Zhōuníng gāoshān yúnwù chá

I-Zhouning Gaoshan Yunwu Cha (Zhōuníng gāoshān yúnwù chá, 周宁高山云雾茶) — “itiye lasentabeni elinamafu laseZhouning”, igama letiye lesifunda saseZhouning (周宁县) esifundazweni sikaMasipala iNingde enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseFujian. Lokhu akusona isigaba esisodwa: ngaphansi kwaleli gama ososayensi bacwaninge amatiye aluhlaza, abomvu namhlophe esifunda, nakuba izinga lomkhiqizo libhalelwe itiye eliluhlaza. Kusukela ngo-2017, ngokwe-“Fujian Daily”, leli gama livikelwa njengophawu lukahulumeni lwesitifiketi sendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo nesigaba: Ibhrendi yesifunda engenasigaba esisodwa. Ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwahlanganisa amasampula angama-73 ngaphansi kwaleli gama: angama-26 aluhlaza, angama-28 abomvu, nangu-19 amhlophe. Incwadi yeFujian Yanhuang Culture Research Society (2021) ithi izinga lomkhiqizo libhalelwe itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa kusetshenziswa izinto ezifanayo ukwenza itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseFujian (福建, Fújiàn), umasipala wedolobha iNingde (宁德, Níngdé), isifunda saseZhouning (周宁, Zhōuníng).
• Ukuvikelwa: Uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2017). Inombolo, umnikazi, nemingcele yendawo akukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa: ikhasi lesifundazwe lobhaliso aliphenduli.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda saseZhouning cishe siku-27.1° enyakatho no-119.3° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • I-Tang — Qing. Ngokwemibhalo yendawo, itiye belilinywa lapha kusukela nge-Tang ne-Song, ukuchuma kwafika nge-Ming ne-Qing; i-“China Network” (2022) ithi ngeminyaka ye-Xianfeng ne-Tongzhi lalithunyelwa eNtshonalanga Yurophu naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
  • Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society, izingadi nezinkampani zetiye zazikhona kuso sonke isifunda, futhi itiye elenziwe lalingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zamabhokisi ngonyaka. Ekupheleni kwe-Qing, ngokwamazwi ochwepheshe kuleyo ncwadi, ngezigodi zamatiye zomfula iLongtingxi (龙亭溪) kwakunenkulumo ethi “金渡头、银进登、铜桃岭、铁那坑” — “i-Dutou yegolide, i-Jindeng yesiliva, i-Taoling yethusi, i-Nakeng yensimbi”.
  • I-Guansi. Uhlobo lwendawo olwaziwa kakhulu yitiye lesigodi saseGuansi, lapho, ngokwaleyo ncwadi, itiye belilinywa kusukela ngeminyaka ye-Wanli (万历) yohlanga lwe-Ming. Linophawu lwalo (isigaba 13).
  • 2017. Ngokwe-“Fujian Daily” (2025), igama laba uphawu lukahulumeni lwesitifiketi sendawo. Isifunda, ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society, samukela izinga lomkhiqizo wetiye eliluhlaza kanye nemithetho yokusebenzisa uphawu; izinsuku zokwamukelwa kwazo azikho emithonjeni.
  • 2018. Itiye elibomvu lomkhiqizo wendawo “海雾” lathola igolide embukisweni we-China wezwe wamatiye wesibili.
• Igama: 高山 (gāoshān) — “izintaba eziphakeme”, 云雾 (yúnwù) — “amafu nenkungu”. Isifunda sinesidlaliso esithi “idolobha elingaphezu kwamafu”.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society, isivakashi sinikezwa kuqala “itiye elinoshukela we-candy” (冰糖茶), futhi ekukhunjulweni kokhokho, emishadweni nasemingcwabeni kubekwa izinkomishi ezimbili zetiye. I-“China Network” ithi ushokholethi wezindaba zetiye uZhang Tianfu (张天福) ongasekho ushiyele leli tiye umbhalo othi “清韵天然” — “ubuhle bemvelo obumsulwa”.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

• Izinhlobo: Ngokwemibhalo ka-2021 no-2025, esifundeni kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili zesihlahla setiye; akukho hlobo olulodwa lwaleli gama.
• Imiphakathi yendawo evikelwe: “官司菜茶” (guānsī càichá), “汤家山菜茶” (tāngjiāshān càichá) kanye “祖垅野生茶” (zǔlǒng yěshēng chá) zifakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile zesihlahla setiye. Le yokugcina, ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society, ikhula eduze kwesigodi saseZulong esigodini saseChunchi endaweni ecishe ibe ngu-200 mu; umbhalo wokuqala ngayo usencwadini ye-Ming kaFeng Menglong (冯梦龙) ethi “寿宁待志”.
• Ezinye izinhlobo: Umbiko wokuvakasha esifundeni ubala i-福云6号, i-福安大白茶, i-梅占, i-金牡丹 ne-紫玫瑰.
• Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: Ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society — amahlumela asekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ngokuvamile ihlumela eliqhakazile elineqabunga elilodwa.

4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshalwa

• Isifunda: Izintaba ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeFujian. Ubude obumaphakathi besifunda bucishe bube ngu-800 m, isikhungo sesifunda singama-886 m; kukhona iziqongo ezingaphezu kwe-1000 m, ngokombiko wokuvakasha, zingama-288.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokombhalo wesifundazwe ka-2025, unyaka wonke kunamazolo amaningi nenkungu eshinyeneyo, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku. Ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society (2021), phakathi nehlobo izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi emini licishe libe ngu-24 °C, futhi ukuminyana kwehlathi kungama-72 %.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwencwadi ye-Yanhuang Society — ngokuyinhloko inhlabathi evundile ephuzi ebomvu.
• Ukuphakama nekhwalithi: Ucwaningo lwamasampula angama-73 lubheka izingadi eziphakeme ngaphezu kwe-300 m: itiye eliluhlaza elivela kuzo lalinama-amino acid amaningi ne-caffeine encane.
• Ubukhulu: Izingadi zesifunda zingama-107.7 ezinkulungwane ze-mu (imibhalo ka-2021 no-2025); umkhiqizo wawungamathani angu-10.5 ezinkulungwane ngo-2019 no-12.6 wamathani ezinkulungwane ngo-2024.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe buxhomeke esigabeni; incazelo yokusebenza ngokulandelana kanye nemingcele ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko wokuvakasha, phambilini amaqabunga ayesetshenziselwa kakhulu itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa isidingo setiye elimhlophe saphakamisa intengo yezinto.

Kwitiye eliluhlaza, ngezansi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe baleli tiye:

1. Ukuhlakazwa kwamaqabunga amasha (摊放, tānfàng).
2. Ukuqedwa kokusabela (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
3. Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào).

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Ngezansi itiye eliluhlaza, ngokwamazwi ochwepheshe encwadini ye-Yanhuang Society (2021).

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Iqabunga eliluhlaza elilinganayo elinamaphuzu amancane avelayo amahlumela (匀整翠绿，微露锋苗).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo etholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshala: Iphunga eliqinile leqabunga elincane (嫩香持久).
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuthambile nokuhlala isikhathi eside (鲜醇悠长); ngemva kokugwinya, iphunga lihlala emlonyeni. Abacwaningi baka-2021 bachaza ukunambitheka njengo-浓厚鲜爽 — okugcwele, okuminyene nokusha.
• Umbala wotshala: Oluhlaza okotshani othambile nokhanyayo (汤色嫩绿明亮).
• Iqabunga eliphisiwe: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

Incwadi efanayo ne-“Fujian Daily” bathi itiye liyakwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi (经泡耐饮).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ngokocwaningo lwamasampula angama-73 (iphephabhuku leFujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2021), izinto ezikhishwayo etiyeni eliluhlaza zingama-43.19 %, etiyeni elimhlophe — 45.82 %, isilinganiso se-polyphenols kuma-amino acid singu-3.75–3.91.

Ucwaningo lwetiye eliluhlaza (iphephabhuku “食品工业科技”, izilinganiso eziphakathi):

Isilinganiso	Okuqukethwe
Izinto ezikhishwayo	44.78 %
Ama-polyphenol	13.66 %
Ama-amino acid	3.01 %
I-caffeine	4.93 %
Ama-flavonoid	8.14 mg/g
Isilinganiso se-polyphenols kuma-amino acid	4.47

Kulolu cwaningo kutholakale izinhlanganisela ezinuka kamnandi ezingu-172, ikakhulukazi ama-hydrocarbon (51) nama-ester (48). Ngokocwaningo lwamasampula angama-73, itiye eliluhlaza elivela emphakathini wendawo we-caicha (菜茶) licebe kakhulu ngama-flavonoid, kanti ezinhlotsheni ezakhiselwa ama-oolong, ngokuvamile, kunama-polyphenol, i-caffeine nezinto ezikhishwayo eziningi.

8. Ukwenza Itiye

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi yegilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo: Shisisa isitsha, thela amanzi eceleni kodonga, ukuthelwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60; ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

Itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe lenziwa ngokomkhuba wesigaba sawo.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye eliluhlaza. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuliphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo zokuthengisa emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombhalo wesifundazwe (2025), ngo-2024 inani eliphelele lemboni yetiye yesifunda lalingu-1.87 wezigidigidi zama-yuan, inani lebhrendi lilinganiselwa ku-1.006 wezigidigidi zama-yuan.

• Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwesifunda kanye nokubhekisela esifundeni saseZhouning.
  • Isigaba sibheke elebula: ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuthengiswa itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimhlophe.
  • Ungadidanisi ne-Guansi Yunwu Cha — uphawu oluhlukile lwesigodi saseGuansi ngaphakathi kwalesi sifunda esifanayo — namanye amatiye “anamafu”: “yunwu” yigama elivamile.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Ingadi yesigodi saseQianxi, ngokombiko wokuvakasha, yashiywa ngo-1999 lapho izakhamuzi zithuthiselwa ngenxa yedamu; izihlahla zakhula zafinyelela ku-3–4 m, futhi itiye elivela kuzo libizwa ngokuthi “扳倒茶” — “itiye okufanele ligobiswe”.
• Ngo-1915 imithombo iyaphikisana: i-“China Network” ibhala ngesiliva lombukiso wasePanama wetiye laseGuansi, kanti incwadi ye-Yanhuang Society ibhala ngomklomelo walo mbukiso ofanayo we-Tanyang Gong Fu wesifunda esingumakhelwane saseFu’an.

12. Izinhlobo Nomakhelwane

• Itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimhlophe ngaphansi kwaleli gama: Izinga lomkhiqizo libhalelwe eliluhlaza; zonke izigaba ezintathu zacwaningwa ocwaningweni luka-2021.
• I-Guansi Yunwu Cha (官司云雾茶): Itiye lomlando lesigodi saseGuansi elinophawu lwalo — umkhiqizo osezingeni elingaphansi kwegama lesifunda.
• I-Shouning Gaoshan Cha (寿宁高山茶): Itiye lasentabeni elivikelwe lesifunda esingumakhelwane iShouning.
• I-Tanyang Gong Fu (坦洋工夫) ne-Bai Lin Gongfu (白琳工夫): Amatiye abomvu kamasipala iNingde, incwadi ye-Yanhuang Society ibeka kanye nawo itiye elibomvu laseZhouning.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Zhouning Gaoshan Yunwu Cha yigama lesifunda sasentabeni, hhayi itiye elilodwa: eliluhlaza elinezinga, kanye nelibomvu nelimhlophe. Isisekelo salo ukuphakama cishe okungu-800 m, amazolo nenkungu, imiphakathi yendawo ye-caicha; umthengi kufanele abheke uphawu nesigaba.