I-Ruian Qingmingzao (Ruì’ān qīngmíngzǎo, 瑞安清明早) itiye elisuka ohlotsheni lwe-homonymous lwasekuqaleni kakhulu lwesifunda sedolobha i-Ruian (瑞安市) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha i-Wenzhou, esifundazweni i-Zhejiang. Igama lingele-homogeneous variety: «清明早» — «early before Qingming», amahlumela alungele ukuvunwa ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming. Kusukela ngo-2012, «瑞安清明早» wuphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo. Izincazelo zikhuluma ngeqabunga eligoqwe ngokuqinile eliluhlaza okukhanyayo, kanti imininingwane yohlobo lwezitshalo ikhuluma ngetiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe, kodwa umqulu ongaqinisekisa isigaba somkhiqizo ngaphansi kophawu angiwutholanga. Ngakho-ke, lesi sihloko sisesigabeni sezigaba, hhayi kufolda yesigaba.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Isigaba asimisiwe ngomqulu. «清明早» yigama lohlobo lwezitshalo, hhayi isigaba, futhi ukubhaliswa kophawu esigabeni sama-30 sezimpahla zetiye akusho isigaba. Imininingwane yohlobo lwezitshalo ithi minyaka yonke kukhiqizwa amathani angaphezu kwama-30 etiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe lase-Wenzhou (温炒青, wēn chǎoqīng), kanti izincazelo zokubukeka — imichilo eqinile eluhlaza okukhanyayo, uketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani okuthambile — ziyahambisana netiye eliluhlaza. Kodwa uhlobo lwasekuqaleni alulibeki isigaba: kusuka ohlotsheni lwase-Wenzhou u-Wuniu Zao kwenziwa kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
- Isigaba: Itiye lohlobo lwe-clonal lwasekuqaleni kakhulu; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2012). Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ilibeka phakathi «kwamatiye amane adumile eningizimu ye-Zhejiang» (浙南四大名茶).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe i-Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), umasipala wedolobha i-Wenzhou (温州, Wēnzhōu), isifunda sedolobha i-Ruian (瑞安, Ruì’ān).
- Indawo: Isizinda sezimpawu sesifundazwe sibonisa isifunda sedolobha i-Ruian njengendawo yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Isifunda esiyinhloko idolobhana i-Gaolou (高楼镇), cishe 27° enyakatho, ngombiko we-«Wenzhou Daily»; izixhumanisi eziqondile zendawo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane yentela. I-«Wenzhou Daily» (温州日报, 2025) ithi ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Ming «瑞安清明早» wamiswa njengentela yasenkantolo. Umqulu wenkathi ye-Ming ongakuqinisekisa lokhu angiwubonanga; uhlobo lwe-clonal ngokwalo, ngokwemininingwane yohlobo, lwakhiwe ngokukhethwa ngabalimi betiye bendawo futhi lwamukelwa ngo-1992.
- Uhlobo lwezitshalo. Ngokwemininingwane yohlobo, lwakhiwa abalimi betiye bendawo ngokukhetha isihlahla esisodwa endaweni yase-Pandai (潘岱乡); ngo-1992 ikhomishana yase-Zhejiang yezinhlobo zezitshalo zezolimo yalamukela njengohlobo lwesifundazwe.
- 2010–2012 — uphawu. Ngokwesizinda sezimpawu zendawo sase-Zhejiang, isicelo safakwa ngomhla ka-29 Novemba 2010, ukubhaliswa — ngomhla ka-7 Julayi 2012. Kwabhaliswa izimpawu ezimbili zesigaba sama-30: № 8891327 — «瑞安清明早» enesithombe, kanye no-№ 8891328 — ene-pinyin. Umnikazi — Inyunyana yama-Cooperative Abalimi Base-Ruian (瑞安市农民专业合作社联合会).
- 2019. Ngosuku lwesizinda, izinkampani ezivunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu zaziyiziro. Isizinda sigcinwa kuze kube ngu-2019; ukuthi uphawu lwanwetshwa futhi lusasebenza manje, angikuhlolanga.
- 2025. Ngomhla ka-1 Mashi edolobhaneni i-Gaolou kwavulwa isizini yetiye lasekuqaleni: isandla sokuqala samaqabunga amasha ohlobo lwengadi yase-Hongdi, ngokombiko wephephandaba, salethwa endaweni yomcimbi ngendiza engenamshayeli.
- Igama: «Ruian» (瑞安) igama lesifunda; «Qingming» (清明) umkhosi wasentwasahlobo wokukhumbula, cishe ngomhla ka-5 Ephreli; «zao» (早) — «early».
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ibiza itiye njengelinye lamatiye amane adumile eningizimu ye-Zhejiang, imininingwane yohlobo lwezitshalo — njengenye yezinhlobo ezintathu zasekuqaleni zase-Wenzhou.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo lwezitshalo: I-Ruian Qingmingzao (瑞安清明早). Ngokwemininingwane yohlobo: i-clonal, i-shrub, amaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, early kakhulu, i-diploid. Ukutshala, imininingwane yeluleka ukutshala ngomugqa owodwa noma emibili; ngo-Julayi–Septemba izihlahla zihlaselwa izibungu, futhi ukulungiswa kwegadi ekwindla kungcono kuqale kusenesikhathi.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Amahlumela okuqala entwasahlobo — yiwona kanye ohlobo oluthandwa ngawo.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming, njengoba igama lisho; ngo-2025 isizini e-Gaolou yavulwa ngomhla ka-1 Mashi.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Lapho kukhula khona: Ngokwemininingwane yohlobo, litshalwa ezindaweni eziphansi nasezigodini zase-Tongxi (桐溪), e-Pandai, e-Tongpu (桐浦) nase-Ziao (梓岙); ukuthi lamagama ahlobana kanjani nokuhlukaniswa kwamanje kwesifunda, angikuhlolanga.
- Inhlabathi: I-yellow-red (黄红壤), ngokwemininingwane yohlobo.
- Ubude nesimo sezulu: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Isilinganiso: Imininingwane ayiqhathaniseki. Imininingwane yohlobo ikhuluma ngaphezu kwama-500 mu ngaphansi kohlobo kanye nezihlahla ezingaphezu kuka-300,000 — bese ikhuluma ngesizinda se-cooperative setiye lasekuqaleni esingaphezu kwe-1000 mu esigodini sase-Yingdong edolobhaneni i-Gaolou. I-«Wenzhou Daily» ikhuluma ngezinkulungwane eziyi-11 mu zezingadi zetiye e-Gaolou — ama-73 % wezingadi zesifunda, izinkampani zetiye ezingama-22 kanye nenani lomkhiqizo elicishe libe yizigidi ezingama-50 zama-yuan ngonyaka ka-2024, kodwa lokhu kuyilo lonke itiye lasekuqaleni ledolobhana, hhayi kuphela uhlobo lwe-Qingmingzao.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umqulu onobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo ngaphansi kophawu emithonjeni etholakele awukho. Imininingwane yohlobo ikhuluma ngokukhiqizwa kwetiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe lase-Wenzhou (温炒青); uma lokhu kuwumkhiqizo oyinhloko, khona-ke uhlelo olujwayelekile yilolu:
- Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng).
- Ukumiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukusontwa (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomiswa ngokuthosa (炒干, chǎogān).
Lolu wuhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Ruian Qingmingzao. Ngokombiko ka-2025, i-Gaolou ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ngosuku ngaphezu kwama-4000 ama-jin amaqabunga amasha kanye nama-jin angaphezu kwama-500 etiye elomile.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo engezansi ithathwe emininingwaneni yohlobo lwezitshalo, hhayi emqulwini wophawu.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imichilo igoqwe ngokuqinile, umbala uluhlaza okusha ocwebezelayo (条索紧结，色泽鲜绿润泽).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
- Iphunga loketshezi: Lizinzile, lisha, lihle.
- Ukunambitheka: Kucebile, kusha, nokunambitheka okuhlala isikhathi eside.
- Umbala woketshezi: Uluhlaza okotshani okuthambile, okukhanyayo nokusobala.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidliwayo): I-yellow-green, ekhanyayo; iqabunga liqinile, lithambile, lilingana futhi lithambile.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
8. Ukwenziwa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza — uma esandleni, njengasezincazelweni eziningi, itiye eliluhlaza elisuka kulolu hlobo.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Uketshezi lokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, efrijini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Itiye lasekuqaleni lentwasahlobo kungcono ukuliphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi
Imininingwane yamanani emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ugwema kanjani umgunyathi:
- Uphawu «瑞安清明早» lukhona ngezindlela ezimbili — nesithombe kanye ne-pinyin. Ngokwesizinda sika-2019, izinkampani ezivunyelwe ukulusebenzisa zazingekho, ngakho-ke uphawu ephaketheni kufanele luhlolwe kumnikazi.
- «Qingmingzao» kulebula kubiza uhlobo lwezitshalo; ngokwemininingwane, uhlobo lukhula nakwezinye izindawo zase-Zhejiang, ngakho-ke igama ngaphandle kwendawo yemvelaphi aliqinisekisi lutho.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi usuka esifundeni sedolobha i-Ruian.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Igama letiye negama lohlobo lwezitshalo ziyefana: uphawu luvikela igama lesihlahla esakhiwe ngokukhethwa endaweni eyodwa.
- I-«Wenzhou Daily» ithi ngo-2025 isandla sokuqala samaqabunga ohlobo salethwa ekuvulweni kwesizini ngendiza engenamshayeli, kanti enye yama-cooperative endawo yathenga izindiza ezingenamshayeli ezimbili — ukuthwala amaqabunga, ukuphakela izingadi nokulwa nezinambuzane.
- Ngokwesizinda sika-2019, uphawu olubhaliswe ngo-2012 lwalungenaye ngisho umsebenzisi oyedwa ovunyelwe.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- U-Wuniu Zao (乌牛早): Olunye uhlobo lwasekuqaleni kakhulu lwase-Wenzhou; kusuka kulo kwenziwa kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu — i-Wuniu Zao Hongcha (乌牛早红茶). Isibonelo sokuthi uhlobo lwasekuqaleni alulibeki isigaba.
- I-Taishun Sanbeixiang (泰顺三杯香): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda i-Taishun kusifunda esifanayo sase-Wenzhou.
- I-Pingyang Huangtang (平阳黄汤): Itiye eliphuzi lesifunda sase-Wenzhou; ngokwesihloko salo kule encyclopedia, ngokomlando lalenziwa nase-Ruian.
- I-Wencheng Gongcha (文成贡茶): Uphawu lwase-Wenzhou olungumakhelwane olune-«tribute» egameni, okukhishwa ngalo amatiye ezigaba ezahlukene.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Ruian Qingmingzao igama lohlobo lwezitshalo elaba uphawu: isihlahla se-clonal sasekuqaleni kakhulu esisuka endaweni yase-Pandai, uhlobo lwesifundazwe kusukela ngo-1992, uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kusukela ngo-2012. Izincazelo zibonisa iqabunga eligoqwe ngokuqinile eliluhlaza okukhanyayo kanye noketshezi oluluhlaza okotshani okuthambile, kodwa isigaba somkhiqizo ngaphansi kophawu asikho emqulwini otholakele, futhi uhlobo lwasekuqaleni lufaneleka nakwezinye izigaba. Intela yenkathi ye-Ming ihlala iyinganekwane, kanti inani lezinkampani ezivunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu ngo-2019 laliyiziro.