Chāngníng hóngchá

Changning Hongcha (Chāngníng hóngchá, 昌宁红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Changning (昌宁县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Baoshan kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Yunnan. Mbiri ya tiyi ya m’bomali ndi yakale kuposa tiyi wofiira: anayamba kupanga tiyiyu kutsatira dziko loyandikana nalo la Fengqing, kumene mu 1938 fakitale yoyesera inayamba kupanga dianhong (滇红). Lero «昌宁红» ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha m’bomali, chotetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo komanso ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo; zopangira, dera ndi ukadaulo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo wa m’deralo.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wophika mokwanira. Gulu lasonyezedwa m’dzina; dzina lenileni la chizindikiro ndi «昌宁红茶,CHANGNINGHONGCHA».
Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan, malinga ndi zolembedwa ndi mbali ya banja la dianhong; chizindikiro cha malo chotsimikizika komanso mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), chigawo cha mzinda wa Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), boma la Changning (昌宁县, Chāngníng Xiàn). Mndandanda wa zigawo wa zizindikiro umatchula boma ngati malo a eni ake. Dera lotetezedwa la mankhwala a GI, malinga ndi zowonjezera za muyezo wa m’deralo, ndi matauni ndi midzi khumi ya m’bomali: Tianyuan (田园), Mangshui (漭水), Jifei (鸡飞), Wengdu (翁堵), Wenquan (温泉), Mengtong (勐统), Gengjia (更戛), Datianba (大田坝), Kejie (柯街) ndi Goujie (耈街).
Zogwirizana za malo: Boma la Changning pafupifupi 24.8° kumpoto ndi 99.6° kum’mawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Ming — msonkho. Malinga ndi zolembedwa, m’nthawi ya Ming Hongwu ndi Jingtai tiyi wa ku Changning ankatumizidwa ku nyumba yachifumu.
- 1938 — dianhong wa pafupi. Mu 1938 fakitale yoyesera ku Shunning (顺宁, lero Fengqing) inayamba kupanga dianhong — tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan. Alimi a madera a ku Changning kumalire ndi Fengqing, malinga ndi zolembedwa, anayesa kubwereza ukadaulo, koma kwa nthawi yaitali sanapambane.
- 1953 — zoyesa zoyamba. Malinga ndi zolembedwa zomwezo, mu 1953 ku Youdian (右甸) anayamba kupanga tiyi wofiira moyesera.
- 1986. Unduna wa Zaulimi, Zoweta ndi Usodzi unaphatikiza Changning pamodzi ndi Anxi (Fujian), Fuyang (Zhejiang) ndi Yuexi (Anhui) m’gulu loyamba la «maboma — maziko a tiyi wabwino» la dziko lonse.
- 1980–1990. Malinga ndi zolembedwa, tiyi wofiira wa ku Changning ankatumizidwa ku Great Britain, USSR, Poland — okwana mayiko ndi madera opitirira makumi awiri.
- 2014–2015 — chitetezo. Malinga ndi zolembedwa, chizindikiro «昌宁红茶» chinavomerezedwa pa 28 Januware 2014, chitetezo cha mankhwala a GI cha AQSIQ pa 19 Juni 2015; nkhani ya Unduna wa Zaulimi imayika zochitika zonse ziwiri mu 2015. M’ndandanda wa zizindikiro za zigawo pa 28 Disembala 2019 chizindikirochi chilipo; ngati chikugwira ntchito lero, sichinatsimikizidwe.
- 2016. Boma linalowa m’gulu khumi la «madera osangalatsa kwambiri a tiyi ku China». Malinga ndi deta ya boma, chaka chimenecho Changning anapanga matani 24,200 a tiyi wouma.
- 2018 ndi 2023 — muyezo. Muyezo wa m’deralo wa Yunnan DB53/T 856—2018 «地理标志产品昌宁红茶» unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Juni 2018; unapangidwa ndi maofesi a boma oyang’anira msika ndi a zaulimi. Kusinthidwa kwa DB53/T 856—2023 kunasindikizidwa pa 10 Julaye ndipo kunayamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Okutobala 2023.
- 2022. Malinga ndi zolembedwa, ukadaulo wopanga tiyi wofiira wa ku Changning unalembedwa pa mndandanda wa zigawo wa chikhalidwe chosakhala chakuthupi.
Dzina:
- «Changning» (昌宁) ndi dzina la boma.
- «Hongcha» (红茶, hóngchá) ndi «tiyi wofiira»; chizindikiro cha boma chimafupikitsidwa kuti «昌宁红».
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi nkhani pa tsamba la Unduna wa Zaulimi, Changning ili kumtunda kwa dera la tiyi la mtsinje wa Lancang ndipo inali siteshoni yofunikira ya njira ya Tiyi ndi Mahatchi (茶马古道); mitengo yakale ya tiyi pano imayandikana ndi minda ikuluikulu yamakono.

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi muyezo DB53/T 856—2023 zopangira ndi masamba atsopano a mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng); minda yatsopano imakhazikitsidwa ndi mbande za clone, mitundu yeniyeni sinatchulidwe. Malinga ndi nkhani pa tsamba la Unduna wa Zaulimi, kafukufuku wa 2006 anapeza pakati pa mitengo yakale ya m’boma tiyi wakuthengo wa Dali (大理茶, Camellia taliensis), tiyi wamtundu wa pu’er (普洱茶, Camellia sinensis var. assamica) ndi mitundu yawo yosakanikirana; tsamba la mitengo yakale limafotokozedwa ngati «lakuda, lofewa komanso lofatsa» (厚嫩柔软).
Kututa: Malinga ndi zolembedwa, makamaka m’chaka cha masika, pang’ono m’chaka cha kupukuta.
Muyezo wa kututa: Malinga ndi muyezo — mphukira, mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi kapena mphukira ndi masamba awiri; gulu lililonse limatutidwa payokha.
Zofunika pa zopangira: Masamba atsopano ochokera m’dera lotetezedwa m’boma la Changning; malamulo a kubzala ndi feteleza amakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Kumadzulo kwa Yunnan, kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Lancang; nkhani pa tsamba la Unduna wa Zaulimi imatchula mapiri aatali ndi zigwa zakuya, chifunga ndi mame.
Kutalika kwa kulima: Muyezowo umakhazikitsa minda pa 1600–2200 m. Mitengo yakale ya tiyi, malinga ndi nkhani pa tsamba la Unduna wa Zaulimi, imamera pa kutalika kwa 1400–2300 m; tsamba la zolembedwa limatchula 1400–2500 m.
Malo: Malinga ndi deta ya boma m’nkhani ya Unduna wa Zaulimi — pafupifupi ma mu 313,000 a minda, kuphatikizapo ma mu 49,000 a mitengo yakale; mitengo yakale ndi yopitirira 200,000, yakale kwambiri ndi yopitirira zaka 1600. Tsamba la zolembedwa pa kalembera limatchula ma mu 36,900 ndi mitengo 154,000 yazaka zopitirira zana; kuyerekezera kuti ndi kolondola, sikutheka.
Dothi: Malinga ndi muyezo — dothi lofiira ndi lachikasu-lofiira lokhala ndi pH 4.5–6.5, zinthu za organic zosachepera 1.5%, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 100 cm.
Nyengo: Palibe manambala a nyengo omwe anapezeka m’magwero.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Zinthu zimakhazikitsidwa ndi muyezo wa m’deralo DB53/T 856—2023.

Kututa (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Mphukira, mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi ndi mphukira ndi masamba awiri zimatutidwa padera.
Kufota (萎凋 — wěidiāo): M’chikho ndi mpweya wozizira (osapitirira 35 °C, maola 6–8) kapena mwachilengedwe m’nyumba (20–22 °C, maola 8–16) mpaka chinyezi cha tsamba 58–62%.
Kupota (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Pa 20–24 °C, kuchokera mphindi 30–40 pa mphukira mpaka mphindi 60–90 pa mphukira ndi masamba awiri.
Kuvunda (发酵 — fājiào): Pa 25–28 °C ndi chinyezi 80–90% mpaka fungo la maluwa ndi zipatso ndi mtundu wofiira-wachikasu wa tsamba powala.
Kuyanika (干燥 — gānzào): Moto woyamba (毛火 — máohuǒ) pa 110–120 °C mpaka chinyezi 20–25%, kuzizira kwa maola 1–2, kenako moto wokwanira (足火 — zúhuǒ) pa 90–100 °C mpaka chinyezi chosapitirira 6%.
Kukonza (精制 — jīngzhì): Kusefa, kudula, kupeta, kuchotsa timitengo, kusakaniza magulu ndi kuyanikanso pa 80–90 °C.

Malinga ndi zolembedwa, sukulu ya m’deralo imasunga kuvunda komenako kuti kukoma kukhale kwatsopano.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kuwona

Kufotokoza kochokera ku uthenga wa boma wokhudza muyezo wa 2018; m’kusinthidwa kwa 2023 pafupifupi chimodzimodzi kunafotokozedwa gulu loyamba (一级) — lachiwiri mwa magulu anayi pambuyo pa lapamwamba (特级):

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Zopota zakuda, zolimba zokhala ndi nsonga zambiri zakuthwa (条索肥硕紧结多锋苗); mtundu wakuda-bulauni, wamafuta, wokhala ndi tsitsi lofiira loyera looneka bwino (色泽乌褐油润显金毫).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera.
Fungo la madzi: Kotsekemera komanso kochuluka (香气甜香浓郁); mu muyezo fungo limayikidwa m’zizindikiro za madzi (内质).
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kochuluka, kolimba (滋味鲜浓醇厚).
Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira kwambiri, woyera, wokhala ndi mzere wagolide (汤色红艳明亮带金圈).
Masamba otsala (pambuyo pophika): Tsamba lakuda lofewa ndi mphukira zambiri, mtundu wofiira wofanana, wowala (叶底肥嫩多芽红匀明亮).

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zizindikiro za tiyi womalizidwa malinga ndi muyezo DB53/T 856—2023: zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi zosachepera 38%, polyphenols a tiyi 7–18%, chinyezi chosapitirira 7%, phulusa lonse losapitirira 6%, fiber yosapitirira 15%, zidutswa zazing’ono zosapitirira 1.5%.

Tsamba la zolembedwa, potengera kafukufuku wa zopangira, limatchula pa tsamba: zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi zopitirira 45%, ma amino acid 2.87%, caffeine 4.29%, polyphenols 32.31%; njira ndi chaka sizinatchulidwe, gwero loyambirira silinapezeke. Izi ndi manambala a zopangira, sangathe kufananizidwa ndi muyezo wa tiyi womalizidwa.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Palibe malangizo apadera; m’munsiyi ndi zinthu zanthawi zonse za tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150 ml.
Zombo: Gaiwan yoyera ya porcelain kapena mbale — pa yoyera mzere wagolide wa madzi umawoneka.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zombo.
2. Ikani tiyi.
3. Nyowetsani masamba mwachidule ndi madzi otentha ndikuwataya.
4. Kupaka koyamba — masekondi 15–30 mu gaiwan.
5. Tsanulirani kwathunthu.
6. Kubwereza kuthira ndikuwonjezera masekondi 10–15.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. M’paketi yolimba, pamalo owuma ozizira amdima, popanda fungo lachilendo; firiji siyofunikira. Muyezowo umafuna nyumba yosungiramo yoyera yopanda dzuwa lolunjika ndipo umapereka nthawi yosungira yosapitirira miyezi 36.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero omwe anapezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani pa paketi chizindikiro cha malo «昌宁红茶» kapena chizindikiro cha mankhwala a GI.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera m’boma la Changning.
- Kumbukirani kuti tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan amapangidwa m’maboma ambiri; dzina «dianhong» popanda kutchula Changning silikutanthauza chiyambi.
- Fananizani maonekedwe ndi muyezo: zopota zakuda zolimba zokhala ndi tsitsi lofiira loyera, madzi ofiira kwambiri.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Mu 1986 Changning analowa m’gulu loyamba la «maboma — maziko a tiyi wabwino» ku China pamodzi ndi Anxi, Fuyang ndi Yuexi.
Muyezowo umagawa tiyi womalizidwa m’magulu anayi — kuchokera pamwamba (特级) mpaka wachitatu (三级).
Kusinthidwa kwa muyezo wa 2023 kunalemba mwachindunji m’tanthauzo la mankhwala mtundu wa tsamba lalikulu la ku Yunnan.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wofiira

Fengqing Hongcha (凤庆红茶): Boma loyandikana nalo, kumene mu 1938 anayamba kupanga dianhong; tiyi wofiira unabwera ku Changning kuchokera kuno.
Dianhong (滇红): Dzina lonse la tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan; Changning Hongcha ndi nthambi ya m’boma lake ndi chitetezo chake.
Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): Gongfu-hong wakale wa ku Anhui — chigawo china ndi zopangira zina.

Pomaliza:

Changning Hongcha ndi tiyi wofiira wa ku Yunnan wochokera ku masamba akuluakulu a m’boma lomwe lili ndi mbiri yaitali ya tiyi ndi muyezo wake, momwe mwalembedwa dera, minda ndi sitepe iliyonse ya kukonza. Maonekedwe ake ndi odziwika: zopota zakuda zolimba zokhala ndi tsitsi lofiira loyera, madzi ofiira kwambiri okhala ndi mzere wagolide, fungo lotsekemera lochuluka.

Magwero

Miyezo

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero