Gūliáo chá

IGulyao Cha (Gūliáo chá, 姑辽茶) itiye elivela entabeni iGulyao edolobhaneni laseDongmen (东门镇) esifundeni saseFusui (扶绥县) kumasipala wedolobha iChongzuo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zazinikezwa izihlahla ezindala ezinomumo wesihlahla ezinamathekwini omgogodla weShiwandashan (十万大山); phakathi kwazo, ngokwemininingwane yendawo, ziyisikhombisa izihlahla ezineminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Igama alibonisi isigaba: phambilini iqabunga lalayanyiswa elangeni noma kwenziwe ngalo itiye eliluhlaza, kanti kusukela ngo-2011, ikakhulukazi itiye elibomvu. Kusukela ngo-2014 lo mguqo ungowokukhiqizwa nezinkomba zendawo; igama likhona futhi ohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano seChina ne-European Union.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Asikho isigaba esisodwa. Phambilini lapha kwakwenziwa itiye eliluhlaza; kusukela ngo-2011 okubalulekile kwaba itiye elibomvu eline-oxidized ejulile “壮乡红” (Zhuàngxiāng hóng, “itiye elibomvu lomhlaba wamaZhuang”). I-ejensi iXinhua ngo-2012 yabiza imikhiqizo emisha ngokuthi “姑辽乌龙茶” kanye “姑辽红茶”. Azikho izidingo zobuchwepheshe ezibonisa isigaba emithonjeni etholakele.
• Imvelaphi: IChina, iGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), umasipala wedolobha iChongzuo (崇左, Chóngzuǒ), isifunda saseFusui, idolobhana laseDongmen.
• Indawo: Imizana emithathu yekomidi lezigodi iLiutou (六头村) — iGulyao (姑辽屯), iGubiao (姑标屯) kanye neGubu (姑卜屯). Imingcele yendawo evikelwe ayikavezwa emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda saseFusui cishe singu-22.6° N no-107.9° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane exoxwa kabusha yipulatifomu yemidiya yaseChongzuo, ukhokho ongumZhuang wahlupheka isikhathi eside ngenxa yobuhlungu besisu nohudo. Ephusheni unkulunkulukazi (仙姑) wamkhomba esihlahleni setiye emthonjeni “天仙泉” ekujuleni kwezintaba, futhi umuthi waso wamphilisa.
  • Inkathi yamaQing. Iwebhusayithi yokuphathwa kwesuphavayiza yemakethe yaseGuangxi icaphuna “imibhalo esemthethweni” ukuthi ngezikhathi zamaQing iGulyao Cha laliyitiye lentela (贡茶), futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwele-20 lalithunyelwa eVietnam futhi lisuka lapho liye eFrance. Ayikho imibhalo yokuqala emithonjeni etholakele.
  • Phambilini. Ngombiko we-2020, iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala lalayanyiswa elangeni futhi lidayiswa ngama-yuan angama-60 ngejin; iXinhua (2012) ibhala ukuthi kuze kube ngu-2009 ikhwalithi yayingalingani.
  • 2010–2011. Ngokwe-portal yamagugu angabonakali, uchwepheshe wetiye owamenywa yisifunda wafika eGulyao ngoMashi 2010, kwathi ngo-2011 waguqula ubuchwepheshe bangaphambili betiye eliluhlaza wabenza ubuchwepheshe be-oxidized ejulile “壮乡红”, ethatha njengesibonelo iTaiwanese oolong iDongfang Meiren. Ngokwephephandaba i-”Zhongguo zhishi chanquan bao” (2018), ngoMashi 2011 imizana emithathu yakha umfelandawonye “壮乡红”, kwathi ngoJuni ngokuholwa yidolobhana kwakhiwa ifektri yetiye yaseDongmen.
  • Umbukiso weChina–ASEAN. I-”Guangxi ribao” (2020) kanye ne-portal yamagugu angabonakali babhala ukuthi “壮乡红” laqokwa njengebomvu lomcimbi weChina-ASEAN ngo-2011 nango-2012; ipulatifomu yemidiya yaseChongzuo ithi iminyaka emine ilandelana kusukela ngo-2010.
  • 2014. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine yathatha iGulyao Cha njengomkhiqizo onenkombandlela yendawo evikelwe; incwadi yezinsiza ibeka isinqumo ngomhla ka-11 Okthoba. Inombolo yesimemezelo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
  • 2018. Ngokwalelo phephandaba (Okthoba 2018), ngoMeyi i-chamber of commerce yedolobhana laseDongmen yabhalisa uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo “姑辽茶”; inombolo yophawu ayikavezwa.
  • Isivumelwano ne-European Union. IGulyao Cha likhona ohlwini lwamagama angama-175 aseChina esigabeni sesibili sesivumelwano seChina ne-European Union ngezinkomba zendawo.
• Igama: Ngokwephephandaba lango-2018, ekuqaleni itiye lalibizwa ngokuthi “仙姑茶” kanye “福寿茶”, kanti igama “姑辽” lihunyushwa ngokuthi “itiye eliphilisa izifo ngonkulunkulukazi”; kusuka kulo, umzana nentaba bathola amagama.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye lemizana yamaZhuang yentaba iGulyao.

3. Incazelo Yesitshalo Kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo lwesitshalo: Ifomu lesihlahla (乔木型) lesitshalo setiye. Ngombiko we-2020, ngenxa yalokhu nangenxa yokufuna indawo ethile, ukuzalanisa ngezimboni akunakwenzeka okwamanje.
• Izihlahla ezindala: Isibalo emithonjeni sihlukile — kusukela kwezingaphezu kuka-5100 (iXinhua, 2012) kuya kwezingaphezu kuka-5520 (umbiko we-2020); ukuphathwa kwesuphavayiza yemakethe yaseGuangxi (2024) kubiza u-5166. Ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu — kusukela ezihlahleni ezingama-580 kuya kweziyi-1500 ngokwezibalo ezahlukene. Imithombo iyavumelana ngezinombolo ezimbili: ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-500 — zingaphezu kwekhulu, ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane — ziyisikhombisa.
• Uhlobo lwembewu: Ukushicilelwa kwe-2026 kubiza uhlobo olusha “姑辽215”. Isimo kanye nencazelo yohlobo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
• Ukukhethwa: Ngombiko we-2020, ukutshala, ukukhetha kanye nokucubungula iGulyao Cha kuxhaswa yiGuangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute (广西南亚热带农业科学研究所).
• Izinga kanye nesikhathi sokuvuna: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Amatheku omgogodla weShiwandashan; amathambeka entaba iGulyao, ngokwezincazelo, acishe ahlale enenkungu.
• Ukuphakama: Ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-600; amaphephandaba ka-2018 no-2026 abiza amamitha angama-650.
• Inhlabathi: IXinhua (2012) ibhala ngenhlabathi ebomvu (红壤). Izimangalo zemibhalo yendawo mayelana nendawo “ecebile nge-potassium, i-zinc kanye ne-selenium” azisekelwa ngokuhlaziywa emithonjeni etholakele.
• Isilinganiso: Ngokushicilelwa kwe-2026, esifundeni kunezindawo ezingaphezu kwe-13.4 izinkulungwane zika-mu ngaphansi kwetiye iGulyao, umkhiqizo wonyaka — cishe amathani angama-81, inani lomkhiqizo — cishe izigidi ezingama-55 zama-yuan. Ukuphathwa kwesuphavayiza yemakethe yaseGuangxi (2024) kubiza izisekelo ezintathu — amadolobhana aseDongmen, eZhongdong (中东镇) naseLiuqiao (柳桥镇) — futhi kuthi izihlahla ezindala zihlala eduze kwezivande ezintsha.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Azikho izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokucubungula emithonjeni etholakele. Iphephandaba lango-2018 kanye nepulatifomu yemidiya yaseChongzuo zibala izigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo).
2. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng).
3. Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào).
5. Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān).
6. Ukuqedela iphunga (提香, tíxiāng).

Lolu uhlu, hhayi ibalazwe lobuchwepheshe: kukho kokubili ukulungisa nokuvutshelwa, kodwa ukuthi lubhekise kuluphi uhlobo lwetiye akushiwo. IXinhua (2012) ichaza indlela eya kwioolong entsha netiye elibomvu ngokuthi “ukubuna elangeni — ukugazinga — ukusonga — ukuvutshelwa — ukomisa” (晒青-翻炒-揉捋-发酵-烘烤).

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Izincazelo ezinemininingwane (ukuphathwa kwesuphavayiza yemakethe yaseGuangxi, 2024; i-portal yamagugu angabonakali) zibhekise kwibomvu “壮乡红”; ngehlobo eliluhlaza akukho mininingwane.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Limnyama, licishe libe mnyama, umucu osontiwe (色泽乌黑，条索卷曲).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: Licebile, lide futhi lihlanzekile (香气浓长清远); ngokwezincazelo zaseChongzuo nokuphathwa — linezendlalelo zamaphunga ezimbali, uju kanye nezithelo.
• Ukunambitheka: Kunothile futhi kusha (茶味醇厚清爽), kubushelelezi, nokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside.
• Umbala wotshwala: Usobala futhi ukhanyayo; kwi “壮乡红” — usagolide.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

Imithombo ibhala ngemvubelo ezingamashumi amabili ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbala nokunambitheka.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Azikho izidingo ze-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele. Inombolo engu-28.2% yamapolyphenol etiye imithombo iyihlobanisa nezinto ezahlukene: ukuphathwa kwesuphavayiza yemakethe yaseGuangxi (2024) kanye nepulatifomu yemidiya yaseChongzuo (2023) — kwiGulyao Cha jikelele, ukushicilelwa kwe-2026 — kuhlobo olusha “姑辽215”. Indlela nesampula imithombo ayikusho.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe mayelana nomphumela waleli tiye ngokwawo. Inganekwane yokuphiliswa iyinganekwane, hhayi ubufakazi.

9. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba; amapharamitha ancike ekutheni yiluphi uhlobo olusandleni.

• Obomvu («壮乡红»): 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukumnika kokuqala cishe umzuzu, i-gaiwan, imvubelo eminingana ngokwandiswa.
• Oluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukumnika kokuqala imizuzwana engama-40–60, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuthelwa kabili noma kathathu.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Itiye elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, ephaketheni eliqinile, kude namaphunga. Eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaleka ngokuphelele, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhohliso

Ngokushicilelwe kwe-2020 ne-2026, intengo ngejin inyuke isuka kuma-yuan angama-30–60 yaya kwangama-600. Ngokwephephandaba lango-2018, intengo yokudayisa yezinga eliphezulu ngo-2017 yayifinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziyi-12 zama-yuan ngekhilogremu, itiye elibomvu elijwayelekile — lize lifike kuma-yuan ayi-1800.

• Indlela yokugwema imikhohliso:
  • Bheka uphawu lwenkombandlela yendawo kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi “姑辽茶”.
  • Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseFusui.
  • Buza isigaba: ngaphansi kwaleli gama kwadayaniswa kokubili itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
  • Itiye lezihlahla ezindala kanye netiye lezivande ezintsha yimikhiqizo ehlukene enamanani ahlukene.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• NgokweXinhua (2012) kanye nephephandaba lango-2018, esihlahleni ngasinye esidala kukhona umaki oneminyaka nenombolo — uhlelo “esihlahleni umaki, ngemva kwesihlahla umuntu” (树挂牌，人包树).
• Igama lophawu lwetiye elibomvu alibizwa ngentaba, kodwa ngesizwe — “壮乡红”, “itiye elibomvu lomhlaba wamaZhuang”.
• Ohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano ne-European Union eduze kwalo kusuka eGuangxi kukhona iLiu Bao Cha neLingyun Baihao (凌云白毫).

13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aseGuangxi

• ILiu Bao Cha (六堡茶): Itiye elimnyama lesifunda saseCangwu, itiye elidume kakhulu laseGuangxi.
• ILingyun Hong Cha (凌云红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esinezintaba iLingyun enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi.
• IZhaoping Hong Cha (昭平红茶): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lesifunda iZhaoping empumalanga yesifunda esizimele.
• IDongfang Meiren (東方美人): Ioolong yaseTaiwan ene-oxidized kakhulu, okwathi, ngokwe-portal yamagugu angabonakali, yaba yisibonelo setiye elibomvu iGulyao Cha.

Ekuphetheni:

IGulyao Cha itiye lehlathi lezihlahla ezindala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeGuangxi, elikhule laba imboni: kusuka eqabungeni elomiswe elangeni netiye eliluhlaza kuya kwibomvu “壮乡红” nokuvikelwa kusukela ngo-2014. Uma ulithenga, kufanele ubuze kokubili isigaba nemvelaphi yeqabunga — kusuka ezihlahleni ezindala zentaba iGulyao noma ezivandeni ezintsha.