Nàyōng gāoshān chá

INayong Gaoshan Cha (Nàyōng gāoshān chá, 纳雍高山茶) wuphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo zetiye lesifunda saseNayong (纳雍县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha iBijie entshonalanga yesifundazwe saseGuizhou. Igama elithi «Gaoshan» (高山) lisho «indawo ephakeme»: leli gama lichaza indawo, hhayi ibanga. Ngokusho kwethebula elifinyeziwe lesifundazwe, uphawu lwavunywa mhla zingama-28 kuNcwaba 2018, umfakisicelo wabe kuyisiteshi sesifunda sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ngaphansi kwegama elijwayelekile kuvela amamaki ezinkampani ezahlukene kanye namabanga angaphezu kwelilodwa: ngonyaka wezi-2019, ngokwemininingwane yephephandaba lesifundazwe, isifunda sakhiqiza amathani ayi-1890 etiye eliluhlaza kanye namathani angama-877 etiye elibomvu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Alikho ibanga elilodwa. Engxenyeni eluhlaza kunencazelo: uphiko lwezolimo lwesifunda, ngenkathi lethula uphawu ku-«Mephu yetiye elihle eliluhlaza laseChina» (2024), labiza «iNayong gaoshan lücha» ngetiye eliluhlaza lesifunda elivela emahlumela amancane ezihlahla zetiye ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi nendawo, eline«phunga eliphezulu eliqinile kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile nokusha» (香高持久，味醇鲜爽). Kodwa ngaphansi kwegama elijikelezayo kukhona netiye elibomvu, ngokwesibonelo, «iWuling hong» kanye ne-«Xuanyu hongcha», ngakho-ke ibanga eliluhlaza angilinikezi isambulela.
• Isigaba: Uphawu lomphakathi lwesifunda (区域公用品牌, qūyù gōngyòng pǐnpái) kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo (2018).
• Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), umasipala wedolobha iBijie (毕节, Bìjié), isifunda saseNayong (纳雍, Nàyōng).
• Indawo yophawu: Isifunda siwukuhlobana kokuphatha komnikazi wophawu; umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwubonanga.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isikhungo sesifunda cishe singu-26°47′ enyakatho no-105°25′ empumalanga (ngokusho kweWikipedia).

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inganekwane ngentela. Iphephandaba i-«Guizhou ribao» (贵州日报, ngoNdasa 2020) licaphuna umugqa ovela ku-«Incazelo jikelele yaseGuizhou» (贵州通志, Guìzhōu tōngzhì): «平远府茶产岩间，以法制之，味亦佳» — «itiye lesifunda sasePingyuan limila phakathi kwamadwala; licutshungulwa ngokwemithetho, futhi ukunambitheka kwalo nakho kuhle». Iphephandaba lihlobanisa la mazwi netiye lasesigodini saseGuqing (姑箐村) edolobhaneni laseShuidong futhi libhala ukuthi laliyintela kusukela ngesikhathi seMing neQing; uphiko lwesifunda ngo-2024 luphinda lokhu nge-«姑箐贡茶». I-«Incazelo» uqobo angiyibonanga.
  • 1972. Ngokusho kwe-akhawunti esemthethweni yesifunda saseBijie (ngoMbasa 2023), kusukela ngalo nyaka esifundeni kwaqala ukutshalwa itiye ngezinga elikhulu.
  • 2009 no-2014. Ngokwephephandaba, kusukela ngo-2009 isifunda iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ilandelana sasibalwa njenge-«sifunda esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza itiye sezwe», ngo-2014 sasingesinye se-«zindawo eziyishumi zokuzalwa kwezihlahla zetiye ezindala zaseGuizhou».
  • 2010. Inhlangano yaseChina yokuhweba ngetiye (中国茶叶流通协会) yanikeza iNayong isihloko esithi «ikhaya letiye lezemvelo lasezintabeni». I-akhawunti yesifunda ibhala lokhu njenge-«中国高山生态有机茶之乡», negama elithi «organic», iphephandaba libhala i-«中国高山生态茶之乡», ngaphandle kwalo.
  • 2018 — uphawu. Ethebuleni elifinyeziwe lezimpawu zokuhweba zezindawo, elihlanganiswe nesaziso sohiko lwempahla yobuhlakani yaseGuizhou sangomhla zingama-22 kuNcwaba 2022 (ngilifunde ekushicilelweni kabusha kwengosi yasePanzhou), umfakisicelo wophawu kwakungu-纳雍县农业技术推广站, usuku lokuvunywa kwakungumhla zingama-28 kuNcwaba 2018. Inombolo yophawu angiyitholanga, ukuqinisekiswa angikuhlolanga.
  • 2018–2020 — ukuthengisa. Ngokwephephandaba, mhla zingama-30 kuNhlangulana 2018 eHarbin kwavulwa isikhungo sokwazisa nge-«纳雍高山茶», futhi eminyakeni emibili eyalandela kwavulwa amashumi ambalwa ezitolo ezinophawu neziyisibonelo eBeijing, eShanghai, eGuangzhou, eShijiazhuang, eGuiyang nakwamanye amadolobha.
  • Imiklomelo. Iphephandaba libhala imiklomelo yemiqhudelwano yesifundazwe ye-«黔茶杯» ne-«太极杯» kanye neyezwe lonke ye-«中茶杯» kusukela ngo-2013, kwathi ngoLwezi 2019 igolide lomqhudelwano womhlaba wetiye elibomvu le-«Xuanyu hongcha» yophawu lwe-«彝岭苗山». Iphephandaba libala lokhu ku-«纳雍高山茶» jikelele; uphawu nomkhiqizo kubhalwe kuphela emklomelweni wokugcina.
• Igama: 纳雍 yigama lesifunda; 高山 kusho «izintaba eziphakeme»; 茶 kusho «itiye».
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ethebheni lephephandaba lika-2020, itiye lingomunye wemikhakha ehamba phambili yesifunda ekulweni nobubha, kanti uphawu luyindlela yokuqoqa amamaki ezinkampani ezahlukene ngaphansi kophawu olulodwa.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Izinhlobo / I-cultivar: Etiyeni eliluhlaza kukhona «izihlahla zetiye ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi nendawo» (中小叶种茶树), ngaphandle kwamagama ezinhlobo. I-akhawunti yesifunda ikhuluma ngezimali zokusabalalisa uhlobo lwe-黔茶1号 (Qiánchá 1) kulo lonke elaseBijie; lokhu akushiwongo mayelana nezinto zokusetshenziswa zaseNayong.
• Izihlahla ezindala: Indatshana engosini ye-«Renmin wang» (ngoNhlaba 2023) ibala izihlahla zetiye ezindala ezingaphezu kuka-800 ze-«平远府茶» edolobhaneni laseShuidong, indatshana yephephabhuku lesifunda i-«Bijie shiyanqu» (毕节试验区, ngoLwezi 2024) ibala ezingaphezu kwe-1000 esigodini saseGuqing, ngokwemininingwane yezinhlaka zezolimo. Ukuthi amaqabunga azo ayangena yini emkhiqizweni akushiwongo; ngokwendatshana ka-2024, indlela yokucubungula intela ilahlekile.
• Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Etiyeni eliluhlaza kusetshenziswa amahlumela amancane athambile (幼嫩新梢).
• Isikhathi sokuvuna: I-akhawunti yesifunda ibhala ngokuvunwa kwetiye lasentwasahlobo cishe ngesikhathi somkhosi weQingming. Izinga lokuvuna emithonjeni etholakele alikho.

4. Indawo Kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Intshonalanga yeGuizhou. Ngokwe-akhawunti yesifunda kukhona ukuguquka kusuka ethafeni laseYunnan-Guizhou kuya emagqumeni aseningizimu-ntshonalanga: imithambeka ewumqansa, umehluko omkhulu wokuphakama, isimo sezulu sishintsha ngokuphakama.
• Isimo sezulu kanye nomhlabathi: Ifomula yesifunda ithi — «i-latitude ephansi, ukuphakama okukhulu, ilanga elincane, amafu amaningi kanye nenkungu, isikhathi esifushane sesithwathwa» (低纬度、高海拔、寡日照、多云雾、少霜期) kanye nomhlabathi «ophuzi, onombala wegazi lehhashi, ojulile, ocebile ngezakhi» (黄土地、马血泥、厚土层、多元素). Azikho izinombolo.
• Ukuphakama: Imingcele yokuphakama yendawo ayikho. Ngokwendatshana ye-«Renmin wang» (2023), itiye lesifunda likhula ikakhulukazi cishe kumamitha ayi-1800, kanti ingadi yenkampani edolobhaneni laseZongling iku-2300 m; ibizwa ngokuthi ingadi yetiye ephakeme kakhulu yezemvelo yezwe. I-akhawunti yesifunda ibiza le ntaba ngeShanshenqing (山神箐), indatshana ka-2024 ibiza iShenqing (神箐大山) futhi ibeka ingadi eduze kwesigodi sasePingqing (坪箐村).
• Ububanzi bezingadi: Imininingwane iyahluka. Iphephandaba lika-2020 libhala cishe ama-mu ayizi-200,000 ezingadi ezijwayelekile, cishe ama-mu ayi-100,000 awo athela izithelo. I-akhawunti yesifunda ngo-2023 ibala ama-mu ayi-165,600 ezingadi, ama-mu angama-73,000 athelayo kanye nama-mu ayi-17,000 ajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi emadolobhaneni aseZongling, eGukai, eDongdi, eHuazuo naseLongchang.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Abukho ubuchwepheshe obufanayo besambulela. Etiyeni eliluhlaza uphiko lwesifunda lubala izinhlobo ezintathu: eziyisicaba (扁形), ezigobile (卷曲形) kanye neziyimbumbulu (颗粒形); phakathi kwemikhiqizo emele kukhona i-纳雍高山雪芽, i-纳雍高山龙井, i-纳雍高山翠剑 kanye ne-纳雍高山毛峰. Iphephandaba libhala nge-«ubuchwepheshe obufanayo» bophawu, kodwa izinga angilibonanga.

Ngokwe-akhawunti yesifunda (2023), inkampani ephethe ingadi eZongling inezingadi ezingama-mu ayi-7,000 ezinezitifiketi zezinto eziphilayo zaseChina nezaseYurophu kanye nemigqa emithathu, etiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimhlophe.

Izinhlelo ezijwayelekile zamabanga, hhayi incazelo yaleli tiye: eliluhlaza — ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukomisa; elibomvu — ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo), ukusonga, ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào), ukomisa.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Izincazelo ezimfushane zikhona kuphela ngetiye eliluhlaza.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Elisicaba, eligobile noma eliyimbumbulu, ngokwesimo somkhiqizo.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lokumnika: Eliphezulu futhi eliqinile (香高持久), ngokwencazelo yetiye eliluhlaza.
• Ukunambitheka: Okuthambile nokusha (味醇鲜爽); iphephandaba lika-2020 lengeza — okuthambile, okunephunga elimnandi, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva kokugwinya (滋味醇香、回味甘甜).
• Umbala wokumnika: Okhanyayo (汤色明亮), ngokwephephandaba, mayelana netiye eliluhlaza laseNayong.
• Indawo yetiye (iqabunga elisebenzile): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane yefiziksi namakhemikhali emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukwenza Itiye

Umkhuba webanga. Imingcele incike ekutheni yiliphi itiye elingaphansi kwaleli gama elisesandleni.

• Eliluhlaza: 80–85 °C, amagremu ama-3 kumamililitha ayi-150, ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan, ukumnika kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
• Elibomvu: 90–95 °C, amagremu ama-3 kumamililitha ayi-150, i-gaiwan noma itepoti le-porcelain, ukumnika kokuqala cishe ngemva komzuzu, izikhathi ezimbalwa zokuphinda ngokwandisa.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba webanga. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaleke ngokuphelele, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ekamelweni lokushisa, ephaketheni eliminyene.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhohlisi

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo zokuthengisa emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwephephandaba lika-2020, ngonyaka wezi-2019 isifunda sathengisa ngaphandle kwesifunda amathani ayi-1890.6 etiye ngama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-707.

• Ungayigwema kanjani imikhohlisi:
  • Bheka uphawu lwesitifiketi sezindawo lwe-«纳雍高山茶» eduze nophawu lwenkampani.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseNayong.
  • Buza ngebanga: igama alilibali, kanti ngaphansi kophawu kukhona kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
  • Ungaphambanisi nezimpawu ze-«zasezintabeni» zezinye izifundazwe.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuvela amamaki ezinkampani ezahlukene — iphephandaba libala i-府茗香, i-含露雾香, i-云雾翠芽 kanye ne-彝岭苗山.
• Inkampani yetiye eZongling, ngokwephephandaba, ngo-2019 yathola isihloko esithi «Ingadi yetiye enhle yaseChina» (中国美丽茶园).
• Isikhungo setiye saseNayong eHarbin savulwa izinyanga ezimbili ngaphambi kokuvunywa kophawu ngokwalo.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye

• IJinsha Gong Cha (金沙贡茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseJinsha esifundeni esifanayo saseBijie, nalo elinomlando wentela.
• IHaima Gong Cha (海马宫茶): Itiye eliphuzi lesifunda saseDafang esifundeni saseBijie.
• IShouning Gaoshan Cha (寿宁高山茶): Igama elivikelwe le-«zasezintabeni» laseFujian, nalo phezu kwamabanga amabili — elibomvu neliluhlaza.
• IGao Shan Cha (高山茶): Umqondo ojwayelekile wetiye lasezintabeni, hhayi uphawu lwesifunda esisodwa.

Ekuphetheni:

INayong Gaoshan Cha wuphawu lwesifunda lwango-2018 phezu kwamamaki ezinkampani ezahlukene naphezu kwamabanga amabili, eliluhlaza nelibomvu. Engxenyeni eluhlaza kunencazelo — amahlumela amancane ezihlahla zetiye ezinamaqabunga amancane naphakathi nendawo, iphunga eliphezulu eliqinile, ukunambitheka okuthambile nokusha — kanti engxenyeni ebomvu okwamanje kunemiklomelo kuphela. Izingadi zikhuphuka ziye kumamitha ayi-2300, kanti inganekwane ngentela yasesigodini saseGuqing yaziwa kuphela ngokulandiswa kabusha kwephephandaba komlando omdala.