ISinqgang Hongcha (Xīngǎng hóngchá, 新岗红茶) — itiye elibomvu lasedolobhaneni lase-Qiashui (洽水镇) esifundeni sase-Huaiji (怀集县) esifundeni sikaMasipala waseZhaoqing enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Inhliziyo yokukhiqizwa — ihlathi likahulumeni lase-Xingang ngaphansi kwe-Dachouding, indawo ephakeme kakhulu yesifunda, engu-1626 m. Kwezobuchwepheshe kunezinqubo eziyishumi nanye, futhi ezimbili zazo — ukusonga ngendwangu kanye nokugazinga ukuze kutholeke iphunga elimnandi — zithathwe esikoleni se-oolong; ukumnika kuphuma kunephunga elicacile lezimbali nezithelo. Kusukela ngo-2018 itiye livikelwe njengomkhiqizo onesikhombo sendawo, kanti i-Qiashui ngokwayo imithombo yezindaba yendawo ikubiza ngokuthi ngelinye lamadolobhana etiye ayishumi ase-Guangdong.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá); isigaba sivezwe egameni, kanti i-«Minsheng zhoukan» ikubiza ngokuqondile ngetiye eligcwele ukuvutshelwa (全发酵茶).
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lasezintabeni lase-Guangdong; umkhiqizo onesikhombo sendawo (2018).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sikaMasipala waseZhaoqing (肇庆, Zhàoqìng), isifunda sase-Huaiji (怀集县, Huáijí Xiàn), idolobhana lase-Qiashui (洽水镇, Qiàshuǐ Zhèn). Indawo evikelwe — indawo yokuphatha yamanje yedolobhana lase-Qiashui.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda sase-Huaiji — cishe u-23.9° N no-112.2° E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Idolobhana lase-Chayan. Ngokwenganekwane yendawo, exoxwa kabusha umthombo wezindaba wendawo, emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule enyakatho ye-Qiashui kwakunedolobhana lase-Chayan (茶岩村, «idwala letiye»), elizungezwe izintaba ezigcwele itiye lasendle. Izakhamuzi zaziphila ngetiye: zazikhetha izihlahla ezinhle kakhulu futhi zizitshala. Imibhalo mayelana nokuqala kokutshalwa kwetiye emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- IXianfeng — itiye lebutho. Ngokwe-«Huaiji County Chronicle» (《怀集县志》) ekulandiseni kwawo lo mthombo, ngenyanga yeshumi yonyaka wesishiyagalolunye we-Xianfeng ibutho lamaTaiping langena e-Huaiji, lamisa ikamu edolobhaneni lase-Chayan futhi laqoqa itiye kulo lebutho.
- 1956 — ihlathi likahulumeni. Ngokwawo lo mthombo, iziphathimandla zaseZhaoqing zabela indawo yase-Xingang ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu zama-mu futhi zasungula ihlathi likahulumeni lase-Xingang. Kuleyo ndawo, ngosizo lwemali yakwamanye amazwe, kwasungulwa inkampani yezolimo eyathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bendawo futhi ikhiqiza itiye elibomvu lase-Xingang kanye ne-oolong yohlobo lwe-dongding (冻顶). Ekuqaleni kwezinguquko, kubhala lo mthombo, i-Xingang Hongcha yayisaziwa.
- 2016–2017 — imiklomelo. Ngokwemininingwane yomthombo wezindaba wendawo, ngo-2016 itiye lathola isitifiketi somkhiqizo oluhlaza (绿色食品) kanye negolide emncintiswaneni wasekwindla wamatiye adumile ase-Guangdong esigabeni setiye elibomvu, ngo-2017 — isiliva emncintiswaneni wasentwasahlobo kanye nesiqu sokuba ngumkhiqizo odumile wesifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东省名牌产品).
- 2018. Ngesimemezelo sika-2018 No. 31 sango-6 Mashi i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) yathatha i-Xingang Hongcha yayivikela njengomkhiqizo onesikhombo sendawo.
- 2020. Ngesimemezelo se-CNIPA No. 356 abakhiqizi ababili bavunyelwa ukusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo we-GI.
- Igama:
- «Xingang» (新岗) — ngokwezwi nezwi «igquma elisha», igama lendawo nehlathi likahulumeni.
- «Hongcha» (红茶, hóngchá) — «itiye elibomvu».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ku-Huaiji i-Xingang — ikhadi lokuvakasha letiye: idolobhana lase-Qiashui imithombo yezindaba yendawo ikufaka phakathi kwamadolobhana etiye ayishumi ase-Guangdong, kanti itiye elibomvu isifunda siyakhuthaza njengomunye wemikhiqizo yaso eyisithupha enesikhombo sendawo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Izinhlobo ngokombhalo wokuvikela emithonjeni etholakele azikho. Iphephandaba i-«Nanfang» libhala nge-Xingang Hongcha njenge-«oolong yasezintabeni eziphakeme ye-qingxin» (青心乌龙), okungase kukhombe uhlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe; isiqinisekiso emibhalweni emithonjeni etholakele asikho. Isigaba setiye lesi sitatimende asisishintshi: igama nobuchwepheshe — kwetiye elibomvu.
- Ukuvunwa: Izikhathi emithonjeni etholakele azikasho. Umagazini i-«Minsheng zhoukan» udlulisela umthetho wendawo wokuvuna — «kusenesikhathi, ngobumnene, njalo» (早、嫩、勤).
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ihlumela elineqabunga (一芽一叶); ngokwe-«Minsheng zhoukan» — ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa kuya kwamabili.
- Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Imvelaphi evela edolobhaneni lase-Qiashui.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: I-Qiashui isenyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Huaiji, emhlabeni wedolobhana kukhona i-Dachouding (大稠顶, 1626 m), indawo ephakeme kakhulu yase-Zhaoqing. Indawo iyizintaba, ezinesitebhisi. Indawo eyinhloko — ipulazi lase-Xingang — iphephandaba i-«Nanfang» liyichaza njengendawo lapho unyaka wonke kugcwele amafu nenkungu, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa asemini nasebusuku kanye nemvula eningi.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: I-«Nanfang» ibhala ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezivela ekuphakameni okusuka ku-600 m, i-«Minsheng zhoukan» — ngezingadi ezingaphezu kuka-800 m. Izinombolo emibhalweni yokuvikela emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezincazelo zendawo, ivundile; uhlobo lwenhlabathi emithonjeni etholakele alukho.
- Isimo sezulu: Sifudumele futhi sinomswakama; izinombolo zesimo sezulu emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Indawo: Imininingwane iyashiyana. Ngokomthombo wezindaba wendawo ka-2020, itiye, liqale endaweni yase-Xingang, lasakazekela kulo lonke idolobhana, futhi lingaphezu kuka-8000 mu; i-«Minsheng zhoukan» ngo-2025 ibiza indawo engaphansi kwetiye lase-Xingang ngo-1000 mu. Ukuthi umthombo ngamunye ubala yiphi indawo, emibhalweni etholakele akucacisiwe.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izinyathelo eziyishumi nanye, ngokwencazelo yemithombo yendawo:
- Ukuvuna (采摘 — cǎizhāi): Ihlumela elineqabunga.
- Ukubuna elangeni (日光萎凋 — rìguāng wěidiāo).
- Ukubuna endlini (室内萎凋 — shìnèi wěidiāo).
- Ukusonga nokubumba (揉捻做形 — róuniǎn zuòxíng).
- Ukuvutshelwa (发酵 — fājiào).
- Ukomiswa kokuqala (初烘 — chūhōng).
- Ukusonga ngendwangu nokubumba (包揉整形 — bāoróu zhěngxíng): Indlela yesikole se-oolong: iqabunga lisongwa ngendwangu futhi ligingqwe, kuqinisa ukusongeka.
- Ukomiswa okuphindwayo (复烘 — fùhōng).
- Ukuqinisa isimo (定型 — dìngxíng).
- Ukomiswa (干燥 — gānzào).
- Ukugazinga ukuze kutholeke iphunga (焙火提香 — bèihuǒ tíxiāng): Futhi indlela yesikole se-oolong.
Amazinga okushisa nezikhathi emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
6. Izici Zokunambitha
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile (条索紧结), kumnyama, kucwebezela ngamafutha (乌润油亮).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Licacile lezimbali nezithelo (花果香明显); i-«Minsheng zhoukan» liyiqhathanisa nezimbali noju.
- Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okumnene futhi okunoshukela, nokunambitheka okumnandi okuhlala isikhathi eside (滋味鲜爽嫩甜，回甘持久).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Kunsundu-bomvu, kukhanya (汤色棕红明亮).
- Igqabi letiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Incazelo ehlukile ayikho.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele ayikho. Imibhalo yokukhangisa yendawo ikhuluma ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-anthocyanins, kodwa indlela nezinombolo ayizinikezi; lokhu akunakuthathwa njengokuqinisekisiwe.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Izincomo ezihlukile ze-Xingang Hongcha emithonjeni etholakele azikho; ngezansi — amapharamitha avamile etiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g ngo-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan emhlophe ye-porcelain noma i-teapot — ukuze ubone umbala wokuphisa.
- Inqubo:
- Ukufudumeza isitsha.
- Ukubeka itiye.
- Ukumanzisa kafushane iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo bese uyawachitha.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-15–30 ku-gaiwan.
- Ukuthela ngokuphelele.
- Ukuphisa okuphindwayo ngokwengeza imizuzwana engu-10–15.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aqinile, endaweni eyomile epholile emnyama, ngaphandle kwephunga langaphandle. Isiqandisi asidingeki.
10. Intengo kanye Namafekhisi
Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ukwazi ukugwema amafekhisi:
- Bheka emaphaketheni uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo we-GI; ngokwesimemezelo se-CNIPA sika-2020 ilungelo lokulusebenzisa linikezwe abakhiqizi ababili.
- Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi usedolobhaneni lase-Qiashui: indawo evikelwe — yilo kuphela.
- Iqabunga — ukusongeka okumnyama okucwebezelayo okuqinile; iphunga — elicacile lezimbali nezithelo.
- Ukuphisa — kunsundu-bomvu futhi kukhanya.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ezinqubweni eziyishumi nanye ezimbili — ukusonga ngendwangu nokugazinga ukuze kutholeke iphunga — zivela esikoleni se-oolong.
- Izingadi zimi ngaphansi kwe-Dachouding, indawo ephakeme kakhulu yesifunda sase-Zhaoqing.
- Ihlathi likahulumeni, emhlabeni walo okukhula itiye, ngokomthombo wezindaba wendawo, lasungulwa ngo-1956.
- Isifunda sase-Huaiji sinemikhiqizo eyisithupha enesikhombo sendawo; itiye elibomvu — ngomunye wabo.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye abomvu
- I-Huaiji Hongcha (怀集红茶): Ukubukwa okubanzi kwamatiye abomvu esifunda sonke sase-Huaiji; i-Xingang — igama elivikelwe ledolobhana elilodwa ngaphakathi kwaso.
- I-Yingde Hongcha (英德红茶): Itiye elibomvu elidumile lase-Guangdong elivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezinamaqabunga amakhulu; i-Xingang — itiye elibomvu lasezintabeni elivela ehlathini likahulumeni elinezindlela ze-oolong kwezobuchwepheshe.
- I-Qimen Hongcha (祁门红茶): I-gongfu-hong yakudala yase-Anhui; esinye isifundazwe nesinye isikole sokucubungula.
- I-Dianhong (滇红): Itiye elibomvu lase-Yunnan elinamaqabunga amakhulu; olunye uhlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Xingang Hongcha — itiye elibomvu lasezintabeni lase-Guangdong elinobuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile, lapho uhlelo lwetiye elibomvu lwengezelwa ngezindlela ezimbili ze-oolong. Ingadi ngaphansi kwentaba ephakeme kakhulu yase-Zhaoqing, inkungu nokugingqwa ngendwangu kunikeza ukusongeka okumnyama okuqinile, iphunga elicacile lezimbali nezithelo kanye nokunambitheka okusha okumnene okunoshukela. Indawo evikelwe — idolobhana elilodwa, futhi leli yitiye elaziwa ngendawo yalo.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo