Qiónglái hēichá

Qionglai Heicha (Qiónglái hēichá, 邛崃黑茶) ndi tiyi wakuda wa m’tauni ya Qionglai (邛崃市) mumzinda wa Chengdu, m’chigawo cha Sichuan. Chigawochi, chomwe kale chinkatchedwa Linqiong (临邛), chimadziyesa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa malo akale kwambiri opangira tiyi wa m’malire. Zolemba zakale za m’boma la Sichuan zimati mfiriji wa Linqiong wotchedwa 火番饼 (huǒfānbǐng) ndi umboni wakale kwambiri wodalirika wa malonda a tiyi wa m’malire ku China. Chitetezo cha chizindikiro cha malo (geographical indication) kuyambira 2015 chimakhudza tiyi wosakaniza ndi woponderezedwa. Mfundo yaikulu ya luso ndi 渥堆 (wòduī), kusungitsa masamba mulu wonyowa.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wakuda (黑茶, hēichá), wothira fermentation pambuyo pake. Gululi limatsimikizidwa ndi chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo: mu luso lake muli 渥堆, opareshoni yomwe imapangitsa tiyi kukhala wakuda.
• Gulu: Tiyi wakuda wa Sichuan, mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2015). Mitundu iwiri: tiyi wosakaniza (散茶, sǎnchá), monga mwa muyeso, tiyi wakuda wa mizere, ndi woponderezedwa (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá). Muyeso wa m’deralo wa Chengdu DB5101/T 87—2020 “地理标志产品 邛崃黑茶” umagawa mitundu iwiri iyi m’magulu anayi: wapamwamba, woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), mzinda wa Chengdu (成都, Chéngdū), tawuni ya Qionglai (邛崃市, Qióngláishì). Malo otetezedwa ndi matauni khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi ndi midzi ya chigawochi: Linji (临济镇), Jiaguan (夹关镇), Pingle (平乐镇), Daozuo (道佐乡), Wolong (卧龙镇), Kongming (孔明乡), Shuikou (水口镇), Youzha (油榨乡), Huojing (火井镇), Nanbao (南宝乡), Gaohe (高何镇), Tiantaishan (天台山镇), Datong (大同乡), Baolin (宝林镇), Linqiong (临邛镇) ndi Chayuan (茶园乡).
• Malo a geographic coordinates: Pafupifupi 30.4° kumpoto ndi 103.5° kum’mawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Linqiong. Bungwe la zolemba za m’deralo (2020) limati ulimi wa tiyi kuno unayamba kuyambira nthawi ya Qin ndi Han. Malinga ndi Xinhua (2022), pa nthawi ya Han, Linqiong anali poyambira pa njira yakumwera ya silika (南丝路), likulu la malonda la chigawo cha Shu (蜀郡) komanso dera lalikulu lopangira tiyi.
  • Mfiriji 火番饼. Bungweli limatchula buku la nthawi ya Song lotchedwa “Taiping huanyu ji” (太平寰宇记): potengera zolemba za nthawi ya Tang, limanena kuti m’maboma a Linqiong amapanga 火番饼 “omwe masiku ano amatchedwa tiyi wakuda” olemera mpaka ma liang makumi anayi ndipo kuti amayamikiridwa ku Xifan (西蕃) ndi kwa a Dangxiang (党项). Xinhua amati zomwezo zinalembedwa mu “Cha pu” (茶谱) ya Mao Wenxi, m’chaka cha 903; kusiyana kumeneku sindinathe kukutsimikizira.
  • “Kulamulira malire ndi tiyi.” Nyuzipepala imagwirizanitsa kukwera kwa tiyi wakuda wa kuno ndi mfundo ya 以茶治边 (yǐ chá zhì biān) ndi malonda osinthana tiyi ndi akavalo (茶马互市); madeti ndi kuchuluka kwa malonda a Qionglai sizikupezeka m’mabuku amene ndinapeza.
  • 1952–1955. Malinga ndi bungwe la zolemba za m’deralo, mu 1952 pa maziko a fakitale ya tiyi ya Linqiong (yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1940) anapanga fakitale ya tiyi ya Qionglai. Inkatulutsa tiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira komanso fuzhuan (茯砖) woponderezedwa, matani asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi pa chaka, makamaka opita ku Tibet ndi Qinghai. Mu 1955, a State Council analemba Qionglai m’gulu la maboma ofunika opanga tiyi mpaka matani zikwi khumi. Nyuzipepala imatcha bomalo “dera la matani zikwi khumi a tiyi” (万担茶乡).
  • 2015 — chizindikiro cha malo. Pa 11 February 2015, a General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) polengeza nambala 24 anayika tiyi wakuda wa Qionglai pansi pa chitetezo monga mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
  • 2021. Malinga ndi Xinhua, mfiriji woponderezedwa wa 火番饼 analandira ulemu wa umodzi mwa “tiyi khumi odziwika a Sichuan” pa X Sichuan International Tea Exhibition.
  • Makampani. Malinga ndi maboma monga momwe nyuzipepala inalembera (2022), gawo la tiyi wakuda pamtengo wa makampani a tiyi m’chigawochi linakwera kuchokera pa 10% mu 2015 kufika pa 60% mu 2021.
• Dzina:
  • “Qionglai” (邛崃) ndi dzina la chigawo ndi mapiri a Qionglaishan; kalelo kunali Linqiong (临邛), kenako dera la Qiongzhou (邛州).
  • “Heicha” (黑茶, hēichá) amatanthauza “tiyi wakuda,” dzina la gulu.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Chigawochi chimadziwikanso ndi tiyi wobiriwira, Wenjun Lücha (文君绿茶), wotchulidwa m’dzina la Zhuo Wenjun (卓文君), ngwazi ya nkhani ya m’nthawi ya Han ya chikondi ndi wolemba ndakatulo Sima Xiangru (司马相如). Tiyi wakuda wa Qionglai umalumikizidwa ndi malonda a m’malire ndipo chigawocho chimamanga mbiri yake pagulu.

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata, ndi 花秋1号 (Huāqiū 1 hào) ndi “mitundu ina yoyenera tiyi wakuda wa Qionglai.” Kufotokoza kwina kumanena za zopangira za mitundu yapakati ndi yaying’ono. Chiyambi ndi kufotokoza kwa mtundu wa 花秋1号 sizikupezeka m’mabuku amene ndinapeza.
• Kulima: Malinga ndi chikalata, kubzala kumachitika ndi kudula kwaufupi (短穗扦插), osapitirira zitsamba 50,000 pa hekitala, ndipo chaka chilichonse osachepera matani 20 a feteleza wovunda pa hekitala.
• Kukolola: Nthawi sizinatchulidwe m’mabuku amene ndinapeza.
• Muyeso wa kukolola: Malinga ndi chikalata, mphukira zatsopano zokhala ndi tsinde lobiriwira (绿苔新梢), kuyambira “mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi” mpaka masamba asanu ndi limodzi. Izi n’zopangira zokhwima kwambiri kuposa za tiyi odziwika obiriwira.
• Zofunika pa zopangira: Masamba ochokera m’madera khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi otetezedwa; pa kuyala sayenera kufiira.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Malinga ndi nyuzipepala (2022), Qionglai ili kumwera chakumunsi kwa mapiri a Qionglaishan; chigawochi chili ndi mapiri, zitunda ndi zigwa, komanso mitsinje yambiri.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi chikalata, kuyambira 600 mpaka 1000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Kutalika kwa chigawo chonse nyuzipepala imati kuli pakati pa 650 ndi 1600 m.
• Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata, lachikasu ndi lofiira (黄、红壤土), pH 4.5–6.4, organic matter osachepera 1%, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 1 m. Nyuzipepala imawonjezera kuti dothi linapangidwa ndi kugwa kwa miyala yamapiri ndipo lili ndi michere yambiri.
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi nyuzipepala, ndi yofewa komanso yachinyontho: kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 16.5 °C, mvula yambiri, tsiku lalitali, pafupifupi masiku 285 opanda chisanu.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo chimalongosola njira ziwiri ndipo chimapereka miyeso ya ntchito zazikulu. Tiyi wosakaniza amapangidwa motere:

• Kuyala (摊放 — tānfàng): Masamba amayalidwa; kufiira kwa masamba pa nthawiyi ndikoletsedwa.
• Kukonza, “kupha kubiriwira” (杀青 — shāqīng): Pamwamba pa masamba amawonjezera madzi osapitirira 10% kupatula masamba otolera pa mvula kapena mame, komanso kupatula zopangira zofewa za “mphukira ndi masamba amodzi kapena awiri.”
• Kukama koyamba (初揉 — chūróu): Mpaka masamba atasiyana ndi tsinde.
• Kusunga munyontho mulu (渥堆 — wòduī): Mulu umasonkhanitsidwa pamene kutentha kwake sikupitirira 25 °C, ndipo umamwazidwa kuti uzizire pamene wafika pa 65 °C; chinyezi chamkati mwa mulu ndi 75–85%.
• Kukama kachiwiri (复揉 — fùróu).
• Kuyanika (干燥 — gānzào): Choyamba padzuwa mpaka chinyezi chosapitirira 14%, kenako mu makina mpaka osapitirira 8.5%.
• Tiyi woponderezedwa: tiyi wosakaniza → kusakaniza (拼配 — pīnpèi) → kunyowetsanso (回潮 — huícháo) → kupondereza (压制 — yāzhì) → kuyanika.

Muyeso wa 2020 umalongosola momveka: pambuyo pa kukonza koyamba amapeza “tiyi wakuda wosaphika” (黑毛茶, hēimáochá); kuchokera pamenepo mwa kusefa, kusankha ndi kusakaniza amapanga tiyi wosakaniza, ndipo mwa kuwotcha nthunzi, kupondereza ndi kupanga mawonekedwe amapanga woponderezedwa.

Ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya gululi, osati kufotokoza kwa tiyi uyu: posunga mulu, chifukwa cha kutentha, chinyezi ndi tizilombo, masamba amada, ndipo kukoma kwake kumachoka kukuthwa kobiriwira.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Malinga ndi chikalata, kuyambira chikasu-bulauni mpaka chakuda-bulauni, chonyezimira (色泽黄褐至黑褐色，有光泽); tiyi wosakaniza malinga ndi muyeso ndi wa mizere.
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza m’mabuku amene ndinapeza.
• Fungo la tiyi: Loyera (香气纯正) malinga ndi chikalata.
• Kukoma: Kofewa komanso kotsekemera (滋味醇和甘甜) malinga ndi chikalata. Wopanga monga momwe nyuzipepala inalembera amawonjezera kuti kumakoma kotsekemera pambuyo pake (回甘).
• Mtundu wa tiyi: Malinga ndi chikalata, wowala komanso wonyezimira (汤色清澈明亮); chikalatacho sichitchula mitundu. Kufotokoza kwina kumapereka wa lalanje wachikasu (橙黄), wopanga monga momwe nyuzipepala inalembera amati ndi wa lalanje wofiira komanso wokhuthala (橙红浓厚).
• Masamba otayidwa (pambuyo pa kuwira): M’chikalatamo mulibe kufotokoza; kufotokoza kwina ndi kwachikasu-bulauni (叶底黄褐).

Wopanga monga momwe nyuzipepala inalembera amafotokoza khalidwe la tiyi m’mawu asanu: 香、醇、陈、红、厚: fungo, kufewa, kukhwima, mtundu wofiira, kukhuthala. Uwu ndi mawu otsatsa, osati lamulo la chikalata.

7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi

M’chilengezocho mulibe miyeso ya manambala a physicochemical, kupatula chinyezi pambuyo pa kuyanika, chosapitirira 8.5%. Muyeso wa 2020 umatchula njira zoyezera chinyezi, phulusa ndi zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi, koma miyeso yokha sikupezeka m’zomwe ndinapeza. Kufotokoza kwina kumalumikiza kufewa kwa kukoma ndi zopangira za mitundu yapakati ndi yaying’ono, kumene kuli polyphenols ndi catechins zochepa; manambala sakuperekedwa.

8. Kuwira

Mchitidwe wa gululi. Palibe malangizo apadera a tiyi wa Qionglai m’mabuku amene ndinapeza; pansipa pali miyeso yodziwika ya tiyi wakuda, osati lamulo la muyeso.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: Madzi owira, pafupifupi 100 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 5–8 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena mtsuko wadothi; tiyi woponderezedwa amaphikanso mumphika.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Patulani kuchuluka koyenera kwa tiyi woponderezedwa ndi mpeni.
  2. Tenthetsani zida ndipo muzimutsuka mwachangu tiyi ndi madzi owira.
  3. Kuwira koyamba ndi masekondi 10–20.
  4. Wonjezerani nthawi pakuwira kulikonse; otsalawo angathe kuwiritsidwa kwa mphindi 3–5.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gululi. Malo oyera, owuma, opumira mpweya, opanda kuwala ndi fungo lachilendo, m’paketi yomwe imalola mpweya. Tiyi wakuda, monga tiyi ena a gululi, amatha kusungidwa; malamulo a kusunga tiyi wa Qionglai sanafotokozedwe m’mabuku amene ndinapeza.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe deta ya mitengo ya malonda m’mabuku amene ndinapeza. Nyuzipepala (2022) imapereka chiwerengero cha mtengo wa chizindikiro “邛崃黑茶” wa 2.507 biliyoni yuan monga momwe China Brand Development Council (中国品牌建设促进会) inawerengera; uwu ndi mtengo wa chizindikiro, osati mtengo kwa wogula.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
  • Yang’anani chizindikiro cha malo pa paketi.
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’limodzi mwa madera khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi otetezedwa.
  • Masamba owuma ayenera kukhala achikasu-bulauni kapena chakuda-bulauni, onyezimira, osati obiriwira.
  • Tiyi ayenera kukhala wowala komanso wonyezimira; kukhuthala ndi fungo lachilendo zikusonyeza kusungidwa koyipa.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• M’mudzi wa Huaqiu (花楸村) wa tawuni ya Pingle, malinga ndi bungwe la zolemba za m’deralo, pali gulu la mitengo yakale ya tiyi ya makulidwe; wamkulu kwambiri ali ndi zaka zoposa chikwi.
• Chikalatacho chimalola kuyanika tiyi wosakaniza poyamba padzuwa mpaka 14% ya chinyezi ndipo kenako kumaliza kuyanika mpaka 8.5%.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito dzina lakale la 火番饼, mfiriji woponderezedwa wa Qionglai mu 2021 adalowa m’gulu la “tiyi khumi odziwika a Sichuan.”

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi ena akuda

• Ya’an Heicha, kapena Zangcha (雅安黑茶, 藏茶): Tiyi wakuda wa chigawo choyandikana cha Ya’an, likulu lalikulu la tiyi wa m’malire wa Sichuan, womwe kale unkapita ku Tibet.
• Sichuan Biancha (四川边茶): Dzina lofala la tiyi wa m’malire wa Sichuan.
• Anhua Heicha (安化黑茶): Tiyi wakuda wa Hunan, chigawo china ndi luso lake la kupondereza.
• Liubao (六堡茶): Tiyi wakuda wa Guangxi, wopakidwa m’madengu.

Pomaliza:

Qionglai Heicha ndi tiyi wa malonda akale a m’malire, amene chikalata cha 2015 chinapatsa malamulo enieni: masamba okhwima mpaka asanu ndi limodzi, kusungidwa mulu pakati pa 25 ndi 65 °C, kuyanika poyamba padzuwa. Amadziwika ndi masamba achikasu-bulauni kapena chakuda-bulauni onyezimira komanso tiyi wowala wonyezimira wokhala ndi fungo loyera ndi kukoma kofewa kotsekemera. Nthawi za kukolola, manambala a muyeso ndi mitengo ya malonda sizinafotokozedwe m’mabuku otseguka, ndipo malo amenewa ndi bwino kuwasiya opanda kanthu.

Magwero

Miyezo

• DB5101/T 87-2020

Chizindikiro cha malo

• 原质检总局地理标志产品保护 №2015年第24号

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero