Qiónglái hēichá

Qionglai Heicha (Qiónglái hēichá, 邛崃黑茶) itiye elimnyama lasesifundeni sedolobha i-Qionglai (邛崃市) edolobheni i-Chengdu, esifundazweni i-Sichuan. Isifunda, emandulo esaziwa ngokuthi i-Linqiong (临邛), sizibala phakathi kwezindawo ezindala zokukhiqiza itiye lasemngceleni: umbhalo wehhovisi lezincwadi zendawo laseSichuan ubiza ikhekhe laseLinqiong 火番饼 (huǒfānbǐng) njengobufakazi obuqoshiwe bokuqala obunembile mayelana nokuhweba ngetiye lasemngceleni eChina. Ukuvikelwa kwesibonakaliso sendawo kusukela ngo-2015 kuhlanganisa itiye elixegayo nelicindezelwe. Ukhiye wobuchwepheshe yi-渥堆 (wòduī), ukuvuthwa kwamaqabunga emanzi enqwabeleni.

1. Izigaba kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá), elivutshelwe emva kokuvunwa. Isigaba siqinisekiswa umbhalo wesibonakaliso sendawo: ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa i-渥堆, okuwumsebenzi owenza itiye libe mnyama.
• Isigaba: Itiye elimnyama laseSichuan, umkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo (2015). Izinhlobo ezimbili: itiye elixegayo (散茶, sǎnchá) — ngokwezinga, itiye elimnyama elimise okwezinti — kanye nelicindezelwe (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá). Izinga lendawo laseChengdu DB5101/T 87—2020 «地理标志产品 邛崃黑茶» lihlukanisa zombili izinhlobo ngezigaba ezine: ephakeme, eyokuqala, eyesibili neyesithathu.
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe iSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), idolobha iChengdu (成都, Chéngdū), isifunda sedolobha iQionglai (邛崃市, Qióngláishì). Indawo evikelwe iyizindawo eziyishumi nesithupha zamadolobhana nezifunda zomkhandlu: Linji (临济镇), Jiaguan (夹关镇), Pingle (平乐镇), Daozuo (道佐乡), Wolong (卧龙镇), Kongming (孔明乡), Shuikou (水口镇), Youzha (油榨乡), Huojing (火井镇), Nanbao (南宝乡), Gaohe (高何镇), Tiantai (天台山镇), Datong (大同乡), Baolin (宝林镇), Linqiong (临邛镇) kanye neChayuan (茶园乡).
• Izixhumanisi zokuma: Cishe 30.4° N no-103.5° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • ILinqiong. Ihhovisi lezincwadi zendawo (2020) lithungatha ukutshalwa kwetiye lapha kusukela emandulo ngezikhathi zikaQin noHan. Ngokombiko weXinhua (2022), ngesikhathi sikaHan iLinqiong yayiyindawo yokuqala yomzila kasilika oseNingizimu (南丝路), isikhungo sezohwebo sesifunda saseShu (蜀郡) kanye nesifunda esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza itiye.
  • Ikhekhe 火番饼. Ihhovisi licaphuna umqulu weSung «Taiping huanyu ji» (太平寰宇记): ngokubhekisela kumbhalo wakwaTang, lithi ezifundeni zaseLinqiong kwakwenziwa 火番饼 — «manje obizwa ngokuthi itiye elimnyama» — elinesisindo esingamashumi amane ama-liang nokuthi lalihlonishwa eXifan (西蕃) nakumaDangxiang (党项). I-Xinhua ichaza lo mbhalo ofanayo ku-«Cha pu» (茶谱) kaMao Wenxi, ngonyaka ka-903; ukungahambisani lokhu angikusombululanga.
  • «Ukuphatha umngcele ngetiye». Abezindaba bahlobanisa ukukhula kwetiye elimnyama lalapha nenqubomgomo ye-以茶治边 (yǐ chá zhì biān) kanye nohwebo lwetiye namahhashi (茶马互市); izinsuku kanye nenani lezinto eziphathekayo zeQionglai emithonjeni etholakalayo akukho.
  • 1952–1955. Ngokwemininingwane yehhovisi lezincwadi zendawo, ngo-1952 esisekelweni seFemu yeTiye yaseLinqiong (eyasungulwa ngo-1940) kwakhiwa iFemu yeTiye yaseQionglai. Yakhiqiza itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu kanye nefuzhuan ecindezelwe (茯砖) — amadane ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi eTibet naseQinghai. Ngo-1955 uMkhandlu Wezwe wafaka iQionglai phakathi kwezifunda ezibalulekile ezinomkhiqizo wamadane ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi etiyeni. Abezindaba babiza isifunda ngokuthi «indawo yamadane ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi etiyeni» (万担茶乡).
  • 2015 — isibonakaliso sendawo. Mhla ziyi-11 kuNhlolanja 2015, iHhovisi Elikhulu Lokuphatha Ikhwalithi, Ukuhlola kanye Nokugwamanda (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 24 lafaka itiye elimnyama laseQionglai ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesibonakaliso sendawo.
  • 2021. Ngokombiko weXinhua, ikhekhe elicindezelwe 火番饼 lathola isicoco sokuba ngelinye «lamatiye ayishumi adumile aseSichuan» embukisweni we-X weSichuan wamatiye wamazwe ngamazwe.
  • Imboni. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda njengoba iculwa abezindaba (2022), isabelo setiye elimnyama enanini lemboni yetiye yesifunda lenyuka lisuka ku-10 % ngo-2015 laya ku-60 % ngo-2021.
• Igama:
  • «Qionglai» (邛崃) yigama lesifunda kanye nezintaba zaseQionglai; emandulo lapha kwakuyiLinqiong (临邛), kamuva isifunda saseQiongzhou (邛州).
  • «Heicha» (黑茶, hēichá) kusho «itiye elimnyama», igama lesigaba.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda saziwa nangetiye eliluhlaza — iWenjun Lücha (文君绿茶), eqanjwe ngoZhuo Wenjun (卓文君), iqhawekazi lendaba yothando lukaHan lwembongi uSima Xiangru (司马相如). Itiye elimnyama laseQionglai lihlobanisa nohwebo lwasemngceleni futhi lakhela phezu kwalo uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Ngokombhalo — 花秋1号 (Huāqiū 1 hào) kanye «nezinye izinhlobo ezifanele itiye elimnyama laseQionglai». Incazelo eyireferensi ikhuluma ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane. Imvelaphi nencazelo yezitshalo yohlobo lwe-花秋1号 emithonjeni etholakalayo ayikho.
• Ukutshalwa: Ngokombhalo — ukusabalalisa ngamahlumela amafushane (短穗扦插), ukuminyana okungaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-50 000 ngehektha, ngonyaka kungabi ngaphansi kwamathani angu-20 omanyolo ophilayo ovuthiwe ngehektha.
• Ukuvuna: Izinsuku emithonjeni etholakalayo azibhalwanga.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokombhalo — amahlumela amasha anesiqu esiluhlaza (绿苔新梢), kusukela «eqhumeni elineqabunga elilodwa» kuya emaqabungeni ayisithupha. Lezi zinto ezingavuthiwe zivuthwe kakhulu kunalezo zamatiye aluhlaza adumile.
• Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Iqabunga elisuka ezindaweni eziyishumi nesithupha zendawo evikelwe; lapho lisakazwa akumele libe bomvu.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshalwa

• Isifunda: Ngokwencazelo yabezindaba (2022), iQionglai isezintabeni eziseningizimu yeQionglai; esifundeni kunezintaba, amagquma kanye nezindawo eziyizithafa, imifula eminingi.
• Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Ngokombhalo — kusuka ku-600 kuya ku-1000 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ukuphakama kwesifunda sonke abezindaba bakunikeza phakathi kuka-650 no-1600 m.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo — ephuzi nebomvu (黄、红壤土), i-pH 4.5–6.4, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1 %, ukujula kongqimba okungekho ngaphansi kwemitha elingu-1. Abesindaba bengeza ukuthi inhlabathi yakhiwe ngokuguguleka kwamatshe entaba-mlilo futhi inothe ngezakhi ezincane.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yabezindaba — esithambile nesinomswakama: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi lingu-16.5 °C, izimvula eziningi, usuku olude lokukhanya kwelanga, cishe izinsuku ezingama-285 ezingenasithwathwa.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wesibonakaliso sendawo uchaza izinqubo ezimbili futhi unikeza amapharamitha emisebenzi ebalulekile. Itiye elixegayo lenziwa kanje:

• Ukusakaza (摊放 — tānfàng): Iqabunga liyasakazwa; ukuba bomvu kweqabunga lapha akuvunyelwe.
• Ukuqinisa, «ukubulala uhlaza» (杀青 — shāqīng): Kufakwa amanzi angaphezu kuka-10 % eqabungeni — ngaphandle kweqabunga elivunwe emvulweni noma emazolo, futhi ngaphandle kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezithambile «eqhumeni elinamaqabunga amabili».
• Ukusontela kokuqala (初揉 — chūróu): Kuze kuhlukaniswe iqabunga esiqwini.
• Ukuvuthwa emanzi enqwabeleni (渥堆 — wòduī): Inqwaba iyaqoqwa lapho izinga lokushisa kuyo lingekho ngaphezu kuka-25 °C, futhi iyahlakazwa ukuze iphole lapho ifinyelela ku-65 °C; umswakama ohlobene ngaphakathi enqwabeleni ngu-75–85 %.
• Ukusontela okuphindayo (复揉 — fùróu).
• Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Kuqala elangeni kuze kube umswakama ongekho ngaphezu kuka-14 %, bese kuba sesomisi kuze kube ngaphansi kuka-8.5 %.
• Itiye elicindezelwe: itiye elixegayo → ukuhlanganisa (拼配 — pīnpèi) → ukufukisa (回潮 — huícháo) → ukucindezela (压制 — yāzhì) → ukomisa.

Izinga lika-2020 licacisa: ngemuva kokucubungula kokuqala kutholakala «itiye elimnyama eliluhlaza» (黑毛茶, hēimáochá); kulo ngekusefa, ukukhetha nokuhlanganisa kwenziwa itiye elixegayo, kanti ngokutshisa, ukucindezela nokubumba kwenziwa elicindezelwe.

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye: ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa enqwabeleni ngaphansi kwemiphumela yokushisa, umswakama kanye namagciwane, iqabunga liba mnyama, futhi ukunambitheka kulahlekelwa ubukhali obuluhlaza.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokombhalo — kusuka kokuphuzi ngokunsundu kuya kokumnyama ngokunsundu, ngokucwebezela (色泽黄褐至黑褐色，有光泽); itiye elixegayo ngokwezinga linomumo wezinti.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo emithonjeni etholakalayo ayikho.
• Iphunga lokuphisa: Elihlanzekile (香气纯正) — ngokombhalo.
• Ukunambitheka: Okuthambile nokunoshukela (滋味醇和甘甜) — ngokombhalo. Umkhiqizi njengoba eculwa abezindaba wengeza ukunambitheka okumnandi emva (回甘).
• Umbala wokuphisa: Ngokombhalo — ocwebile nogqamile (汤色清澈明亮); umbala umbhalo awusho. Incazelo eyireferensi inikeza ophuzi osawolintshi (橙黄), umkhiqizi njengoba eculwa abezindaba — obomvu osawolintshi futhi oqinile (橙红浓厚).
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Embalweni akukho ncazelo; incazelo eyireferensi — ephuzi ngokunsundu (叶底黄褐).

Umkhiqizi njengoba eculwa abezindaba ufingqa isimilo setiye ngamagama amahlanu — 香、醇、陈、红、厚: iphunga, ukuthamba, ukuvuthwa, ukuphisa okubomvu, ukuminyana. Lesi yisici sokukhangisa, hhayi imfuneko yombhalo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Awekho amazinga ezinombolo e-physicochemical esimemezelweni, ngaphandle komswakama ngemuva kokomisa — ongekho ngaphezu kuka-8.5 %. Izinga lika-2020 libhekisela ezindleleni zokuhlola umswakama, umlotha kanye nezinto ezincibilikayo emanzini, kodwa amazinga ngokwawo ekulandiseni engikutholayo akekho. Incazelo eyireferensi ihlobanisa ukuthamba kokunambitheka nezinto ezingavuthiwe zezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga aphakathi namancane, lapho kukhona ama-polyphenol amancane kanye nama-catechin; izinombolo aziyiniki.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Awekho amasu ahlukile etiye laseQionglai emithonjeni etholakalayo; ngezansi kukhona amapharamitha ajwayelekile etiye elimnyama, hhayi imfuneko yezinga.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Amanzi abilayo, cishe 100 °C.
• Inani letiye: 5–8 g nge-150 ml.
• Izitsha: Igaiwan noma imbiza yobumba; itiye elicindezelwe liphinde libiliswe ebhodweni.
• Inqubo:
  1. Hlukanisa inani elidingekayo etiyeni elicindezelwe ngommese.
  2. Shisisa izitsha bese ugeza ngokushesha itiye ngamanzi abilayo.
  3. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
  4. Ngokuphisa ngakunye engeza isikhathi; okusele kungabiliswa imizuzu emi-3–5.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Indawo ehlanzekile, eyomile, enomoya ongenisiwe ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle, emaphaketheni avumela umoya ukudlula. Itiye elimnyama, njengamanye amatiye alesi sigaba, lingagcinwa; imithetho yokugcinwa kweQionglai emithonjeni etholakalayo ayichazwanga.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo zokudayisa emithonjeni etholakalayo. Abesindaba (2022) banikeza ukulinganiselwa kwenani lophawu «邛崃黑茶» — 2.507 billion yuan ngokwesibalo soMkhandlu WaseChina Wokuthuthukisa Amabhrendi (中国品牌建设促进会); lokhu ukulinganiselwa kophawu, hhayi intengo yomthengi.

• Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwesibonakaliso sendawo ephaketheni.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi usesinye sezindawo eziyishumi nesithupha zendawo evikelwe.
  • Iqabunga elomile kumele libe phuzi ngokunsundu noma limnyama ngokunsundu, licwebezele, hhayi liluhlaza.
  • Ukuphisa kumele kucwebile futhi kugqame; ukufiphala kanye nephunga elimuncu kuyizimpawu zokugcinwa okubi.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Edolobhaneni laseHuacuo (花楸村) lesifunda sasePingle, ngokwemininingwane yehhovisi lezincwadi zendawo, kukhula iqembu lezihlahla zetiye ezindala; esidala kunesikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane.
• Umbhalo uvumela ukomisa itiye elixegayo kuqala elangeni — kuze kube umswakama ka-14 % — bese kuphela ukubuye komiswe kuze kube ngu-8.5 %.
• Ngaphansi kwegama lakudala 火番饼 ikhekhe laseQionglai elicindezelwe ngo-2021 langena «ematiyeni ayishumi adumile aseSichuan».

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye amnyama

• Ya’an Heicha, noma Zangcha (雅安黑茶, 藏茶): Itiye elimnyama lesifunda esingumakhelwane iYa’an — isikhungo esiyinhloko setiye laseSichuan lasemngceleni, ngokomlando eliya eTibet.
• Sichuan Biancha (四川边茶): Igama elijwayelekile letiye laseSichuan lasemngceleni.
• Anhua Heicha (安化黑茶): Itiye elimnyama laseHunan — esinye isifundazwe kanye nesikole saso sokucindezela.
• Liubao (六堡茶): Itiye elimnyama laseGuangxi, elipakishwe emabhasikithini.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Qionglai Heicha itiye lohwebo oludala lwasemngceleni, umbhalo ka-2015 owalunikeza imingcele eqondile: izinto ezingavuthiwe ezivuthwe kuze kube amaqabunga ayisithupha, ukuvuthwa enqwabeleni kuphakathi kuka-25 no-65 °C, ukomisa kuqala elangeni. Liyabonakala ngeqabunga elimnyama ngokunsundu noma elimnyama ngokunsundu elicwebezelayo kanye nokuphisa okucwebile okugqamile okunephunga elihlanzekile kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile okunoshukela. Izinsuku zokuvuna, izinombolo zezinga kanye nezintengo zokudayisa emithonjeni evulekile azichazwanga, futhi lezi zikhala kungcono ukuzishiya zingenalutho.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• DB5101/T 87-2020

Inkomba yendawo

• 原质检总局地理标志产品保护 №2015年第24号

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo