Chóngqìng pípá chá

I-Chongqing Pipa Cha (Chóngqìng pípá chá, 崇庆枇杷茶) — “itiye laseChongqing elineqabunga elifana nele-loquat”, itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha laseChongzhou (崇州市) elingaphansi kukaChengdu, esifundazweni saseSichuan. Alikho i-loquat (枇杷, Eriobotrya japonica) kulo: izihlahla zetiye ngokwazo zaqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yeqabunga elifana nele-loquat. “Chongqing” (崇庆) yigama elidala lesifunda kanye nesifunda; edolobheni laseChongqing (重庆) lihlobene nalo kuphela ngendlela ephinyiselwa ngayo. Incazelo yomyalelo wezolimo ikhuluma kuphela ngetiye eliluhlaza, nakuba ngokwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanayo namuhla kwenziwa netiye elibomvu, elimhlophe nelimnyama.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá): zonke izinhlelo ezintathu encazelweni yomyalelo ziqala ngokulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng).
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseSichuan; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yezwe.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), idolobha laseChengdu, idolobha laseChongzhou (崇州, Chóngzhōu); isikhungo — idolobhana laseWenjingjiang (文井江镇).
Indawo evikelwe: Izintaba zeLongmenshan (龙门山) ngaphakathi kwemingcele yamadolobhana iHuaiyuan (怀远镇), iSanlang (三郎镇), iJiezi (街子镇), iWenjingjiang kanye nesigodi saseJiguanshan (鸡冠山乡): amadolobhana amahlanu nezigodi, imizana engama-23.
Izixhumanisi zokuma kwezwe: Ngokwencazelo yomyalelo — 103°19′24,1″–103°28′1,8″ E, 30°44′49″–30°47′16″ N.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Izinganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane, itiye lalithunyelwa enkantolo njenge “Longmen gongcha” (龙门贡茶); emithonjeni izinsuku ziyaphikisana: iphephandaba lendawo libhala ngeSong, noma ngeSong neMing, kanti incazelo yomyalelo kanye nengosi yezokuvakasha yaseSichuan — ngeQing. Le ncazelo efanayo ibiza iChongzhou njengenye yezindawo eziyisishiyagalombili ezidumile zetiye ngezikhathi zeTang neSong — lawa ngamazwi omthombo, hhayi iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe.
- Imibhalo yomlando. “Umlando wesifunda saseChongqing” (崇庆州志) wenkathi yeGuangxu uchaza ipipa-cha njengezihlahla ezingaba ngu-zhang owodwa kuya kwemibili ezinamaqabunga amakhulu; itiye elivela kuzo lalibizwa ngokuthi “elimahhadlahhadla” (粗毛茶, cūmáochá). Ngokokulandiswa kwesizindalwazi setiye, “Umlando wesifunda saseChongqing” (崇庆县志) ukhuluma ngezihlahla ezingaba ngu-zhang owodwa kuya kwemithathu, emahlumela asemancane awo abantu bendawo babenza itiye elithatha indawo ye-puer; umlando uqobo awuzange utholakale ukuze uhlolwe.
- 1959. Isisebenzi senhlangano yetiye yeSichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences safunda ipipa-cha izinyanga ezingaphezu konyaka ezigodini zaseWanjia (万家乡) naseGoujia (苟家乡) futhi sashicilela isihloko esithi “Chongqing pipa-cha” kumagazini i “Tea” (茶叶), 1959, No. 5. Ngokokulandiswa kwephephandaba, lesi sihloko sachaza ngezinga eliphezulu lama-tannin nezinto ezikhiphekayo ikhwalithi enhle yetiye elibomvu elivela kulokhu kusetshenziswa kanye nokufana kwalo ne-dianhong.
- 1965. I-pipa-cha yafakwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingama-21 ezihamba phambili zetiye zezwe.
- 1985. Ngokwencazelo yomyalelo, ikhomishana yesifundazwe yezinhlobo yamukela ipipa-cha njengenye yezinhlobo eziyisihlanu zendawo eziphezulu zaseSichuan.
- 2009 no-2019. NgoJuni 2009 igama labhaliswa njengophawu lwendawo yezwe yezolimo; ngo-2019 ubuchwepheshe bokwenza ipipa-cha bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaqondakali eChengdu.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo No. 646 sangoSepthemba 23, i-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) yamukela iChongqing Pipa Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yezwe. Ngokolwazi lwe-encyclopedia, ngoDisemba wonyaka ofanayo ubuchwepheshe bokwenza bafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaqondakali njengokwandiswa kwenqaphambili yesikhombisa; ukuhlola lokhu ngomthombo wokuqala akuzange kuphumelele.
Igama: 崇庆 (Chóngqìng) — igama elidala lesifunda kanye nesifunda; 枇杷 (pípá) — i-loquat, ngokuma kweqabunga; 茶 (chá) — itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isiqu “sekhaya lepipa-cha laseChina” (中国枇杷茶之乡) siphethwe idolobhana laseWenjingjiang. Umkhosi wasentwasahlubo wokukha kuleli dolobhana ngo-2022 wenziwa okweshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ngo-2023 — okwamashumi amabili, ngo-2024 — okwamashumi amabili nanye.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / icultivar: Akusilo uhlobo olukhethiwe, kodwa inani labantu bendawo (群体品种, qúntǐ pǐnzhǒng), elakheka ngokuthuthuka kwemvelo nokukhethwa. Uhlobo olunjengezihlahla (乔木型, qiáomùxíng) olunamaqabunga amakhulu. Incazelo yomyalelo ibiza “崇庆枇杷茶” kokubili ngegama letiye kanye negama lohlobo. Ngokwephephandaba lendawo (2022), lesi sitshalo siqala ukukhula kusenesikhathi, sikhipha amahlumela aminyene namaqabunga futhi sihluma kahle, kanti itiye elivela kuso linephunga elimnandi, linothile futhi limela ukuphuzwa kaningi; okuwukuphela kwendawo yokuzalwa yepipa-cha ushicilelo lubiza i-Chongzhou.
Isimo: Ngokwephephandaba lendawo, izihlahla zikhula zibe ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10. Esidala kunazo zonke kuthathwa isihlahla entabeni iDapingshan (大塀山) eWenjingjiang: ngokwesizindalwazi sezokuvakasha saseSichuan (2021), sineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-400, ubude baso bungamamitha ayi-9.2.
Izihlahla ezindala: Ngokwephephandaba lendawo, eWenjingjiang kunezihlahla ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezindala kuneminyaka eyikhulu (incwadi yokuphatha ibiza i-1135, incazelo yomyalelo — izihlahla eziyi-1292 ezindala ezinjengezihlahla kulo lonke iChongzhou); ezindala kuneminyaka eyinkulungwane — “zingaphezu kwe-10” (2022) noma “zingaphezu kwe-20” (2024). Emzaneni waseChayuan (茶园村) wedolobhana laseJiezi, ngokombiko ka-2026, kunezihlahla ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezindala kuneminyaka eyikhulu; izingadi zawo ziseNational Giant Panda Park futhi zinesitifiketi se-organic.
Ukuvunwa: Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngoMashi. Abavuni bakhuphukela emagatsheni ngentambo futhi bakhe ihlumela eliqabulo elinamaqabunga amabili. Itiye elivamile, ngokwencazelo yomyalelo, livunwa entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye Chongzhou: incazelo yomyalelo ibiza iLongmenshan ridge, isizindalwazi sezokuvakasha saseSichuan — iQionglai (邛崃山).
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izintaba zesifunda zikhuphuka zisuka kumamitha angama-700 ziye kwangu-3868; incazelo yomyalelo ibiza ukuphakama okungaba ngamamitha ayi-1000 njengokuhle futhi idinga ukuthi izingadi zitshalwe khona. Iphephandaba lendawo libiza ama-800–1400 m eWenjingjiang.
Isimo sezulu: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-15 °C, imvula ingu-1200 mm, umswakama ohlobene ungama-84%, ezintabeni kuvame ukuba nenkungu.
Amanzi nehlathi: Imifula yesifunda — iXihe (西河), iHeishihe (黑石河) neJinmahe (金马河) — ingeyomcengezi weMinjiang. Ihlathi, ngokwephephandaba lendawo, limboza ngaphezu kwama-95% edolobhana laseWenjingjiang.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi enobumba obunsomi ye-Cretaceous kanye nophuzi ye-Jurassic ene-asidi, i-pH 4.5–6.5; endaweni engaphansi kwengadi incazelo yomyalelo iqinisa — i-loam ne-sandy loam enogqinsi olungaphezu kwama-70 cm, i-pH 4.5–5.5, ukuthambekela okungaphansi kwama-25°.
Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo: Izithombo zitshalwa ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, iminyaka emithathu yokuthena okwakhayo kwakha indawo yokuvuna; i-nitrogen — akukho ngaphezu kwama-60 kg nge-mu ngonyaka.
Ukwenza izihlahla zibe phansi: Ngokwephephandaba lendawo, imiqhele yehliswa isuka kumamitha angu-5–6 yaya kwangu-2–3 m, futhi ingadi iqala ukuvunwa cishe eminyakeni emithathu; ukutshala kwehlela ezintabeni eziphansi zamadolobhana aseDaoming (道明镇) naseYuanTong (元通镇).
Indawo: Ngokwephephandaba lendawo (Meyi 2024), izingadi ze-pipa-cha eWenjingjiang zikhule zisuka ku-2150 mu ngo-2020 zaya ngaphezu kuka-3600 mu; umthamo wonyaka — ngaphezu kwama-350 t (akucacile ukuthi ngamaqabunga amasha noma itiye eliphelele), inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo — ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-30 ze-yuan. Ngokwephephandaba lendawo (Okthoba 2024), eChongzhou ipipa-cha ivunwa endaweni engaphezu kuka-5000 mu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Incazelo yomyalelo wezolimo ivumela izinhlelo ezintathu zetiye eliluhlaza:

I-flat famous tea (扁形名茶, biǎnxíng míngchá): iqabunga elisha — ukulungiswa kokushisa — ukubunjwa (做型, zuòxíng) — ukomiswa; into esetshenziswayo — ihlumela elilodwa.
IMaofeng (毛峰, máofēng): iqabunga elisha — ukulungiswa kokushisa — ukubunjwa — “ukuphakamisa uboya” (提毫, tíháo) — ukomiswa.
Itiye elivamile (大宗茶, dàzōngchá): iqabunga elisha — ukulungiswa kokushisa — ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn) — ukomiswa.

Kuzo zontathu isimo sisodwa: ukulungiswa kokushisa kuze kufike emgogodleni nangokulinganayo, ngaphandle kweziqu ezibomvu namaqabunga abomvu. Incazelo ayinikezi amazinga okushisa nesikhathi.

Kodwa emncintiswaneni wezingcweti edolobheni elidala laseJiezi ngoMeyi 15–17, 2026, itiye lenziwa ngohlelo lokulubeka — ukuvutshelwa (萎凋, wěidiāo) — ukusonteka — ukuvutshelwa — ukomiswa, okungukuthi itiye elibomvu.

Iphephandaba lendawo (Januwari 2026) lalibiza ukuvutshelwa njengendawo ebuthakathaka: ngokweseluleko sochwepheshe bashintsha ukuminyana kokulubeka, umoya, izinga lokushisa nomswakama futhi banciphisa isikhathi sokuvutshelwa. Ikilasi letiye alishiwongo embikweni; ezinhlelweni eziluhlaza zencazelo yomyalelo akukho kuvutshelwa. Ngokombiko kaMeyi 2026, ipipa-cha icutshungulwa yizimboni ezingaphezu kwama-20 eChongzhou, futhi kukhona itiye elibomvu, elimhlophe ne-oolong (青茶, qīngchá).

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Ngokwencazelo yomyalelo wezolimo, incazelo eyodwa yazo zontathu izinhlobo.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Amahlumela amakhulu, awugqinsi (芽头肥壮); iqabunga liyisicaba, licishe lilingane futhi liqondile; umbala uphuzi-oluhlaza, onamafutha futhi ucwebezela (色泽黄绿油润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala: I-chestnut ecebile (栗香浓郁).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile, okuvuselelayo (鲜醇爽口).
Umbala wotshwala: Uphuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo (黄绿明亮).
Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Uphuzi-oluhlaza, kulingene, kucwebezela (黄绿匀亮).

Ngezinye izigaba kukhona kuphela amazwi ombiko wendawo (Januwari 2026): itiye elibomvu linikeza utshwala obusagolide obumnandi, obufana ne-dianhong, kanti ibiancha (边茶) iphuma inothile futhi imela ukuphuzwa kaningi.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Incazelo yomyalelo wezolimo inikeza amabanga: ama-polyphenols 13.2–26.8%, amacatechin 6.2–13.4%, ama-amino acid 2–4.8%, i-caffeine 1325–1902 mg/kg, ama-flavonoid 7.3–11.8%, izinto ezikhiphekayo 42.6–53.5%, ushukela oncibilikayo 0.72–1.28%. Kudingeka ukuqaphela:

I-caffeine, okuwukuphela kwezinkomba, ayinikezwanga ngamaphesenti, kodwa nge-mg/kg: 1325–1902 mg/kg — lokho kungu-0.13–0.19%. Akunakwenzeka ukuhlola emithonjeni etholakele ukuthi akukho yini iphutha lamayunithi lapha.
Incazelo yomyalelo iqhathanisa ipipa-cha neFuding (福鼎): izinto ezikhiphekayo ziningi ngo-11.9%, ama-polyphenols — ngo-35%. Akushiwo ukuthi la maphesenti noma amaphuzu nokuthi kuqhathaniswa nasiphi isampula.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan.
Inqubo: Shisisa izitsha, thela amanzi ngodonga, ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engama-40–60, bese kuba ukuphisa kabili noma kathathu, kushiya ingxenye yotshwala.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Incazelo yomyalelo idinga ukuthi kufakwe uphawu lwendawo yezwe yezolimo epaketheni kanye negama elithi “崇庆枇杷茶”.
- Hlola ikheli: indawo — amadolobhana amahlanu nezigodi ezisohlwini; amadolobhana aseDaoming naseYuanTong, lapho kuhamba khona ukutshala okusha, awakho ohlwini.
- Umkhiqizo ovikelwe — itiye eliluhlaza; itiye elibomvu noma elimnyama elivela kupipa-cha alihambisani nencazelo yomyalelo.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Isihloko sango-1959, ngokulandiswa kwephephandaba, sachaza ikhwalithi enhle yetiye elibomvu elivela kupipa-cha, kanti incazelo yomyalelo ibhala ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu ngokuvamile zisetshenziselwa itiye elibomvu, kodwa eChongzhou kupipa-cha kwenziwa itiye eliluhlaza kuphela.
Ngokwencazelo yomyalelo, ngo-1970 izihlahla zepipa-cha zathathwa zayiswa eYongchuan ukuze zikhethelwe ukuzalanisa futhi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kwakhiwa uhlobo lweChunpi 71-1 (崇枇71-1). Ngenkathi ngo-1993 lubuyiselwa eChongzhou, lwaqala ukukhula ngezinsuku eziyi-10–15 kamuva futhi lwamela ukuphuzwa okungaphansi ngezikhathi ezi-2–3; kusukela kulokhu incazelo iphetha ngokuthi izakhiwo zepipa-cha zibambelela kuphela ezimeni zendawo.
Isigodi saseJiguanshan, ngokwencwadi yokuphatha, ngoDisemba 2019 sangena edolobhaneni laseWenjingjiang, kodwa ohlwini lwendawo lwencazelo yomyalelo sibalwa ngokuhlukile.
Idolobhana laseWenjingjiang lanamuhla kuze kube nguNovemba 2006 lalibizwa ngeWanjia — lapho, njengasesigodini esingumakhelwane saseGoujia, ipipa-cha yafundwa ngeminyaka yawo-1950.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye

IDujiangyan Chaye (都江堰茶叶): Itiye eliluhlaza ledolobha laseDujiangyan laseChengdu elifanayo.
IQingcheng Xue Ya (青城雪芽): Itiye eliluhlaza lentaba iQingchengshan eDujiangyan.
IDianhong (滇红): Itiye elibomvu laseYunnan elivela ezintweni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu; kuqhathaniswa nalo itiye elibomvu elivela kupipa-cha.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Chongqing Pipa Cha itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezihlahleni ezinjengezihlahla, amaqabunga azo abavuni bakhuphuka emagatsheni ngentambo. Incazelo yomyalelo ikhuluma ngetiye eliyisicaba eliphuzi-oluhlaza linephunga le-chestnut, kanti umlando wezinto ezisetshenziswayo udonselela etiyeni elibomvu — kusukela esihlokweni sango-1959 kuya emncintiswaneni wezingcweti ka-2026.

Imithombo

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CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №646

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