Idu Yihong Cha (Yídū yíhóng chá, 宜都宜红茶) — itiye elibomvu lasesifundeni sedolobha i-Idu (宜都市) esifundeni sedolobha i-Yichang esifundazweni sase-Hubei. Lena ingxenye yesifunda ye-yihong — itiye elibomvu lakudala lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lase-Yichang. Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2014 njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, lingenye kumagama ayikhulu okuqala esiShayina esivumelwaneni seShayina ne-European Union, kanti ngo-2025 i-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) yalivuma njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo futhi yashicilela izidingo ezinemininingwane ngalo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), eli-oxidized ngokuphelele. Isigaba sibekwe yigama nangobuchwepheshe ezidingweni zika-2025.
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lesifunda se-yihong; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), isifunda sedolobha i-Yichang (宜昌, Yíchāng), isifunda sedolobha i-Idu (宜都, Yídū).
- Indawo evikelwe: Isifunda sonke sedolobha i-Idu: amadolobhana i-Honghuatao, i-Gaobazhou, i-Yaojiadian, i-Wuyanquan, i-Niejiahe, i-Songmuping ne-Zhicheng, i-Panjiawan-Tujia Township (潘家湾土家族乡), i-Wangjiafan Township kanye nekomidi lomgwaqo i-Lucheng. Ispecification yerejista yaseYurophu ibiza izindawo eziyinhloko i-Panjiawan, i-Wangjiafan ne-Songmuping futhi ithi ubukhulu bendawo — 1357 km².
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 — 111°05′47″–111°36′02″ empumalanga, 30°05′55″–30°36′00″ enyakatho. Kuspecification ye-European Union umngcele oseningizimu uhlukile — 30°20′55″ enyakatho; umehluko angikawuxazululi.
- Amagama angomakhelwane: I-Idu ingena endaweni yegama lesifunda «宜昌宜红» futhi ilele ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwayo (111°05′–111°36′ empumalanga ngokumelene no-110°15′–112°04′), ngakho izinto ezifanayo zingaphuma ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwamagama womabili. Esifundeni esifanayo kukhona ne-yihong yesithathu — 五峰宜红茶 yesifunda sase-Wufeng.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Udumo lwesifunda. Ispecification ye-European Union ikhumbuza ukuthi u-Lu Yu (陆羽) ku-«The Classic of Tea» (《茶经》) wabeka itiye lase-Xiazhou (峡州) — i-Yichang yanamuhla — endaweni yokuqala e-Shannan. Lokhu kungudumo lwesifunda setiye, hhayi itiye elibomvu: ngaleso sikhathi lalingakenziwa.
- Maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngokwespecification efanayo, ngokubhekisela kungobo yomlando yase-Idu kanye nomlando womkhakha wezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka nokuthengisa zase-Hubei, itiye elibomvu e-Idu laqala ukwenziwa maphakathi nekhulu le-19 futhi lathunyelwa eYurophu.
- Ekupheleni kwe-Qing nangemva kuka-1949. Ihhovisi laseShayina e-European Union libhala ukuthi ekupheleni kwe-Qing i-yihong yayingelinye lamatiye abomvu adumile okuthumela kwamanye amazwe ezweni, futhi ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-PRC amashumi eminyaka lahlala kwelamathathu aphezulu e-gongfu hongcha yaseShayina yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngomthamo nangekhwalithi.
- 2014. NgoMeyi 22 uMnyango Wezolimo wavikela «宜都宜红茶» njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (inombolo AGI01410); umnikazi — inhlangano ye-yihong yesifunda sedolobha i-Idu (宜都市宜红茶协会).
- Isivumelwano ne-European Union. «宜都宜红茶» imi kunombolo 87 kusithasiselo III sesivumelwano seShayina ne-European Union sokuvikelwa kwezimpawu zendawo — phakathi kwamagama avikelwe kusukela ngosuku lokusebenza kwaso. Ukuhunyushwa kwenkomba — «Yidu Black Tea»; kurejista yaseYurophu lokhu kuwuphawu lwendawo oluvikelwe olunedosi PGI-CN-2748.
- 2025. Ngokumenyezelwa kwe-CNIPA No. 640 kaJulayi 16 igama lavunywa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (umugqa 765 wepakethe lemikhiqizo eyi-1409). Umfakisicelo — yileyo nhlangano efanayo yesifunda.
- Igama: «Idu» (宜都) — igama lesifunda sedolobha; «yihong» (宜红) — igama letiye elibomvu lesifunda setiye esidala: izidingo zika-2025 zikhuluma nge-«sifunda setiye le-yihong» (宜红茶区). Igama lesibili, «宜红工夫茶», ihhovisi lase-European Union lichaza ngokuthi ukukhiqizwa kubala izinyathelo ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwespecification, e-Idu kwasungulwa uchungechunge oluphelele lwe-yihong — kusukela ezithombeni kuya ekuthengisweni nasekucwaningeni.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo: Izidingo zika-2025 zibiza izinhlobo eziyinhloko 宜红早 (Yíhóng zǎo), 鄂茶7号 (Èchá qī hào), 乌牛早 (Wūniú zǎo) kanye ne-福鼎大白 (Fúdǐng dàbái); ziphelezelwa izingadi ezindala zezinhlobo zasendaweni zesifunda se-yihong (本地群体种).
- Iqabunga elisha: Ngokwespecification ye-European Union — luhlaza okotshani okuphuzi, licijile, linoboya obusesilinganisweni, lihlala lithambile isikhathi eside.
- Indinganiso yokukha: Ezinhlotsheni eziphezulu (名优茶, míngyōuchá) — ihlumela elilodwa kuphela, ihlumela elineqabunga lokuqala elivulekayo noma ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa. Etiyeni eliningi (大宗茶, dàzōngchá) — ikakhulukazi ihlumela elinamacembe amabili, okuhambisana nakho ihlumela elinamacembe amathathu kanye namacembe «abhangqiwe» alingana ngokuthamba (对夹叶).
- Imithetho yokukha: Kha izikhathi eziningana, ushiya ingxenye yamacembe; amahlumela aqinile, aphezulu naphakathi nendawo athathwe, abuthakathaka, aphansi nasemaceleni ashiywe.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Intshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Ngokwespecification, i-Idu ingakwempumalanga ne-Zhijiang, eningizimu ne-Songzi, entshonalanga nesifunda sase-Wufeng, enyakatho nesifunda sase-Changyang.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwespecification — isimo sezulu esimanzi se-subtropical esimaphakathi, esinezinkathi ezine ezicacile, izihlambi ezivamile kanye nenkungu eminyene ezigodini zezintaba; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-16,7 °C, imvula icishe ibe ngu-1235,4 mm ngonyaka.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zika-2025 — ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ephuzi emadwaleni ayizicucu kanye nenhlabathi ephuzi ene-carbonate, evunduvundu futhi engenisa umoya kahle; pH 4,0–6,5, izinto eziphilayo zingaphezu kuka-1,5 %, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ajule kunom-1 m. Ispecification ye-European Union inika lezi zinhlobo ezimbili amaphesenti angu-90 endawo yenhlabathi futhi inika pH ngokuvamile engu-5,0–5,5.
- Ukuphakama: Ayikho idatha etholakalayo emithonjeni etholiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zichaza ubuchwepheshe baleli tiye ngqo.
- Ukucubungula kokuqala: ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), i-oxidation (发酵, fājiào) kanye nokomisa (干燥, gānzào).
- Ukuqeda: ukwamukela itiye eliluhlaza (毛茶, máochá), ukuhlukanisa ngamabanga, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhluza, ukusika, ukuphephetha, ukukhetha ngesandla, ukuhlanganisa kabusha, ukomisa kabusha (复火, fùhuǒ), ukulinganisa iqoqo kanye nokupakisha.
Imingcele — izinga lokushisa, isikhathi, umswakama wamaqabunga — umqulu awunikeli.
6. Izici Zokunambitha Ngomlomo
Izidingo zika-2025 zichaza amazinga amabili etiye — izinhlobo eziphezulu kanye netiye eliningi.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Izinhlobo eziphezulu — imisongo emincane eminyene elinganayo, emnyama enokucwebezela okunamafutha, enemichilo esagolide ebonakalayo (条索紧细且匀齐，乌黑油润显金毫). Itiye eliningi — imisongo eminyene elinganayo, emnyama enokucwebezela.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Iphunga lomhluzo: Izinhlobo eziphezulu — eliminyene nelihlala isikhathi eside (香气浓郁持久), itiye eliningi — lihlanzekile. Ihhovisi lase-European Union libiza iphunga ngokuthi limnene futhi limnandi (香气嫩甜).
- Ukunambitheka: Izinhlobo eziphezulu — kusha futhi kuthambile (滋味鲜醇), okuningi — kuthambile futhi kulinganayo. Ehhovisi — kumnandi futhi kuthambile (滋味甜醇).
- Umbala womhluzo: Izinhlobo eziphezulu — ubomvu futhi ukhanya (汤色红亮), okuningi — ubomvu futhi kusobala. Ehhovisi — ubomvu ngokugqamile (汤色红艳).
- Iqabunga elitheliwe: Izinhlobo eziphezulu — lithambile, lilinganayo, libomvu ngokukhanyayo (叶底嫩匀红明); okuningi — libomvu ngokulinganayo.
Umhluzo opholayo, ngokwezincazelo zehhovisi nespecification ye-European Union, ukhiqiza «ukufiphala okubandayo» (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izindinganiso ze-physicochemical emiqulwini emibili zihlukile:
| Inkomba | Izidingo ze-CNIPA, 2025 | Ispecification ye-European Union |
|---|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 11 % | okungenani 10 % |
| Umswakama | okungaphezu kuka-6,0 % | okungaphezu kuka-7 % |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | okungenani 30,0 % | okungenani 30 % |
| Ama-amino acid (isamba) | okungenani 1,7 % | asikho isilinganiso |
Lezi yizindinganiso zomkhiqizo ngaphansi kophawu, hhayi ukuhlaziywa kweqoqo elithile.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot yobumba.
- Inqubo: Shisisa isitsha, ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-30–60, okulandelayo — ngokunwetshwa kancane kancane; ukuphisa okuhlanu kuya kwayisithupha.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Epakishini eliminyene, endaweni eyomile emnyama ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, kude namaphunga.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhohliso
Ayikho idatha ngezintengo emithonjeni etholiwe.
- Ukwazi ukugwema imikhohliso:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lalo nikezwa umkhiqizi wasendaweni yi-CNIPA ngemva kokuhlolwa yi-Hubei Intellectual Property Administration.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sedolobha i-Idu.
- Ungahlanganisi ne-yihong yesifunda sase-Yichang kanye ne-五峰宜红茶: lawa ngamagama ahlukene. Indawo yase-Idu ilele ngaphakathi kwendawo yesifunda ye-宜昌宜红, futhi ayihlangani nesifunda sase-Wufeng.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Izindinganiso ezidingweni zika-2025 ziqinile kunespecification ye-European Union, esekelwe ekuvikelweni kuka-2014: umswakama — okungaphezu kuka-6 % ngokumelene no-7 %, ama-polyphenols — okungenani 11 % ngokumelene no-10 %, futhi kwengezwe isilinganiso sama-amino acid.
- I-laboratory yokuhlola itiye ngaphansi kophawu ikhethwa yi-Hubei Intellectual Property Administration.
- Izindawo ze-yihong yesifunda nesifunda zifakwe enye kwenye: iqabunga elilodwa lingaba namagama amabili asemthethweni.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye Abomvu
- Yihong Gong Fu (宜红工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lesifunda sase-Yichang nase-Enshi; i-Idu ingxenye yaso yesifunda enokuvikelwa kwayo.
- Wufeng Hongcha (五峰红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Wufeng esifundeni esifanayo; igama laso lesibili elivikelwe — 五峰宜红茶, i-yihong yesifunda.
- Shimen Hongcha (石门红茶): Itiye elibomvu lengxenye yase-Hunan yesifunda esidala se-yihong.
- Lichuan Hong (利川红): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu le-Enshi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, entshonalanga ne-Yichang.
- Keemun Hongcha (祁门红茶): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lase-Anhui — ukuze kuqhathaniswe.
Ekuphetheni:
Idu Yihong Cha — i-yihong yesifunda enokugcwala kwemiqulu okungajwayelekile ezimpawini zendawo: uhlu lwamadolobhana nezixhumanisi, izinhlobo, imithetho yokukha, ukucubungula kokuqala nokuqeda, ukubukeka kwamazinga amabili kanye nezindinganiso ze-physicochemical. Izinhlobo eziphezulu — imisongo emincane emnyama enemichilo esagolide, umhluzo obomvu ogqamile kanye neqabunga elibomvu ngokukhanyayo.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo