Chāngníng hóngchá

I-Changning Hongcha (Chāngníng hóngchá, 昌宁红茶) itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Changning (昌宁县) esifundeni sedolobha i-Baoshan entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Yunnan. Umlando wetiye walesi sifunda mdala kunetiye elibomvu: laqala ukwenziwa kulandela umakhelwane i-Fengqing, lapho ngo-1938 imboni yokuhlola yaqala ukukhiqiza i-dianhong (滇红). Namuhla «昌宁红» wuphawu oluyinhloko lwesifunda, oluvikelwe kokubili njengophawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo; impahla eluhlaza, indawo kanye nobuchwepheshe kunqunywa yizinga lendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), elivutshelwe ngokuphelele. Isigaba sivezwe egameni; igama eliqondile lophawu lithi «昌宁红茶,CHANGNINGHONGCHA».
Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan, ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, liyingxenye yomndeni we-dianhong; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kanye nomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Yunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda sedolobha i-Baoshan (保山, Bǎoshān), isifunda sase-Changning (昌宁县, Chāngníng Xiàn). Uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu lubonisa isifunda njengendawo yomnikazi. Indawo yokuvikelwa yomkhiqizo we-GI, ngokwesithasiselo sezinga lendawo, iyimiphakathi eyishumi kanye nezigodi zesifunda: i-Tianyuan (田园), i-Mangshui (漭水), i-Jifei (鸡飞), i-Wengdu (翁堵), i-Wenquan (温泉), i-Mengtong (勐统), i-Gengjia (更戛), i-Datianba (大田坝), i-Kejie (柯街) kanye ne-Goujie (耈街).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Changning cishe singu-24.8° enyakatho kanye no-99.6° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-Ming — intela. Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ngezikhathi ze-Ming Hongwu ne-Jingtai, itiye lase-Changning lalethwa enkantolo.
- 1938 — i-dianhong kamakhelwane. Ngo-1938 imboni yokuhlola e-Shunning (顺宁, manje eyi-Fengqing) eseduze yaqala ukwenza i-dianhong — itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan. Abalimi bezifunda zase-Changning emngceleni ne-Fengqing, ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, bazama ukuphinda ubuchwepheshe, kodwa isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwempumelelo.
- 1953 — imizamo yokuqala. Ngokwemininingwane efanayo, ngo-1953 e-Youdian (右甸) kwaqala ukukhiqizwa kokuhlolwa kwetiye elibomvu.
- 1986. UMnyango Wezolimo, Ezokufuya kanye Nezokudoba wafaka i-Changning kanye ne-Anxi (Fujian), i-Fuyang (Zhejiang) kanye ne-Yuexi (Anhui) eqenjini lokuqala likazwelonke lezifunda «eziyizisekelo zetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu».
- 1980–1990s. Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, itiye elibomvu lase-Changning lathunyelwa e-Great Britain, e-Soviet Union, e-Poland — sezizonke emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili.
- 2014–2015 — ukuvikelwa. Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, uphawu «昌宁红茶» lwaqashelwa zingama-28 kuMasingana 2014, ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo we-GI AQSIQ kwaba ziyi-19 kuNhlangulana 2015; impahla yoMnyango Wezolimo ibeka zombili lezi zigameko ku-2015. Ohlwini lwezifundazwe lwezimpawu lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 uphawu luveziwe; ukuthi lusasebenza yini manje, akuhloliwe.
- 2016. Isifunda sangena kwabayishumi «bezindawo zetiye ezikhanga kakhulu e-China». Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ngalowo nyaka i-Changning yakhiqiza amathani angama-24.2 ezinkulungwane zetiye elomile.
- 2018 kanye no-2023 — izinga. Izinga lendawo lase-Yunnan DB53/T 856—2018 «Umkhiqizo Wendawo 昌宁红茶» laqala ukusebenza kusukela zi-1 kuNhlangulana 2018; lahlanganiswa yizinhlaka zesifunda zokuqondisa imakethe kanye nezolimo. Ukuhlelwa kabusha DB53/T 856—2023 kwashicilelwa ziyi-10 kuNtulikazi futhi kwaqaliswa ziyi-10 kuMfumfu 2023.
- 2022. Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza itiye elibomvu lase-Changning bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu amasiko angaphatheki.
Igama:
- «Changning» (昌宁) yigama lesifunda.
- «Hongcha» (红茶, hóngchá) lisho «itiye elibomvu»; uphawu lwesifunda lufushaniswa ngokuthi «昌宁红».
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, i-Changning isezindaweni eziphakeme zesifunda setiye somfula i-Lancang futhi yayiyisiteshi esibalulekile soMkhondo Wamahhashi Netiye (茶马古道); izihlahla zetiye ezindala lapha zihlala eduze kwezingadi ezinkulu zanamuhla.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza

Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokwezinga DB53/T 856—2023 impahla eluhlaza iyiqabunga elisha lohlobo lwase-Yunnan olunamaqabunga amakhulu (云南大叶种, Yúnnán dàyèzhǒng); izingadi ezintsha zitshalwa ngezithombo eziyizigaxa, izigaxa eziqondile azibiziwe. Ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, ukuhlolwa kwango-2006 kwathola phakathi kwezihlahla ezindala zesifunda itiye lasendle lase-Dali (大理茶, Camellia taliensis), itiye le-puerh elitshaliwe (普洱茶, Camellia sinensis var. assamica) kanye nezingxube zazo zemvelo; iqabunga lezihlahla ezindala lapho lichazwa ngokuthi «likhulu, lithambile futhi lithambile» (厚嫩柔软).
Ukuvuna: Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, kancane ekwindla.
Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwezinga — ihlumela, ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa noma ihlumela elinamacembe amabili; isigaba ngasinye sivunwa ngokwehlukana.
Izidingo zempahla eluhlaza: Iqabunga elisha elivela endaweni yokuvikelwa esifundeni sase-Changning; imithetho yokutshala kanye nokuvundisa inqunywa yizinga.

4. I-Terroir Kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Intshonalanga ye-Yunnan, izindawo eziphakeme zomfula i-Lancang; impahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo ikhuluma ngezintaba eziphakeme nezigodi ezijulile, inkungu namazolo.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Izinga libeka ezingadini 1600–2200 m. Izihlahla zetiye ezindala, ngokwempahla kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo, zikhula ekuphakameni okungu-1400–2300 m; iwebhusayithi eyinkomba ibiza ibhande elingu-1400–2500 m.
Ubukhulu: Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda empahleni yoMnyango Wezolimo — cishe ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-313 wezingadi, kuhlanganise nama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-49 ezindala; izihlahla ezindala zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili, ezindala kakhulu zineminyaka engaphezu kwe-1600. Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba ngokubalwa komndeni ibiza ama-mu ayizinkulungwane ezingama-36.9 kanye nezihlahla eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-154 ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu; ukuthi yikuphi ukulinganisa okunembile, akunakunqunywa.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwezinga — inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi-ebomvu ene-pH 4.5–6.5, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1.5 %, ukujula kongqimba okungekho ngaphansi kuka-100 cm.
Isimo sezulu: Izinombolo zesimo sezulu azikho emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Imingcele inqunywa yizinga lendawo DB53/T 856—2023.

Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ihlumela, ihlumela elineqabunga, kanye nehlumela elinamacembe amabili kuvunwa ngokwehlukana.
Ukubunaza (萎凋 — wěidiāo): Emgodini onomoya (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-35 °C, amahora angu-6–8) noma ngokwemvelo endlini (20–22 °C, amahora angu-8–16) — kuze kube umswakama weqabunga ungu-58–62 %.
Ukusonta (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Ku-20–24 °C, kusukela emizuzwini engu-30–40 ehlumeni kuya emizuzwini engu-60–90 ehlumeni elinamacembe amabili.
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào): Ku-25–28 °C kanye nomswakama ongu-80–90 % — kuze kube yilapho kunuka izimbali nezithelo futhi umbala weqabunga uba bomvu-phuzi ekukhanyeni.
Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào): Umlilo wokuqala (毛火 — máohuǒ) ku-110–120 °C kuze umswakama ube ngu-20–25 %, ukuphola amahora angu-1–2, bese kuba umlilo ogcwele (足火 — zúhuǒ) ku-90–100 °C kuze umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6 %.
Ukuqeda (精制 — jīngzhì): Ukusefa, ukusika, ukupepeta, ukukhetha iziqu, ukuhlanganisa izingxenyana kanye nokomisa kabusha ku-80–90 °C.

Ngokwemininingwane eyinkomba, isikole sendawo sigcina ukuvutshelwa okulula ukuze kugcinwe ubusha bokunambitheka.

6. Izici Zezinzwa

Incazelo ivela embikweni wesifunda ngezinga lika-2018; ekuhlelweni kuka-2023 kucishe kufane nokuchazwa kwebanga lokuqala (一级) — elesibili kwamane ngemuva kwebanga eliphezulu (特级):

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imisonde emikhulu, eminyene enezihloko eziningi ezibukhali (条索肥硕紧结多锋苗); umbala umnyama-nsundu, onamafutha, ngoboya obubonakalayo obusagolide (色泽乌褐油润显金毫).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile.
Iphunga lokumnika: Limnandi futhi licebile (香气甜香浓郁); ezingeni iphunga libekwa ezinkomba zokumnika (内质).
Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kucebile, kuminyene (滋味鲜浓醇厚).
Umbala wokumnika: Ubomvu ogqamile, osobala, onomphetho osagolide (汤色红艳明亮带金圈).
Isisele setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Iqabunga elikhulu elithambile elinezihlumela eziningi, umbala obomvu olinganayo, ogqamile (叶底肥嫩多芽红匀明亮).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinkomba zetiye eseliphelile ngokwezinga DB53/T 856—2023: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-38 %, ama-phenol etiye 7–18 %, umswakama ongaphezu kuka-7 %, umlotha ophelele ongaphezu kuka-6 %, i-cellulose ongaphezu kuka-15 %, imvuthuluka ongaphezu kuka-1.5 %.

Iwebhusayithi eyinkomba, icaphuna ukuhlolwa kwempahla eluhlaza, inikeza ngeqabunga: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini ezingaphezu kuka-45 %, ama-amino acid 2.87 %, i-caffeine 4.29 %, ama-phenol 32.31 %; indlela nonyaka akuchaziwe, umthombo wokuqala awutholakalanga. Lezi ziyizinombolo zempahla eluhlaza, azinakuqhathaniswa nezinga letiye eseliphelile.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile; ngezansi kunezimiso ezijwayelekile zetiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan.

Izinga lokushisa kwamanzi: 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma itepoti — kokumhlophe kubonakala umphetho osagolide wokumnika.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa isitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Mboza kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachithe.
4. Ukumnika kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–30 e-gaiwan.
5. Thela ngokuphelele.
6. Ukuphinda ukuthela ngokungeza imizuzwana engu-10–15.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aminyene, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle; isiqandisi asidingeki. Izinga lidinga indawo yokugcina ehlanzekile enomoya ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile futhi linikeza isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi esingekho ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezingama-36.

10. Intengo Kanye Nokomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Indlela yokugwema okomgunyathi:
- Funani ephaketheni uphawu lwendawo «昌宁红茶» noma uphawu lomkhiqizo we-GI.
- Hlolani ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Changning.
- Khumbulani ukuthi itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan lenziwa ezifundeni eziningi; igama «dianhong» ngaphandle kokusho i-Changning alisho ukuthi livela lapho.
- Qhathanisani ukubukeka nezinga: imisonde emikhulu eminyene enoboya obusagolide, umniko obomvu ogqamile.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ngo-1986 i-Changning yangena eqenjini lokuqala lezifunda «eziyizisekelo zetiye elisezingeni eliphezulu» lase-China kanye ne-Anxi, i-Fuyang kanye ne-Yuexi.
Izinga lihlukanisa itiye eseliphelile ngamabanga amane — kusukela kweliphezulu (特级) kuya kwelesithathu (三级).
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezinga kuka-2023 kwabhala ngokuqondile encazelweni yomkhiqizo uhlobo lwase-Yunnan olunamaqabunga amakhulu.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu

I-Fengqing Hongcha (凤庆红茶): Isifunda esingumakhelwane, lapho ngo-1938 kwaqalwa khona ukwenza i-dianhong; itiye elibomvu lafika e-Changning lisuka lapha.
I-Dianhong (滇红): Igama elijwayelekile letiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan; i-Changning Hongcha iyingxenye yesifunda salo enokuvikelwa kwayo.
I-Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): I-gongfu-hong yakudala yase-Anhui — esinye isifundazwe nempahla ehlukile.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Changning Hongcha itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan elivela empahleni enamaqabunga amakhulu yesifunda esinomlando omude wetiye kanye nezinga laso, lapho kubhalwe khona indawo, izingadi kanye nesinyathelo ngasinye sokucubungula. Ukubukeka kwayo kuyabonakala: imisonde emikhulu eminyene enoboya obusagolide, umniko obomvu ogqamile onomphetho osagolide, iphunga elimnandi elicebile.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo