezulu kwesilinganiso sesifundazwe ngaphezu kuka-10%, ngaphandle kokusho indlela.
8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba. Okuluhlaza — 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, 40–60 amasekhondi; okubomvu — 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, cishe umzuzu; okumhlophe — 85–90 °C, 4–5 g ku-150 ml, cishe umzuzu; i-oolong — 95–100 °C, 6–7 g ku-110 ml e-gaiwan, ukuchitheka okungama-20–40 amasekhondi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Okuluhlaza — kuvaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, kudliwe ngonyaka; okubomvu, okumhlophe ne-oolong — endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi. Konke — ukupakishwa okuqinile futhi akukho maphunga angaphandle.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo “郴州福茶”.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sedolobha i-Chenzhou futhi ungomunye wezinkampani ezinelungelo lophawu.
- Bheka isigaba ekupakisheni: ngaphansi kophawu olulodwa kukhona amatiye amane ahlukene.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ezingeni letiye elibomvu umusho, obhekisele etafuleni lezokunambitheka, ubiza olunye uphawu — “潇湘红”; itafula ngokwalo nombhalo wonke ukhuluma nge “郴州福茶”.
- Ngaphandle kwe-Bai Hao Yin Zhen, i-Bai Mu Dan ne-Gong Mei, izinga letiye elimhlophe lichaza “itiye elimhlophe lobuchwepheshe obusha” elisontiwe (新工艺白茶).
- Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2020, izinaliti zesiliva zaseRucheng “汝白银针” ngo-1997 zathola igolide embukisweni wamazwe ngamazwe eParis.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye
- I-Linglong Lü Cha (玲珑绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseGuidong; ukushicilelwa kwango-2020 kubiza “玲珑茶” phakathi kwezimpawu ngaphansi kwesembozo “郴州福茶”.
- I-Rucheng Bai Mao Cha (汝城白毛茶): Itiye lesifunda saseRucheng elivela emthonjeni wendawo wasendle onoboya; linophawu lwalo ohlwini lwaseHunan.
- I-Chengbu Dongcha (城步峒茶): Itiye laseHunan, ukushicilelwa kwango-2020 kubeka eduze ne-Rucheng Bai Mao Cha phakathi kwezinsiza ezintathu zetiye zasendle eziyigugu zesifundazwe.
- I-Enshi Xicha (恩施硒茶): Isambulela sesifunda sesifundazwe saseHubei phezu kwamatiye ezigaba ezahlukene.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Chenzhou Fucha akusilo uhlobo, kodwa isembozo sesifunda phezu kwezigaba ezine zetiye. Insika yayo — amazinga eqembu ango-2018 anokuphakama kwezingadi, inhlabathi, ukuvuna, ukubukeka kanye nezilinganiso zesigaba ngasinye, kanti uphawu lwango-2019 luxhumanisa konke lokhu nendawo yesifunda. Ngemuva kokunambitheka kufanele uye ezimpawini zezifunda ngaphansi kwesembozo, bese ekupakisheni ubheka kokubili uphawu nesigaba.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo