Měnghǎi Hèkāi chá

Měnghǎi Hèkāi Chá (Měnghǎi Hèkāi chá, 勐海贺开茶) wuphawu lwendawo lwetiye lasentabeni i-Hèkāi (贺开) esifundeni sase-Měnghǎi (勐海县) esifundazweni sase-Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, esifundazweni sase-Yunnan. I-Hèkāi iyikomidi lasemaphandleni lasedolobheni lase-Měnghùn elinomkhakha omkhulu oqhubekayo wezingadi ezindala; imizana emikhulu yentaba ingeyamaLahu. Uphawu luhlanganisa luphi uhlobo lwetiye, imibhalo etholakele ayikusho.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Umbhalo wophawu awubhalwanga. Izingadi ezindala zase-Měnghǎi ziwumthombo wamaqabunga amakhulu ikakhulukazi e-pu’er, kodwa ngegama elifanayo kwenziwa netiye elibomvu, nelimhlophe; ukuthi uphawu luhlanganisa muphi umkhiqizo, irejista ayikusho. Izincazelo zokunambitheka kwe-Hèkāi ezitholakele ziyizincazelo ze-pu’er eluhlaza (生茶, shēngchá).
Isigaba: Uphawu lwendawo lwentaba ngayinye esifundeni sase-Měnghǎi — uphawu lwentengiso oluhlanganyelwe noma olunikeza isitifiketi.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), i-Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, isifunda i-Měnghǎi (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), idolobha i-Měnghùn (勐混镇, Měnghùn Zhèn), ikomidi lasemaphandleni i-Hèkāi (贺开村委会). Ikomidi lisempumalanga ye-Měnghùn; ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, isikhungo salo siku-8,2 km ukusuka edolobheni.
Indawo yophawu: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lusho kuphela isifunda nesifundazwe — lokhu kuwubunikazi bokuphatha bomnikazi wophawu; umngcele ongokomthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga, futhi umngcele wentaba njengendawo yophawu emithonjeni etholakele awuqinisekisiwe.
Izixhumanisi zokuma: Izixhumanisi eziqondile azikho emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Izihlahla ezindala. Iminyaka yezihlahla ezindala kakhulu izincazelo ziyibala ngamakhulu eminyaka. Emngceleni wemizana i-Mànnòng Lǎozhài ne-Mànnòng Xīnzhài kukhula “amakhosi etiye” angaphezu kweshumi; esikhulu kunazo zonke sinomjikelezo wesisekelo ongu-2,12 m nobude obungu-3,8 m. Iminyaka ilinganiselwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: enye incwadi yezohwebo ithi cishe iminyaka engu-800, incazelo yango-2016 ithi ngaphezu kwe-1400, kanti iphephandaba lika-2022 libhala ngeshumi lezihlahla “ezineminyaka ecishe ibe yinkulungwane”. Lezi izilinganiso, hhayi ukutholwa kwesikhathi.
- 2012–2014. Isikhungo sesifunda sobuchwepheshe bokunakekela imboni yetiye (勐海县茶叶技术服务中心) safaka isicelo sophawu lwesitifiketi oluhlanganisayo “勐海茶” ngo-2012; lwabhaliswa ngo-2014.
- Ngaphambi kuka-2019. Uphawu “勐海贺开茶” lwabhaliswa: uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu zendawo zase-Yunnan lwango-28 Disemba 2019 lulubala emgqeni wama-219, eduze nophawu oluhlanganisayo “勐海茶” kanye nezinye izimpawu eziyishumi nane zezintaba nemizana yesifunda (iphephandaba ngo-2022 labhala ngeziyishumi nesithupha). Inombolo yokubhalisa, umnikazi, unyaka nesigaba somkhiqizo emithonjeni etholakele akubaluliwe; ukuthi uphawu lusasebenza yini manje, akuqinisekisiwe.
- 2022. Iphephandaba lesifundazwe ngoSuku Lwetiye Lomhlaba lafaka i-Hèkāi eqoqweni lezintaba zetiye eziyishumi ezinhle kakhulu zase-Yunnan.
Igama: “Měnghǎi” (勐海) yigama lesifunda; “Hèkāi” (贺开) yigama lekomidi lasemaphandleni nentaba, incazelo yetoponym emithonjeni etholakele ayichaziwe; “chá” (茶, chá) itiye.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Abantu abakhulu base-Hèkāi bangamaLahu; imizana yabo iphakathi kwezingadi ezindala, izindlu zingokhuni, zisezinsikeni (干栏式木楼). Enye incwadi yezohwebo ibeka i-Hèkāi phakathi kwezintaba ezingomakhelwane ngokushesha ngemuva kwe-Lao Banzhang.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Uhlobo oluthile emithonjeni etholakele alubaluliwe. Ngokwencazelo, izihlahla zezingadi ezindala ziyitiye le-pu’er, uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwe-Camellia sinensis var. assamica.
Ukuvuna: Izikhathi emithonjeni etholakele azibaliwe.
Izinga lokuvuna: Alibaliwe emithonjeni etholakele.
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Imithetho yophawu emithonjeni etholakele ayikho; akwaziwa ukuthi uphawu luhlanganisa kuphela iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala.

4. I-terroir Kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo yephephandaba ka-2022, empumalanga intaba inomngcele nentaba yetiye i-Pasha, eningizimu ne-Bulangshan, enyakatho ne-Nannuoshan.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: 1400–1700 m ngezincazelo ezimbili; umzana i-Mànnòng Lǎozhài cishe 1750 m.
Isimo sezulu: Entabeni iyonke enye incazelo inikeza izinga lokushisa eliphakathi lonyaka lika-18,1 °C, izinsuku zenkungu eziyi-129 ngonyaka nomswakama ongu-82 %; imininingwane eyinkomba yekomidi lasemaphandleni ithi 17,6 °C no-1329,6 mm wemvula ngonyaka.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwencazelo — inhlabathi ebomvu ye-laterite (embhalweni 红砖壤), enongqimba olujulile oluvundile, ine-asidi encane, i-pH 4–5,5.
Indawo: Imininingwane iyahluka. Iphephandaba lika-2022 libhala ngentaba enendawo ecishe ibe ngu-50 km², ngaphezu kuka-9000 mu (cishe amahektha angu-600) wezingadi ezindala eziqhubekayo kanye cishe no-7000 mu wezingadi zezihlahla ezindala. Izincwadi zohwebo zinikeza imizana emithathu yomgogodla — i-Mànmài, i-Mànnòng Lǎozhài ne-Mànnòng Xīnzhài — u-7240 mu (cishe amahektha angu-483) wezingadi ezindala eziqhubekayo; incazelo yango-2016 ithi cishe u-13000 mu wezihlahla ezindala kulo lonke ikomidi lasemaphandleni.
Imizana: Ekomidini lasemaphandleni kunemizana eyisishiyagalolunye (村民小组). Izingadi ezindala, ngokwencazelo ka-2016, zikhona kweziyisithupha: i-Mànmài, i-Mànnòng Lǎozhài, i-Mànnòng Xīnzhài, i-Mànnán, i-Bānpén Xīnzhài ne-Bānpén Lǎozhài. Imizana yamaLahu entabeni izincazelo ziyibala ngabayisithupha noma abayisikhombisa. I-Mànnòng Lǎozhài, ngokusho kwenye incwadi, inezingadi ezindala ezingaphezu kuka-3500 mu.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe obumiswe uphawu emithonjeni etholakele abuchazwanga. Uhlelo oluvamile lwesigaba se-pu’er eluhlaza ngokwezinga i-GB/T 22111-2008, hhayi incazelo yetiye lase-Hèkāi ngokwalo: iqabunga elisha liyandlalwa (摊放, tānfàng), liqiniswe ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), lisongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn), amagaqa ahlukaniswa futhi lomiswe elangeni (日光干燥, rìguāng gānzào). Kutholakala “i-sun-dried maocha” (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá); iyahlelwa, iyashiswa ngomusi, icindezelwe futhi yomiswe. Ukuvutshelwa kwenqwaba (渥堆, wòduī) ku-pu’er eluhlaza akukho.

6. Izici Ze-organoleptic

Izincazelo zephephandaba nezincwadi zohwebo nge-pu’er eluhlaza lase-Hèkāi; akukho kunambitha kwaselabhorethri ngemuva kwazo.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongwa kumnyama, kuyacwebezela, kuminyene, kubude kancane (iphephandaba lika-2022).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
Iphunga lokuphiswa: Liminyene futhi lizolile, liphakeme futhi lihlanzekile, linenothi elincane le-orchid.
Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene, kugcwele futhi kubushelelezi, “kuminyene kodwa akusindi”. Ubabayo nobuthi bulula, ubuthi bubonakala kakhulu kunobabayo; ubabayo bushintsha ngokushesha bube ubumnandi, ubumnandi obubuyayo (回甘, huígān) bude, ukukhiqizwa kwamathe kuyashesha. Incazelo yephephandaba yengeza isimo esinamandla “sasehlathini-lasentabeni”.
Umbala wokuphiswa: Usagolide-ophuzi, okhanyayo.
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphekwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Imininingwane ye-physicochemical yetiye lase-Hèkāi emithonjeni etholakele ayikho. Ngenhloso yokuqhathanisa — izinga lesigaba, hhayi isilinganiso: izinga i-GB/T 22111-2008 lidinga ku-pu’er eluhlaza okungenani u-28,0 % wama-polyphenols no-35,0 % wezinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ngomswakama ongeqi ku-13,0 %.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba — we-pu’er eluhlaza, okuyizo zonke izincazelo ezitholakele; itiye elibomvu noma elimhlophe elivela eqabungeni elifanayo liphiswa ngendlela ehlukile.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5–7 g ku-100 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma imbiza yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha bese ubeka itiye.
2. Geza iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo imizuzwana engu-5–10 bese uyakhipha.
3. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–15, khipha nge-strainer.
4. Ukuphisa okuphindaphindiwe nokwengeza isikhathi; iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala likwazi ukumelana nokuphisa okuningi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Indawo eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongenaphunga nokukhanya okuqondile, ukugoqwa kwephepha noma ibhokisi. I-pu’er eluhlaza livumela ukuvuthwa isikhathi eside, ngeminyaka ukubukeka kwayo nokunambitheka kwayo kuyashintsha.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Awekho amanani emithonjeni etholakele.

Ugwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Hlola uphawu “勐海贺开茶” nokuthi umkhiqizi usebenza esifundeni sase-Měnghǎi; uphawu aluqinisekisi uhlobo lwetiye nobudala bezihlahla, kanti amagama athi “古树” (izihlahla ezindala) ayisimemezelo somthengisi.
- “Hèkāi” embhalweni yigama lentaba enemizana eyisishiyagalolunye; igama lomzana othile (Mànnòng, Mànmài) linembe kakhudlwana, kodwa futhi liqinisekiswa umthengisi kuphela.
- Ungadidanisi i-Mànmài yase-Hèkāi ne-Bada Mànmài — eyokugcina inophawu lwayo “勐海巴达曼迈茶”.
- Izinkomba ngezincazelo: iqabunga elimnyama elicwebezelayo, ukuphisa okusagolide, iphunga le-orchid.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

E-Mànnòng Lǎozhài izihlahla zetiye zikhula phakathi kwezindlu zomzana.
Elikhulu “lamakhosi etiye” e-Hèkāi libude obungu-3,8 m kuphela, nakuba izincazelo zilinika iminyaka esukela kwengu-800 kuye kwengaphezu kwe-1400.
Iphephandaba lika-2022 labiza i-Hèkāi njengomunye wemikhakha emikhulu futhi egcinwe kakhulu yezingadi ezindala zase-Xishuangbanna.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

Lao Banzhang (老班章): Umzana wase-Bulangshan ongumakhelwane, indinganiso ye-pu’er eluhlaza enamandla; i-Hèkāi ichazwa njengethambile futhi ebushelelezi.
Bulangshan (布朗山): Umakhelwane oseningizimu we-Hèkāi; izincazelo zivame ukufaka i-Hèkāi eqenjini elifanayo “lase-Bulang” lezintaba.
Nannuoshan (南糯山): Umakhelwane osenyakatho, indawo yetiye yomlando yase-Měnghǎi enephrofayili ethambile yezimbali-noju.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Měnghǎi Hèkāi Chá wuphawu lwetiye lentaba yamaLahu, lapho izingadi ezindala zihamba njengomkhakha oqhubekayo, kanti komunye wemizana emidala kakhulu izihlahla zetiye zimi phakathi kwezindlu. Izincazelo zibonisa i-pu’er eluhlaza eliminyene, elibushelelezi elinenothi le-orchid nobumnandi obusheshayo. Izinombolo zendawo yezingadi ezindala ziyehluka cishe kabili, futhi uphawu alumisi uhlobo lwetiye nobudala bezihlahla; ngokwezincazelo ukuphakama kungu-1400–1700 m, kunenkungu nenhlabathi ebomvu ene-asidi.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 22111-2008

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo