I-Xiaokeng Lücha (Xiāokēng lǜchá, 霄坑绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lomuzi owodwa kuphela: i-Xiaokeng (霄坑村) yesigodi sase-Meicun esifundeni sase-Guichi emkhandlwini wedolobha wase-Chizhou eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Anhui. Indawo evikelwe incane ngendlela engavamile, akusona isifunda noma isigodi, kodwa isigodi esisodwa sasentabeni. Izimfuneko zibalula uhlobo lwendawo olunamaqabunga amakhulu, ukuvunwa ngesandla, izinhlobo eziyisicaba neziphothene, kanye nophawu oluphambili oluphunga nge-castnut. Igama livikelwa kabili: njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo (2010) nangesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 632 (2025).
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingabilisiwe. Isigaba siqanjwe egameni futhi siqinisekiswa ubuchwepheshe: ukubola kweqabunga, ukulungiswa, ukubunjwa noma ukusonteka, ukomiswa.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasemaphandleni laseningizimu ye-Anhui; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, ovikelwe ngezindlela ezimbili.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), umkhandlu wedolobha wase-Chizhou (池州, Chízhōu), isifunda sase-Guichi (贵池, Guìchí), isigodi sase-Meicun (梅村镇), umuzi wase-Xiaokeng.
- Indawo evikelwe: Izivande zetiye zawo wonke amaqembu okukhiqiza ayishumi nambili omuzi wase-Xiaokeng kanye neqembu lase-Gaotang (高塘村民组) lomuzi wase-Xishan (西山村) esigodini sase-Tangxi (棠溪镇). Umfakisicelo yinhlangano yamalungu etiye yomuzi wase-Xiaokeng.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 117°28′51″–117°34′46″ empumalanga, 30°19′02″–30°22′47″ enyakatho. Uhlaka lungaphansi kwemizuzu eyisithupha ye-arc ngobude kanye nemizuzu emine ngobubanzi, lokhu kuyisigodi esisodwa sasentabeni.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Isigodi. Ngokwe-athikili yephephandaba i-«Anhui Ribao» (2024), kulesi sigodi esiphakathi kwezintaba kwakuhlala abantu futhi batshala itiye kusukela ngesikhathi se-Song; ubufakazi obubhaliwe abutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ihlathi netiye. Ngaphambilini umuzi wawuphila ngehlathi, izinkuni namalahle, itiye laliyinsiza. Ngokombiko kahulumeni wesifunda, imboni yokuqala yetiye eyiqoqo yavulwa ngo-1992. Ngemva kwesikhukhula ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990, umuzi wabhala emthethweni womuzi ukuvinjelwa kokugawulwa kwehlathi ukuze kutshalwe itiye, futhi wazivimbela wona umanyolo wamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane, imithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nezikhuthazi zokukhula.
- Ingxabano ngegama. Ngaphambilini umuzi wawubizwa ngokuthi 肖坑, futhi nawo Xiāokēng. Ngokwe-athikili efanayo, cishe ngo-1997 wanikela ngophawu lwentengiso «肖坑» kumhwebi omenyiwe, okwalandela ingxabano ende, futhi ilungelo lophawu lwalahleka emzaneni.
- 2003. Ekuhlanganisweni kokuphatha, umuzi ohlangene wahlanganisa umakhelwane u-Shuangcun (双村), futhi umuzi ohlanganisiwe wathola igama elithi 霄坑: kuhlamvu 肖 kwengezwe ukhiye we-«mvula» (雨). Kodwa igama lizwakala lifana nelidala, ngakho-ke alikwazanga ukuba wuphawu lwentengiso lomuzi.
- 2010. Umuzi wasungula inhlangano yamalungu etiye futhi ngoZibandlela wabhalisa i-«霄坑绿茶» njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo (inombolo AGI00440).
- 2018. Ngokombiko wesifunda, izimboni eziyisithupha ezinkulu zetiye zomuzi zahlangana zaba yinhlangano yetiye, eyathola ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu lwendawo.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo No. 632 sangoJuni 9, 2025, i-State Intellectual Property Office yamukela i-Xiaokeng Lücha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Igama: 霄 (xiāo) lisho «ukuphakama kwasezulwini, amafu», 坑 (kēng) lisho «umgodi, isibonda». Ngokwe-athikili yango-2024, ngisho nabadala abakwazi ukusho ukuthi igama livela kuphi; lichazwa ngokubukeka kwesigodi, okuthi kusuka phezulu emafini kubukeke njengomgodi. Ukhiye we-«mvula» kuhlamvu lokuqala wavela kuphela ngo-2003.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kumuzi, itiye liyisisekelo somnotho, futhi ezungeze lona kwakhula ezokuvakasha. Ukuhlolwa kwenani lemikhiqizo yetiye yesifunda yase-China, okubhekiselwa kuso isifunda, kwanikeza igama u-76 wezigidi zamayuan ngo-2013 no-1.197 wezigidigidi ngo-2025.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: 霄坑大叶马兰种 (Xiāokēng dàyè mǎlán zhǒng) uhlobo lwendawo lwamaqabunga amakhulu i-Malan. Incazelo yezitshalo yohlobo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko wesifunda, umuzi kanye ne-Anhui Agricultural University bakhetha izihlahla ezinhle kakhulu zendawo zenkulisa.
- Ukuvuna: Ngesandla kuphela, njengoba kushiwo ezimfunekweni zokuvikela.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Izimfuneko azilibeki. Izinsuku eziqondile zokuvuna azitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Umhosha ezintabeni ezisentshonalanga ze-Jiuhuashan, ekujuleni kwesiqiwi sase-Laoshan (老山自然保护区). Izincazelo zikhuluma ngenkungu nobuningi bomswakama; ukuminyana kwehlathi lomuzi, ngokwemininingwane yawo ka-2025, kungaphezu kuka-95% (ikhasi lesifunda lango-2023 lalibiza u-92%).
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela, izivande zitshalwa ekuphakameni kuka-100–650 m. Umbiko wesifunda ubiza ukuphakama okuphakathi komuzi cishe u-700 m, lokhu kuphikisana nezimfuneko.
- Indawo: Indawo eyisicaba, ithala elibanzi noma umthambeka omnene ongaphansi kuka-25°, onokugeleza kwamanzi okuhle nokuvikelwa emoyeni.
- Inhlabathi: Umhlabathi ovundile oyisihlabathi, ocebile ngezinto eziphilayo, ogcina amanzi nezakhi kahle; ukushuba kwesendlalelo kungaphezu kuka-70 cm, pH 4.5–6.5.
- Ukunakekelwa kwesivande: Ngaphandle kwemithi yokubulala ukhula, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali kanye nama-hormone: ukulima okuncane ngaphambi nangemva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo, ukulima okujulile kwemigqa ngo-20–30 cm ekwindla noma ebusika; njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa emva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo kuyanqunywa phezulu komqhele ngo-10–15 cm.
- Ububanzi nomkhiqizo: Izinombolo ziyahlukahluka. I-athikili yango-2024 ibiza ngaphezu kuka-5000 mu ezivande kanye no-70 t wetiye ngonyaka, umbiko wesifunda wango-2025 ubiza u-6000 mu kanye nangaphezu kuka-140,000 jin, okusho ukuthi u-70 t ofanayo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izimfuneko zokuvikela zichaza izindlela ezimbili, kodwa ngaphandle kwemingcele.
- Itiye eliyisicaba elidumile (扁形名茶): ukubola kweqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng) — ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng) — ukubunjwa (做形, zuòxíng) — ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào).
- I-Maofeng kanye netiye elikhulu (毛峰茶、大宗茶): ukubola kweqabunga elisha — ukulungiswa — ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn) — ukomiswa.
Incazelo yezigaba ewuhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba: iqabunga likhipha ingxenye yomswakama, ukushisa kumisa ukutshalwa kwe-oxidation, iqabunga lithola ukuma, ukomiswa kuliqinisa. Amazinga okushisa nesikhathi awatholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo inikezwe ngokwezimfuneko zokuvikela zango-2025; kubakaki kukhona amagama omthombo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisongwe ngokuqinile, liqinile (紧结壮实); umbala uluhlaza okotshani, ucwebezela ngamafutha, unamapushana abonakalayo (翠绿油润显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomunyu: I-castnut, iphakeme futhi inde (栗香高长). Izimfuneko azihlukanisi iphunga leqabunga nelomunyu.
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile, okuvuselelayo, nokubuyela okumnandi (鲜醇爽口回甘). I-athikili yesifunda yengeza ukuthi itiye lisekela ukuthelwa kaningi.
- Umbala womunyu: Ocwebile, oluhlaza, ogqamile (清澈绿亮).
- Phansi kwetiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): Kuluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, kulingana, kugqamile (嫩绿匀亮).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izimfuneko zokuvikela zibeka amabanga:
| Isilinganiso | Okuqukethwe |
|---|---|
| Ama-amino acid | 2.8–4.0 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | 25–32 % |
| I-caffeine | 3–4.8 % |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | 35–51 % |
Lezi yizimfuneko zedokhumenti, hhayi imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwamaqoqo athile: imininingwane enjalo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yegilasi ngetiye eliyisicaba, i-gaiwan ngetiye elisontelwe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisa izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukunambitheka kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomunyu.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Iphunga le-castnut liyaphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke itiye kungcono uliphuze phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nemikhohlisi
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Uzivikela kanjani emikhohlisweni:
- Funani uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: lunikezwa kuphela abakhiqizi abasendaweni evikelwe.
- Khumbulani ubukhulu bendawo: umuzi owodwa ukhiqiza, ngokwemibiko, cishe u-70 t wetiye ngonyaka. Ukunikezwa ngaphansi kwaleli gama ngobuningi obungahambisani nesigodi kuyisizathu semibuzo.
- Ungadidanisi negama elithi «肖坑»: umuzi wawubizwa kanjalo kuze kube ngu-2003, futhi uphawu lwentengiso ngaleli gama, ngokwe-athikili yango-2024, kudala lungaselona elomuzi.
11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo
- Umuzi washintsha uhlamvu egameni lawo ukuze uthole uphawu lwentengiso, kodwa wahluleka ukulibhalisa, ngoba igama elisha lizwakala njengelidala.
- Indawo evikelwe ayihlanganisi kuphela umuzi uqobo, kodwa neqembu elilodwa lokukhiqiza lomuzi ongumakhelwane wase-Xishan.
- Ngokuhlolwa kwenani lemikhiqizo yetiye yesifunda, eminyakeni eyishumi nambili inani legama likhule cishe izikhathi eziyishumi nesithupha.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namatiye ase-Anhui angomakhelwane
- I-Jiuhua Fo Cha (九华佛茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lentaba i-Jiuhuashan yesifunda esifanayo sase-Chizhou; esinye sezikole zalo, ngokwe-athikili ye-corpus, naso sinohlobo lwe-castnut.
- I-Taiping Hou Kui (太平猴魁): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda sase-Huangshan; e-Xiaokeng Lücha ukwakheka okuyisicaba kungenye kuphela yezindlela ezimbili.
- I-Huangshan Mao Feng (黄山毛峰): Isibonelo se-maofeng yase-Anhui; umugqa wesibili we-Xiaokeng Lücha nawo uhlanganisa i-maofeng.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xiaokeng Lücha itiye elinendawo evikelwe ekwazi ukungena esigodini esisodwa sasentabeni. Izimfuneko zalo zimfushane futhi zicacile: uhlobo lwendawo lwamaqabunga amakhulu i-Malan, ukuvunwa ngesandla, ukwakheka okuyisicaba noma okusontelwe, iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani elinamapushana kanye nephunga le-castnut. Umlando walo ungumlando womuzi owashintsha uhlamvu egameni, walahlekelwa uphawu lwentengiso, futhi wazibuyisela igama lawo ngophawu lwendawo.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo